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Honours Clinical Assessment Final Exam Review

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Question 1

Question
What contribution did Plato have on a science epistemology?
Answer
  • Knowledge is justified
  • A priori/posteri analytic/synthetic
  • moral epistemology
  • Theory of forms

Question 2

Question
Who were the logical positivists?
Answer
  • Arcesilaus, Carneades, Cicero
  • Popper, Kuhn, Heidegger, Hempel
  • Plato, Socrates, Aristotle
  • Carnap, Schlick, Ayer, Hempel

Question 3

Question
What was the philosophical backbone of logical positivism?
Answer
  • Kantian thought and socialism
  • Truth and knowledge need not be meaningful or verifiable as long as it is logical
  • Truth and knowledge must be meaningful and verifiable
  • Reaction against metaphysics

Question 4

Question
What lead to the decline of logical positivism?
Answer
  • Metaphysical philosophy was regaining public support
  • Scientific laws were considered unverifiable
  • No valid deductive logic
  • True moral statements were verifiable, which lead to public outrage

Question 5

Question
What was Popper's argument against convention?
Answer
  • All possible theories can be tested in all possible means
  • Knowledge is certain given sufficient evidence
  • Belief can be objective
  • Knowledge is never certain

Question 6

Question
What was Popper's proposed alternative to conventional epistemology?
Answer
  • Test all theories in all possible tests
  • Falsification
  • 'Post hoc query'
  • Verisimilitude - consider all knowledge uncertain

Question 7

Question
What is the dynanism and growth of scientific knowledge formula?
Answer
  • P1->TS1->EE->P2
  • P2->TS1->P1->EE
  • TS1->P1->EE->TS2
  • P1->EE->TS1->P2

Question 8

Question
Who were major figures in the science of decision making?
Answer
  • Kahneman and Tversky
  • Tsversky and Loftus
  • Rest and Kahneman
  • Franklin and Loftus

Question 9

Question
What were Kahneman and Tversky's conclusions concerning human decision making?
Answer
  • humans commit more errors than they realize
  • Heuristics prevent decision making errors
  • Errors in judgement are the result of poor intelligence of lack of expertise
  • Errors are less likely under uncertain conditions (less opportunity for bias)

Question 10

Question
Do basketball players get hot hands?
Answer
  • No, they're delusional
  • No, their wins and losses proceed randomly despite their feelings on the matter
  • Yes, 'hot hands' refers to 'being in the zone' and players certainly experience that phenomenon
  • Yes, because their hands get sweaty (what kind of question is this?)

Question 11

Question
What does Garb say about anecdotal evidence and romanticisation of clinical psychology?
Answer
  • Validity of case formulations are poor.
  • Causal judgements are often made by the clinician. These are often accurate.
  • Unstructured interviews are often more successful than structured interview.
  • Validity of case formulations are poor due to heuristics only.

Question 12

Question
What should be the stages of clinical practice according to Garb?
Answer
  • a) description, b) diagnosis, c) case formulation, d) prediction, e) decision making
  • a) description, b) case formulation, c) diagnosis, d) prediction, e) decision making
  • a) description, b) decision making, c) case formulation, d) diagnosis, e) prediction
  • a) case formulation, b) description, c) diagnosis), d) prediction, e) decision making

Question 13

Question
Military records suggest ___% WW1 veterans receiving PTSD compensation are pretenders.
Answer
  • 50
  • 25
  • 75
  • 80

Question 14

Question
When is interrater reliability for the DSM-3 agreeable?
Answer
  • When semi-structured interviews are used.
  • When unstructured interviews are used.
  • When the DSM-3 criteria is adhered to.
  • When the raters know each other.

Question 15

Question
What is the anchoring heuristic?
Answer
  • When you rely too heavily on an initial piece of information and it biases subsequent responses.
  • Like a framing effect, you incorrectly judge two similar or dissimilar statements to solve an issue.
  • Your preconceived notion of the task/information biases it regardless of the information provided to you.
  • A stereotype is presented in the information which makes it difficult to judge prototypical information.

Question 16

Question
Loftus's first study (1975) was conducted in relation to Nixon's first visit to China and Russia. Subjects estimated a prediction of the actual outcome. 3/4rds estimated the initial prediction as higher. Why did this happen?
Answer
  • The event was easy to predict.
  • Hindsight bias.
  • Anchoring bias.
  • Heuristic bias.

Question 17

Question
Loftus's "lost in the mall" technique provided subjects with short narratives describing childhood events. The "lost in the mall" memory was false. What percentage of participants incorrectly 'remembered' the event?
Answer
  • 5
  • 15
  • 25
  • 35

Question 18

Question
Define epistemology.
Answer
  • Theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, scope, and distinction between justified belief and opinion.
  • Theory of knowledge, especially with regards to its proponents, validity, and scope.
  • Theory of knowledge, especially with regards to its validity, scope, and regard to objectivity. Belief or opinion is irrelevant.
  • Theory of knowledge. This includes proponents, validity, scope, differences between justified belief, opinion, including what happens to be in the public conscience at the time. Is flexible and prone to alteration due to social changes.

Question 19

Question
What is fact?
Answer
  • A fact is a hypothesis subject to change.
  • A theory subject to change.
  • A working hypothesis, not subject to change.
  • A fact is not prone to error.

Question 20

Question
How can cognitive and memory biases impact psychological practice? Choose best example.
Answer
  • Cognitive laziness leads to error proneness.
  • Representativeness heuristic - biological disorders will be treated without biological treatments.
  • Confirmation bias - clinicians search for information to confirm not discomfirm personal theories or preconceptions.
  • Hindsight bias - clinicians feel like they know the cause and history of a disorder, yet remain open to alternatives.

Question 21

Question
What is the most valid criticism of the science practitioner model?
Answer
  • The science practitioner model is still young, and is therefore unreliable. There isn't a stable literature on the subject.
  • Practitioners don't research, or don't always use research effectively in their practice. The model is idealistic.
  • The science practitioner model discourages clinicians from pursuing their passions by forcing research aptitude into them.
  • Training clinicians in scientific theory and methods is a waste of time since clinical work has the primary goal of helping others and research is thus irrelevant.

