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Chapter 24 Test (True/False, Multiple Choice)
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Questions in this quiz (68)
1A flow that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.
- ATrue
- BFalse
2The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.
- ATrue
- BFalse
33. Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?
- AIn meiosis, each cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
- BMeiosis in a diploid cell produces diploid daughter cells.
- CMeiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cell.
- DCrossing over cannot occur during meiosis.
4In a species that has two chromosomes, suppose that a male has genotype aa for a gene on chromosome 1 and genotype bb for a gene on chromosome 2. If a female of this species has genotype AA for the gene on chromosome 1 and genotype BB for the gene on chromosome 2, which of the following represents the possible genotypes in a cell of their offspring?
- AAa on chromosome 1, Bb on chromosome 2
- BAA on chromosome 1, bb on chromosome 2
- CaB on chromosome 1, Ab on chromosome 2
- DAB on chromosome 1, ab on chromosome 2
5When gene flow between two populations ceases, the potential for __________ exists.
- Afusion
- Bspeciation
- Csexual selection
- Dsexual reproduction
- Ehybridization
6At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?
- AGene pool changes adapt a population to a local environment.
- BAn allopatric separation occurs.
- CGene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
- DViable, fertile hybrids occur.
- EAll of the listed responses are correct.
7Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler __________.
- Aare almost identical in appearance
- Blive in the same areas
- Chave undergone coevolution
- Dare merging to form a single species
- Esuccessfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
88. Imagine that part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species, according to the biological species concept?
- AThe preferred food of the island birds is quite different from the diet of mainland birds.
- BThe island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have green feathers.
- CIndividuals from the different populations frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population.
- DIndividuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.
- EHybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent.
9Prezygotic barriers __________.
- Aare necessary in order for speciation to occur
- Bprevent donkeys and horses from mating
- Cprevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
- Dprevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species
- Eonly occur in asexual organisms
10Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a __________ barrier, called __________.
- Aprezygotic ... gametic isolation
- Bprezygotic ... behavioral isolation
- Cpostzygotic ... hybrid breakdown
- Dpostzygotic ... mechanical isolation
- Eprezygotic ... temporal isolation
11Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully?
- Amechanical isolation
- Bhybrid inviability
- Chybrid sterility
- Dgametic isolation
- Ehybrid breakdown
12Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of __________.
- Atemporal isolation
- Bhybrid breakdown
- Cecological isolation
- Dmechanical isolation
- Egametic isolation
13Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
- AOne species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May.
- BTwo pheasant species perform different courtship dances.
- CTwo fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
- DThe sperm of a marine worm can only fertilize eggs of the same species.
- EOne species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows.
14There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?
- Atemporal isolation
- Bgametic isolation
- Chybrid inviability
- Da geographic barrier
- Emechanical isolation
15Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species?
- AStudy the fossil record.
- BCompare DNA sequences, because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical.
- CObserve the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring.
- DDo studies on comparative anatomy, especially looking for homologous structures.
- EAll of the listed responses are correct.
16Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This is not a concern to scientists because this __________.
- Ais quite rare
- Bmay indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress
- Csupports the theory of punctuated equilibrium
- Dis true for almost every species
- Ehappens only among plants, not among animals
17Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?
- Areproductive isolation
- Badaptive radiation
- Csympatric speciation
- Dinterbreeding among neighboring populations
- Emass extinction
18In which of the following pairs of populations is allopatric speciation most likely to occur?
- Amountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the nearby canyons of Utah
- Bwhale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean
- Cfruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges
- Dbacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery
- Epine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar
19According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation?
- ANo. Even after several generations, there was no evidence of a reproductive barrier forming between the populations.
- BNo. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute.
- CNo. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) was evident, but not absolute.
- DYes. After several generations, the reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete.
- EYes. After several generations, the reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete.
20Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms does NOT contribute to the process of allopatric speciation?
- Anatural selection
- Bmutation
- Cgenetic drift
- Dgene flow
- Eall of the listed responses are correct
21If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species?
