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Final lecture- mixed

sophie waddington 21 questions

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Questions in this quiz (21)

  1. 1Marine Mammal Population Dynamics
    - marine mammals are [blank_start]K[blank_end] selected; few, big young with a [blank_start]lot[blank_end] of parental investment
    - the vast majority will produce 1 offpsring each [blank_start]year[blank_end]
    - they put a [blank_start]lot[blank_end] of resources into them
    - however some species show elements of an [blank_start]r[blank_end] selected species because the populations have been reduced to such low levels that they are not regulated now --> population can increase very dramatically
    > 'r-selected features due to exploitation

    e.g. atlantic grey [blank_start]fur[blank_end] seal, animals are overexploited for its fur, so numbers [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] which reduces regulation factors allowing numbers to rapidly increase
    - so r selected in that sense
    - still restrained to single offspring but they have a [blank_start]good[blank_end] chance of surviving for their is a lot of [blank_start]food[blank_end] (because we, humans, have removed their competition)
    - we removed whales, so krill population increases and can be exploited by the seals
    - but whale populations are increasing again so the numbers may [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] once more
    1. AK
    2. Blot
    3. Cyear
    4. Dlot
    5. Er
    6. Ffur
    7. Gdecrease
    8. Hgood
    9. Ifood
    10. Jdecrease
  2. 2Marine mammal population dynamics
    - number of offspring per pregnancy = [blank_start]1[blank_end]
    - pregnancy rates = vary; [blank_start]annual[blank_end] in most must in manatees and [blank_start]dugongs[blank_end] can be between 1-7 years so this is why they are prone to becoming [blank_start]extinct[blank_end] due to this gap between pregnancies; rate at which the population can react
    - age of sexual maturity also plays into these dynamics

    males tend to be [blank_start]older[blank_end] before they start breeding often because they have to get to a [blank_start]bigger[blank_end] size in order to compete for the females; a lot of these animals have male dominated hareems
    - males need to be [blank_start]big[blank_end] to defend the females 'resources'

    the other thing that links to overall population dynamics = longevity; how long do they live
    - sea birds live a [blank_start]long[blank_end] time e.g. terns (only 100g) live to 30 [blank_start]years[blank_end] old
    - most birds outlive similar sized [blank_start]mammals[blank_end]

    1. A1
    2. Bannual
    3. Cdugongs
    4. Dextinct
    5. Eolder
    6. Fbigger
    7. Gbig
    8. Hlong
    9. Iyears
    10. Jmammals
  3. 3How do we determine the [blank_start]age[blank_end] of marine mammals?
    - look at the [blank_start]teeth[blank_end]; count the growth rings
    - look at bones and count [blank_start]growth[blank_end] rings
    - we can [blank_start]tag[blank_end] them; but hard to do
    - can use natural markings; e.g. killer whales, grey seals with patterning can all be identified my distinct [blank_start]markings[blank_end] = natural method
    - [blank_start]eye[blank_end] lens are really useful; as we grow older they solidify/crystallise which can be used to tell age
    - can use [blank_start]reproductive[blank_end] organs for calculating age assuming they reproduce every [blank_start]year[blank_end], we can count the number of times they have ovulated > but only true for the period of time they are reproductively [blank_start]active[blank_end]
    1. Aage
    2. Bteeth
    3. Cgrowth
    4. Dtag
    5. Emarkings
    6. Feye
    7. Greproductive
    8. Hyear
    9. Iactive
  4. 4Longevity
    - [blank_start]female[blank_end] fur seals = 20 years, males tend to be less because breeding takes it out of them; damage and they [blank_start]starve[blank_end] themselves in breeding period
    - ringed seals = 40 years
    - grey whales = 80+ years
    - bowhead whale = [blank_start]200[blank_end]+ years > we know this because stranded bow [blank_start]head[blank_end] whales had harpoons that were 200 years old, looked at the [blank_start]crystallisation[blank_end] of eyes; if you are that old you don't have to breed every year but if adult mortality starts increasing can have [blank_start]bad[blank_end] effects of population size

    some species of whales e.g. short-finned pilot groups can contain [blank_start]non[blank_end]-reproductive females
    - usually in stable, long-duration matrilineal or matrifocal social groups > role is carrying information, to act as babysitters, alloparenting
    - very common in cetacea
    - may serve as repositories and transmitters of cultural [blank_start]information[blank_end]
    - nurturing responsibilities > [blank_start]baby[blank_end] sitting and fostering