Question 22

Question
When was the Boulder Conference?
Answer
  • 1949
  • 1950
  • 1948
  • 1947

Question 23

Question
After Shakow's recommendations to the New York Psychiatric Institute were accepted and were forwarded to the AAAP, what happened?
Answer
  • There was the Penn State conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
  • There was the Boulder conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
  • There was the AAAP conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
  • There was the APA conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.

Question 24

Question
What was the result of the Boulder conference?
Answer
  • 70 resolutions agreed upon from 15 agenda issues to discuss.
  • 60 resolutions agreed upon from 12 agenda issues to discuss.
  • 80 resolutions agreed upon from 20 agenda issues to discuss.
  • 50 resolutions agreed upon from 15 agenda issues to discuss.

Question 25

Question
What was one of the major historical influences leading to the Boulder conference?
Answer
  • The asylum hygiene movement.
  • The psychological toll on WWI and WWII veterans, and the US government's attempt to address the psychological need of veterans.
  • Mental asylums were overcrowded. They were becoming "warehouses for lost humanity".
  • Psychiatrists could not manage the large number of patients with psychological complaints.

Question 26

Question
When did federal legislation end "lunatic asylum"'s reign as America's solution to the mentally ill?
Answer
  • The late 1900's.
  • The late 1800's.
  • The late 1700's.
  • The late 1600's.

Question 27

Question
What was John Locke's legacy in British Empiricism?
Answer
  • Tabula rasa - that knowledge was acquired by experience
  • Intellect, sensibilities, and will.
  • The Just Noticeable Difference (JND).
  • Two sources of acquiring knowledge: sensation and perception.

Question 28

Question
What was Thomus Upham's contribution to empicisism?
Answer
  • He authored the first textbook, and suggested three realms of mental faculty: intellect, sensibilities, and will.
  • Suggested knowledge is acquired by experience. Also wrote a textbook on the topic.
  • Claimed that one can learn about the mind by observing the senses.
  • Noted that the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is logarithmic.

Question 29

Question
What was Ernst Weber's legacy? Choose the best answer.
Answer
  • Weber-Fechner law - including The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
  • The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
  • Demonstrating that the JND is a non linear function of stimulus magnitude
  • That perception could be quantified.

Question 30

Question
What role did Fechner play in psychophysics?
Answer
  • Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is logarithmic, adding to the JND.
  • Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is linear, adding to the JND.
  • Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is hyperbolic, adding to the JND.
  • Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is the inverse of perceived magnitude, adding to the JND.

Question 31

Question
The earliest reference to the brain as the seat of the mind was...
Answer
  • The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
  • Hippocrates
  • Middle Ages
  • Ancient China

Question 32

Question
What was the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus?
Answer
  • An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 48 wartime cases of head lesion, including the induction of seizure by "palpate his wound" - the wound being on the brain.
  • An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 5 cases of brain tumor, including the removal of said tumor. "Shouldst thou find something disturbing therin under thy fingers"...
  • An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 15 cases of seizure after manual palpation of the brain tissue.
  • An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 35 wartime cases of head lesion, and how to disinfect and manage the wounds.

Question 33

Question
The deinstitutionalisation marking the release of 100,000 asylum patients was triggered by...
Answer
  • The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, signed by President John Kennedy.
  • The renaming of the Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane to the American Psychiatric Association.
  • The superintendents (head of asylums) were given the role of psychiatrist.
  • The growth of over 300 mental asylums by the 1960's.

Question 34

Question
Psychiatrists "reinvented" themselves by the 1920s with treatments like...
Answer
  • Shock treatments.
  • Frontal lobotomies for managing "difficult cases".
  • Psychiatric drugs.
  • Counselling.

Question 35

Question
Which surgeon worked on the case of Loborgne ('Tan'), who had a 21 year history of progressive speech loss?
Answer
  • Paul Broca
  • Eduard Hitzig
  • Korbinian Brodmann
  • Gustav Fritsch

Question 36

Question
Who was the psychiatrist who applied an electrical current to the motor cortex of a dog, who was standing on their appartment's kitchen table?
Answer
  • Gustav Fritsch
  • Eduard Hitzig
  • Korbinian Brodmann
  • Paul Broca

Question 37

Question
What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal's contribution to neuroscience/psychology? Choose best answer.
Answer
  • Documented the famous case of 'Tan', a man with a 21 year history of progressive speech loss.
  • Made anatomically precise drawings of different types of neurons in the brain.
  • Identified many brain regions, including the various visual cortices.
  • Identified the motor cortex by applying an electrical current to a dog in his appartment.

Question 38

Question
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
Answer
  • A professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig who started the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
  • The first to show experimental methods could apply to higher order cognition.
  • Founded the first psychological laboratory as John Hopkins, and started the first Psychology department at Clark.
  • Developed a battery of mental tests.

Question 39

Question
Who started the APA?
Answer
  • Stanley Hall
  • James Cattell
  • Lightner Witmer
  • Franz Joseph Gall

Question 40

Question
Who started the first psychological clinic in 1896?
Answer
  • Lightner Witmer
  • James Cattell
  • Stanley Hall
  • Franz J. Gall

Question 41

Question
Who developed Phrenology (otherwise known as "If your skull is bumpy in a certain area that correlates to a brain area and so your personality".
Answer
  • James Cattell
  • Franz J. Gall
  • H. Ebbinhaus
  • Franz Mesmer

Question 42

Question
Who came up with the idea that reaction time was related to mental processing speed?
Answer
  • James Cattell
  • Stanley Hall
  • William Wundt
  • Alfred Binet

Question 43

Question
The first American scale of Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's works were published as the "Binet and Simon Tests of Intellectual Capacity" by...
Answer
  • Henry Herbert Goddard
  • Stanley Hall
  • David Wechsler
  • Robert Yerkes

Question 44

Question
Beers (1908) published a book on his mistreatment (and that of others) in mental asylums and called for reform. Which psychiatrist took notice of his work?
Answer
  • Adolf Meyer.
  • Francis Galton.
  • Robert Meyer.
  • Adolf Galton.

Question 45

Question
The Emmanuel Movement, concerned with psychologically-based religious healing, was started by whom?
Answer
  • Elwood Worcester
  • Samuel McComb.
  • Algernon Crapsey.
  • William James.