- A6
- B12
- C24
- D48
- Enone of the listed responses are correct
22A new species can arise in a single generation __________.
- Athrough geographic isolation
- Bif a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
- Cin a very large population spread over a large area
- Dif allopatric speciation occurs
- Eif adaptive radiation occurs
23The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by __________.
- Ahybridization
- Bsympatric speciation
- Cpolyploidy
- Dgene flow
- Eallopatric speciation
24In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by __________.
- Asexual selection
- Bpostzygotic barriers
- Cpolyploidy
- Dmechanical isolation
- Ehabitat differentiation
25In a hybrid zone, which of the following would tend to lead to reinforcement?
- Areduced hybrid viability
- Breduced hybrid fertility
- Csexual selection
- Dhybrid breakdown
- Eall of the listed responses are correct
26What is the first thing that must happen in order for speciation to occur?
- AThe populations must become reproductively isolated.
- BGene flow between populations must be interrupted.
- COne of the populations must become polyploid.
- DA hybrid zone must be established.
- EA catastrophic event must cause geographic separation of two populations.
27In the Lake Victoria cichlids, what appears to be contributing to fusion of different species?
- AThe viability of cichlid eggs is being reduced by water pollution.
- Boverfishing
- CExtinctions are being caused by the Nile perch, an introduced predator.
- DMurky, polluted water is causing reduced hybrid viability.
- EFemales have a difficult time visually selecting males of the same species in the murky, polluted water.
28According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, __________.
- Apolyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium
- Bfossils of organisms that existed during periods of stasis should be as abundant as those of organisms that existed during periods of rapid change
- Cisolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium
- Dthe tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium
- ENone of the listed responses is correct.
29Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this?
- ALack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.
- BIt is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change.
- CIt is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils.
- DYou would expect a lot of skeletal changes in that time period.
- EThat is about how long we have been reproductively isolated.
30How many genes must change in order to form a new species?
- A14
- BThere is no set number of genes or loci that produces a new species. Genetic and environmental factors interact.
- C26
- D1
- E4
31The time interval between speciation events is typically __________.
- A500,000 years
- B6.5 million years
- C4,000 years
- DTimes between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance.
- E40 million years
32The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a
- Aphylum
- Bgenus
- Cpopulation
- Dspecies
- Ehybrid
33Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
- Agametic isolation
- Bhabitat isolation
- Cpostzygotic barries
- Dtemporal isolation
- Ebehavioral isolation
34According to the punctuated equilibria model,
- Amost evolution occurs in sympatric populations.
- Bgiven enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species.
- Cmost new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species.
- Dnatural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution.
- Especiation is usually due to a single mutation.
35Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
- AThe two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.
- BThe two forms are very similar in coloration.
- CThe two forms live in similar habitats.
- DThe two forms have similar food requirements.
- EThe two forms have many genes in common.
36Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation?
- AA population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.
- BGene flow between the two populations is extensive.
- CThe separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.
- DDifferent mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations.
- EThe isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population.
37Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be
- A12
- B14
- C16
- D28
- E56
38Which of the following best describes the change in kdr genotype frequencies in A. gambiae?
- AFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, there was little change to the r/r, +/-, and +/r genotype frequencies
- BFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes decreased dramatically.
- CFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes remained relatively constant.
- DFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased slightly while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes decreased dramatically.
39Which of the following best descirbes the change in kdr genotype frequencies over time in A. coluzzii?
- AFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes decreased dramatically.
- BFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the +/+ genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/r and r/r genotypes decreased.
- CFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequencies of the r/r and +/r genotypes increased dramatically while the frequency of +/+ decreased dramatically.
- DFrom pre-2006 to post-2006, there was little change to the r/r, +/+, and +/r genotype frequencies.
40Do these observations indicate that hybridization can lead to the transfer of adaptive alleles?
- ANo; the r allele was present in A. coluzzii before 2006, so we cannot assess the impact of hybridization on the transfer of the r allele.