    1. Afemale
    2. Bstarve
    3. C200
    4. Dhead
    5. Ecrystallisation
    6. Fbad
    7. Gnon
    8. Hinformation
    9. Ibaby
  5. 5longevity
    - e.g. greenland [blank_start]sharks[blank_end] are estimated to be at least 350 [blank_start]years[blank_end] old
    1. Asharks
    2. Byears
  6. 6heat conservation
    - all the marine mammals we are talking about are [blank_start]endotherms[blank_end]
    - aquatic homeotherms ([blank_start]constant[blank_end] body temperature) need to conserve heat:
    - their body temperature is [blank_start]higher[blank_end] than the environment by [blank_start]internal[blank_end] mechanisms; they produce and need to hold onto this heat

    they need insulation to reduce heat lost
    - [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] their size can help to do this

    marine mammals have
    - [blank_start]insulation[blank_end] e.g. blubber, fur
    - mechanisms to reduce [blank_start]heat[blank_end] loss
    - and are generally [blank_start]big[blank_end] in size
    1. Aendotherms
    2. Bconstant
    3. Chigher
    4. Dinternal
    5. Eincreasing
    6. Finsulation
    7. Gheat
    8. Hbig
  7. 7Insulation in Aquatic Animals
    - [blank_start]fur[blank_end] = has air trapped in this fur layer
    - feathers = has air trapped in [blank_start]feathers[blank_end]
    - [blank_start]blubber[blank_end] - thickness of blubber layer

    which is the best insulator?
    - blubber is made of fat, but its not as good as air
    - trapped [blank_start]air[blank_end] in feathers is a better insulating BUT blubber is good for marine animals
    - fur when it gets [blank_start]wet[blank_end] loses its insulation

    water removes the insulating [blank_start]air[blank_end] > when the fur is wet the insulation is lost because it can no longer trap the air
    - air is a problem with [blank_start]diving[blank_end] as it becomes compressed, and therefore decreases in insulation capacity

    NOTE: the sea [blank_start]otter[blank_end], even when the fur is wet it still retains its insulation
    1. Afur
    2. Bfeathers
    3. Cblubber
    4. Dair
    5. Ewet
    6. Fair
    7. Gdiving
    8. Hotter
  8. 8Integument = tough outer layer
    - sea otter

    The skin ([blank_start]integument[blank_end]) is made of 3 layers
    - epidermis = [blank_start]outer[blank_end] layer
    - [blank_start]dermis[blank_end] = middle layer
    - [blank_start]hypodermis[blank_end] = deep layer

    within the dermis:
    in seals, sea otters and polar bears you have [blank_start]hair[blank_end] follicles, [blank_start]sebaceous[blank_end] (sebaceous) and sweat glands and [blank_start]claws[blank_end]

    in cetaceans and sirenians (lost hair) the [blank_start]dermis[blank_end] (middle layer)
    - no [blank_start]hair[blank_end]
    - no glands ([blank_start]sebaceous[blank_end] and sweat)
    - [blank_start]no[blank_end] claws
    - [blank_start]cutaneous[blank_end] ridges = thought to be useful in decreasing drag as they move through the water
    1. Aintegument
    2. Bouter
    3. Cdermis
    4. Dhypodermis
    5. Ehair
    6. Fsebaceous
    7. Gclaws
    8. Hdermis
    9. Ihair
    10. Jsebaceous
    11. Kno
    12. Lcutaneous
  9. 9Fur
    - has a [blank_start]guard[blank_end] hair which is [blank_start]bigger[blank_end], stiffer and protects under hairs (body guard)
    - marine animals have a guard hair often [blank_start]flattened[blank_end] with the under fur behind it
    - sea otters have a guard hairs with a huge mass of [blank_start]under[blank_end] hairs associated with it
    - this is why sea otters fur can remain as an insulation layer when [blank_start]wet[blank_end] > lots of underfur which is extremely [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end]
    - the water is dispelled off the hair; so even when wet the water doesn't enter and [blank_start]air[blank_end] is retained, only shallow divers
    - sea otter fur is essential for their survival = very [blank_start]thick[blank_end] fur
    - the under fur does not get affected unless they get oiled; the whole system is ruined
    - same for fur seals ([blank_start]otariidae[blank_end]) = [blank_start]oil[blank_end] is very bad    Image for question 9
    1. Aguard
    2. Bbigger
    3. Cflattened
    4. Dunder
    5. Ewet
    6. Fhydrophobic
    7. Gthick
    8. Hair
    9. Iotariidae
    10. Joil
  10. 10Blubber
    - blubber is good because its [blank_start]fat[blank_end] based; not fat
    - its a structure in itself; [blank_start]not[blank_end] just fat
    - blubber also has a [blank_start]blood[blank_end] supply going all the way up to the surface
    - as blubber has fat associated with it also acts as an [blank_start]energy[blank_end] reserve; the insulation of the blubber changes with the lipid content
    - more fat = [blank_start]more[blank_end] insulation
    - can use [blank_start]energy[blank_end] in blubber when fasting; dual role

    unlike fur, you can [blank_start]control[blank_end] the insulation of blubber
    - on land you need to cool down in the sun
    = vascular control

    1. Afat
    2. Bnot
    3. Cblood
    4. Denergy
    5. Emore
    6. Fenergy
    7. Gcontrol

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Marine Vertebrates Quiz on Final lecture- mixed, created by sophie waddington on 29/05/2018.
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