Question 46

Question
To increase psychological resources, the VA, USPHS, and APA worked together to dramatically increase the rate of PhD clinical psychologists. What success did they have at the end of the first year of their program?
Answer
  • VA funded 200 doctoral students at 22 universities.
  • VA funded more than 1500 students at 50 universities.
  • VA funded 200 doctoral students at 50 universities.
  • VA funded more than 1500 students at 22 universities.

Question 47

Question
What did David Shakow write his dissertation on? (Also, why is this relevant? I dunno, it's in the notes.)
Answer
  • Schizophrenia patients.
  • Depressive and anxious patients.
  • Obsessive compulsive patients.
  • Personality disorders.

Question 48

Question
There are three broad types of validity. What are they?
Answer
  • Content, Criterion, Construct.
  • Content, Predictive, Concurrent.
  • Content, Criterion, Predictive.
  • Predictive, Concurrent, Construct.

Question 49

Question
In Coaley's Taxonomy of Assessment, what are the two major divisions of measurement?
Answer
  • Measurement and Non-measurement
  • Content and Criterion
  • Validity and Reliability
  • Interviews and Surveys

Question 50

Question
What are the two types of criterion validity?
Answer
  • Predictive and concurrent
  • Construct and content
  • Concurrent and construct
  • Predictive and content

Question 51

Question
Define criterion validity.
Answer
  • Degree to which a test samples the domain and elicits responses in a responsible way.
  • Correlations between scale scores and other criteria or sources.
  • The measure agrees with other measures of the same type.
  • Measures should correlate with those like it, not those dissimilar to it.

Question 52

Question
Define content validity.
Answer
  • Degree to which a test samples the domain and elicits responses in a responsible way.
  • Correlations between scale scores and other criteria or sources.
  • Extent to which variance score reflects variance of actual construct.
  • Measures should correlate with those similar not dissimilar.

Question 53

Question
How should the variance associated with a new given measure be partitioned?
Answer
  • a. variance of scores on new test, b. shared variance, c. variance of scores on criterion measure
  • a. variance of representative sample, b. variance of non representative sample, c. variance of clinical population of interest.
  • a. within subjects variance, b. between subjects variance, c. error variance
  • a. variance of criterion, b. variance of measure 1, c. variance of measure 2.

Question 54

Question
In Coaley's Taxonomy of Assessment, what is considered "non-measurement"?
Answer
  • Interviews, observations
  • Correct/incorrect item responses
  • Not using correct/incorrect responses
  • Tests

Question 55

Question
What is a nominal scale?
Answer
  • Absolute zero
  • Distance is meaningful
  • Attributes can be ordered
  • Attributes are only named

Question 56

Question
What is factorial validity?
Answer
  • scores are mixed with scores of other tests, similar and dissimilar, and subject to factor analysis
  • determines any increase in validity and whether this is significant, when an assessment is added to others
  • correlations relating to different aspects of the criterion measurement also tend to have different values
  • tests hypothesized not to be similar are not

Question 57

Question
What is the multi-trait multi-method approach?
Answer
  • More consistent and elaborate form of convergent-discriminant validity; can be used to demonstrate construct validity
  • A combination of factorial validity, differential validity, and incremental validity
  • Using a regression on factors associated with a measure to see what items are associated with more error -> to be removed
  • Multiple raters perform independent factor analysis on the measure and then a Factor Rater Score is calculated.

Question 58

Question
What is discriminant validity?
Answer
  • Tests hypothesized not to be similar are not.
  • Correlations related to different aspects of the criterion measurement also tend to have different values.
  • used to demonstrate construct validity
  • Comparing at least 5 other measures that are similar in order to identify bad items

Question 59

Question
What is the most robust measure of central tendency?
Answer
  • Mean
  • Mode
  • Median
  • SD

Question 60

Question
What percentage of scores is encompassed within 1 SD + and - the mean within the normal distribution?
Answer
  • 68.26
  • 95.44
  • 50.32
  • 82.94

Question 61

Question
What is the Blinkhorn Effect?
Answer
  • When you cherry pick the best correlations from your data
  • Missing a vital piece of statistical information because you experienced an inattentional blink
  • Removing items with weird variance to improve the robustness of your test
  • Removing bad data points and replacing them with bootstrapped estimates to improve your test

Question 62

Question
What are the 'faux friends' of validity?
Answer
  • Face validity, faith validity
  • Face validity, inter rater judgements
  • Faith validity, inter rater judgements
  • Face validity, faith validity, inter rater judgements

Question 63

Question
What is the Pollyana Effect?
Answer
  • Belief of test users in the value of certain assessments and their attitudes towards them
  • People tend to remember positive items more than negative ones
  • Heuristics interfere with the measure of a test
  • When framing effects influence a subject's response on the measure

Question 64

Question
Which statement is the most correct?
Answer
  • Reliability is possible without validity, but validity is not possible without reliability
  • Reliability is possible without validity, but validity is possible without reliability
  • Reliability is not possible without validity, and validity is not possible without reliability
  • Reliability is not possible without validity, but validity is possible without reliability

Question 65

Question
What does Classical Test Theory state about a person's observed score (X)?
Answer
  • X = T + e
  • X = T + we + be + e
  • X = T + we + e
  • X = (T + T2)/2 + e

Question 66

Question
Which reliability is "consistent across tests"?
Answer
  • test-retest reliability
  • parallel forms reliability
  • internal consistency
  • inter-rater reliability

Question 67

Question
Which reliability is consistent across time?
Answer
  • test-retest reliability
  • parallel forms reliability
  • internal consistency
  • inter-rater reliability

Question 68

Question
Which reliability is consistent between items?
Answer
  • test-retest reliability
  • parallel forms reliability
  • internal consistency
  • inter-rater reliability

Question 69

Question
What is one issue associated with alternate forms reliability?
Answer
  • difficult to construct perfectly equivalent tests
  • equivalence means your test is redundant
  • inter-judge agreement is never perfect
  • practice effects

Question 70

Question
What is one of the issues associated with test-retest reliability?
Answer
  • length of the interval between the two tests
  • what the subject had for breakfast that morning
  • not measuring reliability directly
  • if the test changes then your retest measure is worthless

Question 71

Question
What is an example of a measure of internal consistency?
Answer
  • Cronbach's alpha
  • Pearson's r
  • the variance across items
  • principal components analysis

Question 72

Question
What is an example of a systematic error?
Answer
  • scale score is consistently too high or low
  • the weather on the day of testing is consistently bad
  • never obtaining the true score
  • subject's cognitions at the time of testing

Question 73

Question
I just got a reliability coefficient for my new scale on Honours Students Neuroticism Causes - it's .5! That's...
Answer
  • good!
  • marginal.
  • unacceptable.
  • excellent!