- BYes; the r allele was present in A. coluzzii before 2006 and after 2006, suggesting that the A. coluzzii population is resistant to insecticides.
- CYes; the r allele was not present in A. coluzzii before 2006, but was present in A. coluzzii populations once hybrid individuals carrying the r allele were observed in 2006.
- DNo; mosquito species cannot hybridize and exchange alleles.
41Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role in ______.
- AGliding
- BExtended hops
- CCourtship
- DFlight
- EAll of these
42_______ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.
- AMicroevolution
- BGene flow
- CAdaptive Radiation
- DPaedomorphosis
- EGenetic Drift
43Based on these data alone, which of the following conclusions is consistent with the observed changes in genotypic frequency for A. gambiae and A. coluzzii? (Select all that apply)
- AThe r allele was present in A. gambiae before 2006 and increased over time because individuals with the r allele are resistant to insecticides and pass their resistant genes to new generations.
- BThe r allele was not present in A. coluzzii before 2006, but was present in A. coluzzii populations after hybrid individuals carrying the r allele were observed in 2006. This suggests that A. gambiae × A. coluzzii hybrids mated with A. coluzzii individuals, leading to the transfer of the adaptive allele r into A. coluzzii populations.
- CThe r allele was present in both A. gambiae and A. coluzzii before 2006 so the impact of hybridization on the transfer of the r allele cannot be assessed.
44Mass extinctions create conditions that promote ________.
- APaedomorphosis
- BMicroevolution
- CGenetic Drift
- DAdaptive Radiation
- EGene Flow
45The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes ______.
- AMass extinction
- BGene flow
- CPaedomorphosis
- DAdaptive Radiation
- EMutation
46Based on these observations, do you think that the number of malaria cases will increase, decrease, or stay the same in the future?
- AThe number of malaria cases will decrease.
- BThe number of malaria cases will stay the same.
- CThe number of malaria cases will increase.
47The different finch species found on the Galapagos Islands probably arose as a result of ________.
- AGene flow
- BMass extinction
- CAdaptive Radiation
- Dpaedomorphosis
- Eartificial selection
48According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods.
- APunctuated equilibrium
- Bgeographic isolation
- Cadaptive radiation
- Dnondisjunction
- Egradualist
49Which of the following statement about meiosis is correct?
- AMeiosis in a diploid cell produces diploid daughter cells
- BMeiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cells
- CCrossing over cannot occur during meiosis
- DIn meiosis, each cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells
50The largest unit within gene flow can readily occur is a
- APopulation
- BSpecies
- CGenus
- DHybrid
51A windstorm transports a few seeds of a plant species from Island A, where the species is abundant, to Island B, where prior to this event the plant species was not found. The environmental conditions on the two islands are very similar, but the islands are located far away from one another. Over time, a small population of this plant becomes established on Island B. A biologist samples plants on both islands and finds that allele frequencies on Island A differ substantially from allele frequencies on Island B at several genetic loci not known to affect survival or reproduction. Based on this information, the observed genetic changes mostly likely resulted from
- AGene flow (after species became established on Island B)
- BGenetic Drift
- CNatural Selection
- DMutation
52Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present (see Figure 24.15). Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely?
- AThe frequency of hybrid offspring would increase.
- BPied females would rarely mate with collared males.
- CMigrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males.
- DThe frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.
- EMigrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females.
53Bird guides one listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumpled warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence would be cause for this reclassification?
- AThe two forms live in similar habitats
- BThe two forms have many genes in common
- CThe two forms have similar food requirements
- DThe two forms are very similar in coloration
- EThe two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction
54There are 2 species of tropical lizards in the genus Anolis that both feed on insects. One Anolis lizard forages mainly on insects found in the treetops and the other species forages mainly on ground-dwelling insects. The 2 species are not known to interbreed in nature. However, when kept in captivity, the lizards do interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. What specific type of reproductive barrier is most likely keeping the 2 Anolis lizard species separate in nature?