Question 74

Question
What is local dependence?
Answer
  • If X scores increase on Y then they will on Z.
  • errors of measurement from 2 unreliable variables correlate significantly
  • an honours student is dependent on their supervisor for guidance
  • the test-retest reliability of a test depends on its validity

Question 75

Question
Confidence intervals vary as a function of reliability.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 76

Question
The Parallel Testing Model uses test-retest reliability
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 77

Question
Platonic "true" scores are possible to achieve.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 78

Question
What is the Domain Sampling Model?
Answer
  • average score over infinite testing
  • average score over three testing sessions
  • test-retest reliability but using the median instead of the mean
  • test-retest reliability over multiple testing sessions and checking for changes in possible factors

Question 79

Question
What are sources of error variance for the generalisability approach to reliability?
Answer
  • Time differences
  • Content differences across test forms
  • Content differences within the test
  • All mentioned.

Question 80

Question
The Masculinity/Femininity scale in the MMPI was designed to...
Answer
  • detect homosexuality
  • see to what extent someone embodies feminine/masculine traits
  • class men/women according to their stereotypical gender roles
  • detect gender norm deviants

Question 81

Question
What was one of Yerkes's roles in the development of intelligence testing?
Answer
  • opposed an age-scale approached and favored the point-scale approach
  • translated the Alfred Binet
  • came up with the concept of g, the main factor underlying intelligence
  • first to decide that intelligence was made of both verbal and non-verbal intelligence

Question 82

Question
The Army Alpha and Beta intelligence scale was developed by...
Answer
  • Robert Yerkes
  • Arthur Otis
  • Alfred Binet
  • David Wechsler

Question 83

Question
Who translated the Alfred Binet into the Stanford Binet?
Answer
  • Lewis Terman
  • Robert Yerkes
  • Arthur Otis
  • Francis Galton

Question 84

Question
Wechsler designed new intelligence tests.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 85

Question
Galton's original intelligence test failed because...
Answer
  • reaction time, keen sight, and squeeze strenght were unrelated to intelligence, but related to motor and perceptual function
  • early versions of the block test, language comprehension test, and number recall were poorly designed
  • reaction time was related to intelligence, but only if measured in the millisecond range
  • it was developed for children and failed to apply to adults

Question 86

Question
Which edition of the Stanford Binet adapted Weschler's multiscale multitask format?
Answer
  • 3rd
  • 4th
  • 2nd
  • 5th

Question 87

Question
The Wechsler-Bellevue I intelligence scale (1939) was made for...
Answer
  • children or retarded adults
  • adults only
  • children only
  • the elderly

Question 88

Question
The verbal concept information construct in the WAIS-IV tests crystallized intelligence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 89

Question
The WAIS-IV construct PRI measures...
Answer
  • fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
  • temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
  • verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
  • processing speed, scanning, learning

Question 90

Question
The WAIS-IV construct WMI measures...
Answer
  • verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
  • fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
  • temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
  • processing speed, scanning, learning

Question 91

Question
The WAIS-IV construct PSI measures...
Answer
  • verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
  • fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
  • temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
  • processing speed, scanning, learning

Question 92

Question
What are three different tasks in the VCI construct (WAIS-IV)?
Answer
  • Provide concepts that link two words, vocabulary, information (general knowledge)
  • assemble blocks, visual puzzles, matrix reasoning
  • arithmetic, symbol search, coding
  • Raven's matrices, concept linking, arithmetic

Question 93

Question
Inter-rater reliability r scores for the Similarities, Vocubulary, Information, and Comprehension subtests for the WAIS-IV are closest to:
Answer
  • .90
  • .80
  • .70
  • .60

Question 94

Question
When was the NEO inventory started (note: not completed)?
Answer
  • 1978
  • 1968
  • 1958
  • 1988

Question 95

Question
The NEO personality inventory in 1985 had what general structure?
Answer
  • 6 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
  • 4 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
  • 8 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
  • 5 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C,

Question 96

Question
The NEO-FFI (1989) included norms for...
Answer
  • college students and adults
  • college students and children
  • college students, children, and adults
  • children and adults

Question 97

Question
The NEO-PI-R (1992) version had norms for...
Answer
  • adults only, with those younger only under special circumstances
  • children only, with those older only for mental retardation
  • adolescents only
  • adults and children

Question 98

Question
One of the changes to the NEO-PI-R (1992) was...
Answer
  • New A and C scales+facets
  • replacement of 20 NEO items
  • rewording of 10 NEO items
  • Addition of 5 new A and C scales and facets

Question 99

Question
Scores in the NEO-PI-R are presented as t-scores.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 100

Question
The NEO-PI-R consists of...
Answer
  • 240 questions answered on 5-point Likert scale
  • 200 questions answered on 7-point Likert scale
  • 150 questions answered True or False
  • 300 questions answered True or False

Question 101

Question
What is one of the main disadvantages of the NEO-PI-R?
Answer
  • Does not quantify cognitive abilities or distortions
  • Does not adequately take into account the A + C constructs
  • Its validity scales do not work correctly
  • Norms are not recent

Question 102

Question
NEO-PI-R has validity scales.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 103

Question
Miller (1991) suggested that:
Answer
  • there is clinical utility for personality inventories in guiding treatment
  • there is no clinical utility for personality inventories in guiding treatment
  • treatment should not be guided by personality scores since they may change throughout the course of treatment
  • the NEO-PI-R and MMPI could be used in tandem for an accurate clinical picture of a patient

Question 104

Question
Singer (2005) suggested that personality inventories were:
Answer
  • the first phase for treating a patient
  • the second phase for treating a patient
  • innappropriate for use in clinical practice without additional information
  • is useful for formulating a diagnosis

Question 105

Question
In regards to twin studies of intelligence, what is an individuality multiplier?
Answer
  • shared environmental factors are masked -> variance attributed to genes
  • environment differs so variance interpreted as gene changes
  • changes in intelligence over time due to environment alone
  • the twin's non-shared traits interact with the environment to produce even greater non shared traits

Question 106

Question
In regards to twin studies of intelligence, what is a social multiplier?
Answer
  • shared environmental factors are masked -> variance attributed to genes
  • environment differences interpreted as gene changes
  • changes in intelligence over time attributed to the environment alone
  • if a twin has a different social group to their other twin, the social group will encourage the development of traits they value regardless of the twin's values

Question 107

Question
Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness is associated with...
Answer
  • psychopathy
  • depression
  • Machiavellianism
  • paranoid schizophrenia

Question 108

Question
High neuroticism and low extraversion is associated with...
Answer
  • depression
  • paranoid schizophrenia
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • schizoid personality disorder

Question 109

Question
What is g's correlation to working memory?
Answer
  • .72
  • .82
  • .65
  • .59

Question 110

Question
Neurobiological research supports IQ represented by how many factors?
Answer
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 1

Question 111

Question
According to Sternberg et al. (1999, 2000) to what degree is practicality (ability to solve concrete problems) and creativity (come up with novel solutions) correlated to IQ?
Answer
  • moderately
  • poorly
  • highly
  • not at all

Question 112

Question
g(F) is can be measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 113

Question
White twins from rich backgrounds have a lower heritability estimate than poor whites or blacks.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 114

Question
The book, The Bell Curve, authored by Richard Hernstein and Charles Murray in 1994 suggested IQ is little influenced by environmental factors.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 115

Question
According to Nisbett et al. (2012), adoption studies may tend to overestimate the role of the environment and underestimate the role of genetics due to the restricted social class range of adoptive homes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 116

Question
According to Nisbett et al. (2012), what progress has been made on finding genes associated with normal IQ variation?
Answer
  • Over 282 individual genes for mental retardation found, very little in those associated with normal intelligence
  • Over 282 individual genes for normal intelligence, very little for those with mental retardation
  • Over 874 individual genes for mental retardation found, very little associated with normal intelligence
  • Over 902 individual genes for mental retardation found, very few associated with normal intelligence.

Question 117

Question
Breast feeding has been associated with... (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
  • +6 IQ points for normal weighted infants, +8 for premature
  • +3 IQ points for normal weighted infants, +5 for premature
  • +1 IQ point for normal weighted infants, +3 for premature
  • No changes in IQ

Question 118

Question
High socio-economic status has been associated with... (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
  • +12 IQ points than low SES
  • +6 IQ points than low SES
  • +3 IQ points than low SES
  • no differences between high SES IQ and low SES IQ

Question 119

Question
Is there an IQ difference for first-borns in a family? (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
  • Yes, about 3+ IQ
  • Yes, about 1+ IQ
  • No difference
  • Yes, about 5+ IQ

Question 120

Question
What is the Flynn Effect?
Answer
  • A substantial and long-term increase in worldwide IQ from 1930.
  • When environmental influences to IQ are overlooked in favor of genetic explanations.
  • Non shared environments within a family impacts IQ more than shared environments.
  • IQ increases when low SES individuals are placed into a high SES environment.

Question 121

Question
An IQ score of 70 is the cutting point for immunity from the death penalty in the USA.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 122

Question
Damage in the prefrontal cortex is associated with...
Answer
  • decreased performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices
  • decreased performance related to task content
  • reduction in sex-based IQ differences
  • decreased g(C)

Question 123

Question
The frontal and temporal lobes are related to what in terms of IQ...
Answer
  • task content
  • neural efficiency
  • seizures
  • performance on the MMPI

Question 124

Question
IQ differences of 15 points between black and whites reported in 1996 is thought to be genetically related.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 125

Question
Digit Span on the WAIS-IV is useful at the lower end of intelligence functioning.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 126

Question
The WAIS-IV's Picture Completion Task is not biased by gender or object familiarity.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 127

Question
Conscientiousness has a protective role on mortality.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 128

Question
Neuroticism, negative emotion, and hostility are positively associated with mortality.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 129

Question
The more neurotic you are, the more likely you are to get a divorce. (Roberts et al., 2007)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 130

Question
If you have high conscientiousness and agreeableness, you're more likely to become divorced than if you had low conscientiousness and agreeableness. (Roberts et al. 2007)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 131

Question
What is one of the major changes in the norms for the MMPI-2-RF and the MMPI-2?
Answer
  • no gender norms
  • norms for adolescents added
  • norms for children added
  • no difference

Question 132

Question
Which has the largest number of items - the MMPI-2-RF, the MMPI-2, or the MMPI-A?
Answer
  • The MMPI-2, followed by the MMPI-A, then the MMPI-2-RF.
  • The MMPI-2-RF, followed by the MMPI-2, then MMPI-A.
  • The MMPI-A, followed by the MMPI-2-RF, then MMPI-2.
  • The MMPI-2-RF, followed by the MMPI-A, then MMPI-2.

Question 133

Question
The MMPI-A contains extra scales unique only to the MMPI-A.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 134

Question
The asylum movement in America was spawned by...
Answer
  • Elwood Worcester
  • Pillipe Pinel
  • William Wundt
  • Clifford Beers

Question 135

Question
The MMPI was developed when, by whom?
Answer
  • 1930s by Hathaway and McKinley
  • 1930s by Harris and Lingoes
  • 1940s by Weiner and Harmon
  • 1940s by Krueger and Kendler

Question 136

Question
Kraepelinian syndromes means...
Answer
  • symptom clusters in the MMPI
  • based on existing knowledge of symptom clusters and syndromes
  • symptom clusters based on classic psychoanalytic casework
  • symptom clusters based on 1800s syndrome research

Question 137

Question
What were the validity scales on the original MMPI?
Answer
  • Cannot Say, Lie, Infrequency, Correction.
  • Variable Response Inconsistency, Uncommon Virtues, Adjustment Validity, Infrequent Responses.
  • True Response Inconsistency, Infrequent Psychopathology Response, Symptom Validity, Response Bias Scale.
  • Uncommon Virtues, Lie, Response Bias Scale, Adjustment Validity.

Question 138

Question
What was one of the major problems of the original MMPI?
Answer
  • There were no norms for code types
  • Some of the clinical scales were outdated
  • The profiles it produced were non-discriminatory
  • The validity scales produced too many false positives

Question 139

Question
Can the MMPI distinguish between delinquent and non-delinquent females?
Answer
  • Yes, based on Pd, Sc, and Ma elevations.
  • Yes, based on D, MF, Si elevations.
  • No. Only the MMPI-A can do that.
  • Yes, based on Pd, D, and Si elevations.