- APost-zygotic
- BPre-zygotic
- CBehavioral Isolation
- DGametic Isolation
- EHabitat Isolation
55Two animals are considered members of different species if they _______.
- AAre members of different populations
- BCannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
- CAre geographically isolated
- DLive in different habitats
- ELook different
56Rocky Mountain juniper trees and one-seeded juniper trees have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable?
1. Sympatric species
2. Prezygotic isolation
3. Postzygotic isolation
4. Allopatric species
5. Habitat isolation- A1 and 2
- B2 and 4
- C1 and 3
- D2, 4, and 5
- E1, 2, and 5
57Suppose 2 fish species that were once geographically separated ultimately came back into contact with one another. If interbreeding between these 2 species produced a high frequency of viable, fertile offspring over time, which of the following would be most likely to occur?
- AReinforcement
- Bfusion
- Cstability
- DA and B
- EB and C
58What is the most important factor that holds a gene pool of a species together and prevents speciation?
- AHybidization
- BPrezygotic barriers
- CSexual selection
- DBehavioral Selection
- EGene Flow
5959. What is genetic drift?
- AA change in allele frequencies caused by random events
- BThe motion of continental plates over time
- CThe production of an evolutionarily independent group of organisms
- DThe physical splitting of a habitat
60Why are the large finches now living on the Galapagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?
- AGenetic drift occurred in the two populations
- BThe separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations
- CNatural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment
- DAll three answers are correct
61Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?
- AReinforcement decreases the morphological difference between two incipient species
- BReinforcement increases the number of intermediate phenotypes
- CReinforcement is a type of natural selection
- DReinforcement is also called dispersive selection
62A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, because reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to its original habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true?
- AThe birds were separate by a vicariance event
- BThe populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species
- CThe populations were sympatric while they diverged
- DThe populations will be able to interbreed even though they are different species
63A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time?
- AIncrease fitness of the large-beaked birds, creating a new species
- BDecreased fitness of small-beaked birds, creating a new species
- CIncrease fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection
- DDecrease fitness of the insects, allowing the birds to catch them more easily
64Gametes from two plate species combine and produce a haploid zygote, and that zygote develops into a haploid, hybrid plant. Why is the hybrid plate sterile? (Select all that apply)
- AThe plant cannot grow and reproduce asexually
- BThe cells do not contain homologous chromosomes
- CMitosis cannot occur
- DThe gametes produced cannot combine with the gametes of other plants
- EMeiosis cannot occur
65What role does nondisjunction play in the formation of a fertile allopolyploid hybrid?
- AIt doubles the chromosome number in the hybrid
- BIt allows gametes of the two parent species to combine
- CIt causes the chromosomes to line up at the center of the cell during mitosis
- DIt breaks down chromosomes that don't exist as homologous pairs
66The sequence of events illustrated in this figure results in a fertile hybrid plant called an allopolyploid. Which of the following statements is the most complete description of an allopolyploid?
- AIt contains more than one pair of homologous chromosomes
- BIt is able to sexually reproduce with two or more other plant species because of its diverse set of chromosomes
- CIt contains more than two sets of chromosomes, which are derived from two species
- DIt contains more than two sets of chromosomes, which are derived from a single species
67Hybrid zones provide an opportunity to investigate _________.
- AThe evolution of reproductive isolation
- BAllopatric speciation
- CPunctuated equilibrium
- DPolyploidy
- EMutations
68A certain species of salamander was split into two populations by a wide, dry valley, and the populations began to diverge from each other. After a period of time, some members of the two populations began to interbreed in a hybrid zone at the southern end of the valley. Only weak reproductive barriers existed by this time, so the two populations could freely interbreed and re-establish gene flow. This outcome in a hybrid zone is known as _____.
- Aspeciation
- Bstability
- Cpunctured equilibrium
- Dreinforcement
- Efusion
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- BCOR 12 Quiz on Chapter 24 Test (True/False, Multiple Choice), created by Munro Richardson on 03/03/2018.
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