Question 140

Question
The first full-fledged effort to examine internal consistency of the MMPI was done by...
Answer
  • Wiggins (1966)
  • Hataway and McKinley (1940)
  • Capwell (1940)
  • Hathaway and Monachesi (1953)

Question 141

Question
One of the major changes introduced to the MMPI-2 included...
Answer
  • The removal of items dealing with religion, sexuality, sexist language, or awkwardly phrased sentences.
  • The removal of several validity scales.
  • Adding the clinical scale Demoralization, effectively removing repetitive items from clinical subscales.
  • Removal of gender norms.

Question 142

Question
Psychasthenia in the MMPI-2 refers to...
Answer
  • Hypochondriasis/conversion disorders
  • Tendency to experience negative emotions
  • Anxiety
  • Depression proneness

Question 143

Question
In Watson and Tellegen's (1985) two-dimensional emotion map, what is the opposite of High Positive Affect?
Answer
  • Low Positive Affect
  • Unpleasantness
  • Disengagement
  • High Negative Affect

Question 144

Question
Two main factors associated with the clinical scales were Demoralisation and...
Answer
  • A second factor uncorrelated with Demoralisation.
  • A second factor mildly correlated with Demoralisation.
  • A second factor moderately correlated with Demoralisation.
  • a second factor highly correlated with Demoralisation.

Question 145

Question
Studies have shown that the RC scales map well onto...
Answer
  • previous scales of the MMPI
  • MPQ and NEO-PI-R
  • the Demoralisation scale
  • the second facttor in the MMPI-RC scales

Question 146

Question
What does the Symptom Validity scale detect?
Answer
  • the underreporting of symptoms
  • the overreporting of symptoms
  • Somatic complaints infrequent in the medical patient populations
  • exaggerated memory complaints

Question 147

Question
Which of these is NOT a MMPI-2-RF higher order scales?
Answer
  • Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction
  • Thought Dysfunction
  • Behavioural/Externalizing Dysfunction
  • Cognitive/Perceptual Dysfunction

Question 148

Question
The Watson (2005) hierarchical structure of mood and anxiety disorders classifies emotional disorders into two broad categories. What are they?
Answer
  • Cognitive and Emotional
  • Distress and Fear
  • Panic and Social
  • Depressive and Anxious

Question 149

Question
In the MMPI-2-RF Internalizing Hierarchy, there are 3 broad categories underneath the heading Emotional-Internalising Dysfunction. What are they?
Answer
  • Demoralisation, Low Positive Emotions, Dysfunctional Negative Emotions
  • Distress, Fear, Panic
  • Demoralisation, Distress, Fear
  • Demoralisation, Negative Positive Emotions, Low Negative Emotions
  • Demoralisation, Lack of Positive Emotions, Presence of Dysfunctional Negative Emotions

Question 150

Question
Externalising disorders have a common genetic underpinning.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 151

Question
The scientist-practitioner model has been described as embodying three concepts. Which of the following is NOT one of those espoused by Shakow?
Answer
  • research
  • therapy
  • assessment
  • diagnostics

Question 152

Question
Butler et al's (2005) review of CBT efficacy found...
Answer
  • antidepressant drugs were superior to CBT
  • CBT had a low efficacy on marital distress
  • CBT had a moderate efficacy on preventing sexual assault repeat offending
  • chronic pain was treated moderately well with CBT

Question 153

Question
Butler et al's (2005) review on CBT efficacy found...
Answer
  • large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for schizophrenia
  • large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for depression
  • large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for OCD
  • large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT for childhood somatic disorders

Question 154

Question
In Butler et al's (2005) study on CBT efficacy large effect sizes were found for the treatment of...
Answer
  • panic disorders
  • anger
  • bulimia nervosa
  • social phobia with agoraphobia only

Question 155

Question
According to Butler (2005)'s review on CBT efficacy, one disorder requiring more attention regarding CBT is...
Answer
  • substance abuse
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • panic disorders
  • sexual repeat offending

Question 156

Question
Is CBT case conceptualisation reliable?
Answer
  • Descripive levels of presenting issues reliable, inference about causal influences is not.
  • Descripive levels of presenting issues not reliable, inference about causal influences is.

Question 157

Question
Focused training of case conceptualisation does not improve the coherence and quality of case conceptualisation across therapy modules.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 158

Question
A generic approach used for identifying triggers and maintenance factors of a problem for case conceptualisation is...
Answer
  • functional analysis
  • literature review
  • factor analysis
  • trigger maintenance survey

Question 159

Question
What was the maintenance cycle of 'Beth''s PTSD in the Kuyken et al. paper?
Answer
  • Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => current threat => cutting => cognitive elaboration <=> (repeat)
  • current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => cutting => cognitive elaboration <=> (repeat)
  • current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => cognitive elaboration => cutting <= => (repeat)
  • current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers + cutting => cognitive elaboration => cutting <= => (repeat)

Question 160

Question
Panic disorder affects up to _% of the population at some point in their life. (Fill in blank.)
Answer
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 8

Question 161

Question
Changes in neural circuits in people with panic disorder does NOT include...
Answer
  • lowered amygdala volume
  • lowered temporal lobe volume
  • reduced frontal lobe volume
  • reduced orbitofrontal flow

Question 162

Question
The belief that anxiety could cause deleterious physical, social, and psychological consequences beyond those immediate in an actual panic attack is a risk factor for onset of panic disorder.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 163

Question
Anxiety sensitivity predicts more variance in panic disorder onset than neuroticism.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 164

Question
The ____ is thought to mediate anxiety sensitivity.
Answer
  • insular cortex
  • amygdala
  • hippocamous
  • somatosensory cortex

Question 165

Question
The current preferred drug treatment for panic disorder is...
Answer
  • SSRIs
  • benzodiazepines
  • tricyclics
  • neuroleptics

Question 166

Question
_ is an effective drug for panic disorder in non-responding CBT patients.
Answer
  • paroxetine
  • setraline
  • venlafaxine
  • nefazodone

Question 167

Question
Hypnosis is a helpful treatment alternative to CBT for panic disorder.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 168

Question
The legacy of the Boulder conference included:
Answer
  • a resolution that provided an opening for the introduction of the scientist-practitioner model of professional training in psychology.
  • cooperation of the American Psychological Association, the United States Public Health Service, and the Veterans Association.
  • a resolution that provided an opening for the introduction of the scientist-practitioner model of professional training in psychology AND cooperation of the American Psychological Association, the United States Public Health Service, and the Veterans Association.
  • none of the above

Question 169

Question
Benjamin (2000) argues that the founding of scientific psychology dates from the establishment of the research laboratory at the University of Leipzeig by:
Answer
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • Hermann von Helmholtz
  • Gustav Fechner
  • Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 170

Question
Early psychology laboratories were founded in the United States of America by the likes of:
Answer
  • G. Stanley Hall and Lightner Witmer
  • James McKeen Cattell and Elwood Worcester
  • G. Stanely Hall and James McKeen Cattell
  • Lightner Witmer and Elwood Worcester

Question 171

Question
O'Gorman (2001) reported that Eysenck in 1949 argued that therapy was NOT a role for clinical psychologists but for psychiatrists. Instead, Eysenck was reported as seeing the task of clinical psychologist as embracing:
Answer
  • assessment and diagnosis
  • diagnosis and research
  • assessment and research
  • assessment, diagnosis, and research

Question 172

Question
The scientist-practitioner model has been criticised for:
Answer
  • several shortcomings, but without sound argument or reliable evidence
  • failing to adopt an integrative approach to science and practice
  • failing to appropriately value the contribution of practice to practitioner skill
  • failing to adopt an integrative approach to science and practice AND failing to appropriately value the contribution of practice to practitioner skill

Question 173

Question
Since the early 20th century, the American public's stereotype of a psychologist has been:
Answer
  • a psychoanalytic one
  • a psychodynamic one
  • an assessment and diagnosis one
  • a behaviorist one

Question 174

Question
The beginnings of clinical and school psychology in the USA are associated with:
Answer
  • James McKeen Cattell's mental testing
  • the Emmanuel movement
  • Lightner Witmer
  • the Mental Hygiene Movement

Question 175

Question
Which event brought greater public attention to the issues of mental health in the USA in the 20th century?
Answer
  • Elwood Worcester's Emmanuel movement
  • Beer and Meyer's Mental Hygiene movement
  • Sigmund Freud's series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in response to an invitation from Stanley G. Hall.
  • Morton Prince's publication of 'The Dissociation of Personality'

Question 176

Question
In 1917:
Answer
  • the psychiatric community called for an end to clinical psychology
  • clinical psychologists called for an end to psychiatry
  • the psychiatric community called for an end to clinical psychology AND to psychiatry
  • none of the above

Question 177

Question
In 1937, the short-lived American Association for Psychology (AAAP) was founded with an initial organisational structure focused on:
Answer
  • assessment, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy
  • assessment, diagnosis, education, and industry
  • clinical matters, consulting, education, and industry
  • clinical matters, education, industry, and prevention

Question 178

Question
The practice of clinical psychology between the two world wars was essentially about:
Answer
  • assessment
  • diagnosis
  • prevention
  • therapy

Question 179

Question
The emergence of modern clinical psychology was related to:
Answer
  • use of psychology in WW1
  • use of psychology in WW2
  • major in-fighting in the psychiatric community
  • a plan to develop the science and profession of psychology after WW2

Question 180

Question
Benjamin (2005) says, “it can be argued that the modern profession of clinical psychology was established … by”:
Answer
  • pure luck
  • federal government agencies seeking to meet a wartime and post-wartime need
  • the psychological community
  • devious means

Question 181

Question
Personality assessment was well-established in the practice of clinical psychology in the USA by the 1940s. Which of the following tests was NOT in use at that time?
Answer
  • the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  • the NEO inventories
  • the Rorschach projective test
  • the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 182

Question
Managed care in the US was said by Benjamin (2005) to end the golden age of clinical psychology, equated with the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Managed care impacted negatively on the practice of clinical psychologists from the 1980s by:
Answer
  • increasing the fees charged for mental health services
  • limiting patient access to mental health services
  • increasing fees charged for mental health services AND limiting patient access to mental health services
  • heavily subsidising fees charged by psychiatrists for psychotherapy

Question 183

Question
Benjamin (2005) comments that, “traditional strengths of doctoral education in psychology [have included] that students”:
Answer
  • are able to avoid paying exorbitant fees that they would otherwise need to pay if pursuing a Master’s-level qualification
  • are taught methodological skills and are trained as critical thinkers and problem solvers
  • bolster the publication rate of academic professors
  • all of the above

Question 184

Question
What are the FIRST three steps in conducting a meta-analysis? (note: there are 6 steps total)
Answer
  • 1. Searching for studies, 2. Selecting the studies, 3. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria.
  • 1. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria, 2. Searching for studies, 3. Selecting the studies.
  • 1. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria, 2. Selecting the studies. 3. Data extraction.
  • 1. Searching for studies, 2. Defining the review question and eligibility critera, 3. Cleaning studies.

Question 185

Question
What is a disadvantage of meta-analysis?
Answer
  • Moderator analysis
  • Obscures qualitative data
  • Obscures quantitative data
  • Magnitude of effects

Question 186

Question
What is a moderator variable? (Hint: contrast with mediator).
Answer
  • A variable that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables
  • A variable that explains the relationship between two other variables
  • A variable that is unrelated to two other variables, but is related to a third.
  • A variable that is uncorrelated with another.

Question 187

Question
What is the formula for Hedge's g?
Answer
  • g = (Mean1-Mean2)/pooled SD
  • g = (Population Mean - Sample Mean)/pooled SD
  • g = (Mean1+Mean2+Mean3+etc)/N
  • g = (mean1-mean2)/n-1

Question 188

Question
Which is these is NOT a general effect associated with common factors research?
Answer
  • Alliance Outcome relationship
  • Therapist and Researcher Allegiance
  • Therapist Effects
  • Specific Effects

Question 189

Question
What does the common factor Therapist and Researcher Allegience refer to?
Answer
  • Whether the therapist and researcher believe the treatment is efficacious.
  • Skill of the therapist at delivering a specific treatment.
  • The relationship between the therapist, researcher, and patient.
  • Skill of therapist at delivering a general treatment.

Question 190

Question
The Therapist Effects common factor suggests patients should...
Answer
  • seek the best treatment for your condition
  • seek a therapist who uses an approach you find compatible
  • make sure their therapist believes the therapy works
  • make sure the researcher in charge of producing journal articles believes in the therapy's efficacy

Question 191

Question
Messer and Wampold (2002) recommend...
Answer
  • Limit clinical trials to comparing bonafide therapies
  • Don't use control groups in clinical trials: two active controls that are bonafide therapies will suffice
  • Increase emphasis on specific factors in therapy manuals so all bases are covered adequately
  • Limit clinical trials to comparing new therapies

Question 192

Question
According to Grencavage and Norcross (1990) what is the most agreed upon common factor?
Answer
  • catharsis
  • development of therapeutic alliance
  • client's positive expectancies
  • beneficial therapist qualities

Question 193

Question
In terms of raw frequency, which were the most frequently occuring treatment structures identified as common factors? (Grencavage & Norcross, 1990).
Answer
  • use of techniques/rituals
  • focus on inner world/exploration of emotional issues
  • adherence to theory
  • a healing setting

Question 194

Question
In terms of raw frequency, what is the most frequently occuring Selected Relationship Elements identified as common factors? (Grencavage & Norcross, 1990)?
Answer
  • development of a therapeutic alliance/relationship
  • engagement
  • transference
  • client's belief structures

Question 195

Question
There are four main “efforts” in the realm of epistemology and the philosophy of science. The first is associated with Plato. He characterised knowledge as:
Answer
  • justified
  • true
  • belief
  • all possible answers

Question 196

Question
Correspondence theory, regarding Plato’s notion of truth:
Answer
  • pre-supposes unbiased observation
  • is about belief accurately depicting reality
  • pre-supposes unbiased observation + is about belief accuracy depicting reality
  • none mentioned

Question 197

Question
Coherence theory, regarding Plato’s notion of truth, was demonstrated by Schlick (a logical positivist) to be lacking in the sense that it is possible:
Answer
  • to construct a perfectly coherent fantasy world, and yet that world is not true
  • for inconsistencies to co-exist in reality
  • to construct a perfectly coherent fantasy world, and yet that world is not true + for inconsistencies to co-exist in reality
  • none mentioned

Question 198

Question
The problem of infinite regress is associated with which aspect(s) of Plato’s definition of knowledge:
Answer
  • belief
  • justification
  • turth
  • belief and justifaction

Question 199

Question
The “Gettier problems” identify a shortcoming of Plato’s definition of knowledge, in that:
Answer
  • it is possible to hold a false belief
  • it is possible to have knowledge without justification
  • it is possible to have justified true belief without knowledge
  • all mentioned

Question 200

Question
Logical positivism was a reaction against:
Answer
  • meta-analysis
  • metaphysics
  • metacognition
  • metamorphosis

Question 201

Question
Logical positivism is associated with the “verifiability principle” which is about:
Answer
  • proving something true or false by experimental manipulation
  • proving something true from a set of relevant examples
  • proving something false by identifying at least one exception to the rule
  • proving something true or false by experience

Question 202

Question
Popper argued that true knowledge:
Answer
  • is based on consistent results from many methodologically sound replications of an experiment
  • is in short supply
  • survives tests of falsification
  • all mentioned

Question 203

Question
Popper argued that knowledge is never certain, but has degrees of:
Answer
  • verifiability
  • believability
  • vicissitude
  • verisimilitude

Question 204

Question
The Popperian view would be that:
Answer
  • confirmation is superior to disconfirmation
  • confirmation is superior in some contexts, and disconfirmation is superior in others
  • neither confirmation nor disconfirmation is superior to the other
  • confirmation is inferior to disconfirmation

Question 205

Question
The dominant justification of the scientist-practitioner model is:
Answer
  • Platonic
  • Logical positivist
  • Popperian
  • Kuhnian

Question 206

Question
A view of science characterised as the “fuzzy, dynamic, progressive accumulation of true knowledge” would be labelled:
Answer
  • Popperian
  • Platonic
  • Logical positivist
  • Kuhnian

Question 207

Question
Detractors of the Popperian view of knowledge include:
Answer
  • Plato and other ancient Greek philosophers
  • The philosophers of the Enlightenment
  • Kuhn and the post-modernists
  • The logical positivists

Question 208

Question
Kahneman and Tversky concluded from their research about human decision-making that humans commit more decision-making errors than they realise. Such errors result from:
Answer
  • poor intelligence and lack of expertise
  • the misapplication of powerful heuristics
  • fatigue
  • all of the above

Question 209

Question
Which of the following is not true?
Answer
  • Humans have a good grasp of probability.
  • Humans use familiarity rather than probability.
  • Human emotions can hijack rational decision-making.
  • Humans often fail to realise when there is missing information.

Question 210

Question
Which canonical heuristic is associated with faulty generalisations?
Answer
  • anchoring heuristic
  • availability heuristic
  • framing effect
  • representativeness heuristic

Question 211

Question
Stereotypes are associated with which two canonical heuristics?
Answer
  • availability heuristic and anchoring heuristic
  • availability heuristic and framing effect
  • conjunction fallacy and representativeness heuristic
  • availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic

Question 212

Question
Losses are more devastating and gains are more gratifying. This statement is associated with which canonical heuristic?
Answer
  • anchoring heuristic
  • framing effect
  • hindsight bias
  • none of the above

Question 213

Question
Which of the following is a criticism of the scientist-practitioner model:
Answer
  • views of science have changed since 1949
  • there is low recognition of the tacit knowledge of clinicians
  • practice makes a meagre contribution to psychological science
  • all of the above

Question 214

Question
O’Donohue and Lilienfeld (2007) in their consideration of epistemological and ethical dimensions of clinical science suggest that:
Answer
  • psychological services should be offered to the public regardless of whether they can be continually monitored
  • as clinical experience increases adherence to a strictly scientific clinical psychology becomes less important
  • psychological services should not be offered to the public unless they are offered within a sound quality improvement system
  • it is appropriate to draw upon professional knowledge based on anecdotal evidence when there is no applicable scientific knowledge

Question 215

Question
According to Spring (2007), evidence-based practice designates a process of clinical decision-making that integrates:
Answer
  • research evidence
  • clinical expertise
  • patient preferences and characteristics
  • all mentioned
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