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Paper 3 Studies
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1Soderberg et al.
- AReliability - 81% agreement using DSM
- BValidity - Sz’s with Comorbid conditions often excluded from research but form majority
- CReliability - Inter-rater diagnosis as low as 0.11, don’t fit neatly into type 1 or 2
2Read et al.
- AReliability - Test-retest reliability only 37%
- BReliability - Analysed Test-retest reliability in Sz’s, performance stable over 6 months
- CDrug Therapy - Studies publish multiple times to exaggerate effects
3Coupeland
- AReliability - Cultural Difference - 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed Sz - only 2% of UK psychiatrists diagnosed
- BReliability - Gender Bias - 71% of males are diagnosed before women despite both having the same symptoms
- CReliability - Found more first rank symptom Sz’s were diagnosed over Second rank symptom Sz’s
4Buckley et al.
- AValidity - Comorbid depression occurs in 50% of Sz’s
- BValidity - Hard for Predictive V to be supported - some never recover but many do
- CValidity - Modern classification systems have high predictive V
5Harrison et al.
- AValidity - Culture Bias - Sz 8x higher in Afro-Caribbean than white groups, psychiatrist bias, imposed etic
- BValidity - Gender Bias - Males more likely to be involuntarily committed when they show mild signs of Sz
- CValidity - Pps sent to 8 hospitals in America, all but 7 admitted w/Sz, everything was treated as a symptom
6Ho
- AAnti-psychotic drugs influence brain tissue loss over time
- BUnclear whether brain structure is different before symptoms or as a result of it
7Family Studies: [blank_start]Gottesman[blank_end] - Children w/2 Sz parents (46%), [blank_start]Siblings[blank_end] (9%), Mz twin ([blank_start]48[blank_end]%)
- AGottesman
- BMcCarthy
- CGreen
- DSiblings
- EDz Twin
- FOne Parent
- G48
- H100
- I75
8Adoption Studies: [blank_start]Kety[blank_end] et al. - [blank_start]Denmark[blank_end] sample, found [blank_start]10x[blank_end] higher prevalence among [blank_start]genetic[blank_end] than [blank_start]adoptive[blank_end] relatives
- AKety
- BKernel
- CKitty
- DDenmark
- EGermany
- FSweden
- G10x
- H9x
- I8x
- Jgenetic
- KAdoptive
- Ladoptive
9DeLisi et al. - Influence of Computer Games
- ACorrelational study - Juvenile offenders, history of Agg beh, structured interviews, agg Ben significantly correlated w/how often they play games
- BMeta-analysis - exposure to violent games associated w/increase in Agg beh, thoughts and feelings, no diff between gender/culture.
10Genetic Factors - Adoption Studies: [blank_start]Hutchings & Mednick[blank_end] - reviewed over [blank_start]14,000[blank_end] adoptions in [blank_start]Denmark[blank_end], significant correlation between number of convictions for violence among [blank_start]biological parents[blank_end] and sons
- AHutchings & Mednick
- BClarke & Hatfield
- CRhee & Waldman
- D14,000
- E15,000
- F13,000
- GDenmark
- HGermany
- IBritain
- Jbiological parents
- KAdoptive Parents
11Interactionist Model - [blank_start]Dobbs & Waid[blank_end] - Aggression in prison is the result of both Dispositional and Situational factors. [blank_start]Deprivation[blank_end] interacting with personal characteristics.
- ADobbs & Waid
- BDevon & Wilshere
- CDeLisi & Watson
- DDeprivation
- EInstitution
12Virkkunen et al.
- ASignificantly lower Serotonin levels in Impulsive offenders
- BHealthy Pps given treatment that depletes Serotonin, assessed hostility - hostility increase in men
13Badawy
- AAlcohol caused depleted Serotonin in people, only in susceptible ones this may cause aggression
- BDrugs that increase Serotonin activity also reduce levels of aggression
14LeDoux
- AElectrical stim of Amygdala in animals = fear/rage responses
- BShowed Male and normal male psychopaths positive and negative images whilst scanning them, increased activity in several brain areas
15Berkowitz & Alioto
- AAfter watching a film showing Agg used in revenge, Pps gave longer electric shocks to confeds
- BBoxing match shown, loser ends up dying - disinhibition more likely in violent media where negative consequences not understood by viewers
16Beeman
- ACastrated male mice, Agg reduced
- BMeasured salivary testo Levels in violent/non-vio criminals - high levels of testo has history of violent crimes
17MAOA - [blank_start]Brunner[blank_end] et al. - discovered it, [blank_start]male[blank_end] family members who were repeatedly involved in Agg crimes, they had abnormally [blank_start]low[blank_end] levels of MAOA and [blank_start]MAOA-L[blank_end]
- ABrunner
- BBateson
- CBeeman
- Dmale
- Efemale
- Flow
- GHigh
- HMAOA-L
- IMAOA-H
18Carnagey et al.
- ADesensitisation - Non-violent/violent game, watched real-life violence clip, violent game Pps had lower heart rate/skin conductance
- BDesensitisation - Diminished emotional response, Agg less likely to occur, if arousal is lowered you’re less likely to respond Agg
19Frustration - Agg Hyp: [blank_start]Bushman[blank_end] - Pps who vented anger hitting [blank_start]punching bag[blank_end] became more Agg, adding petrol to fire
- ABushman
- BBerkowitz
- CBradley
- Dpunching bag
- Epeople
- Fanimals
20Thibaut & Kelly
- ASET: Comparison Level (CL) and Comparison Level for Alternatives (CL-ALT)
- BInteractions are expensive, Opportunity cost - investment of time can’t be invested elsewhere
21Equity Theory: [blank_start]Utne[blank_end] - Newlyweds, [blank_start]under-benefitted[blank_end] has lower satisfaction, [blank_start]over-benefitted[blank_end] followed. [blank_start]Equitable[blank_end] had highest satisfaction
- AUtne
- BUnderdown
- Cunder-benefitted
- Dover-benefitted
- EEquitable
22Filter Theory: [blank_start]Kerckhoff & Davis[blank_end] - Theory and study: More/less than [blank_start]18[blank_end] month student couples, [blank_start]similarity in attitudes[blank_end] most important at first
- AKerckhoff & Davis
- BDavis
- CHatfield
- D18
- E20
- F12
- Gsimilarity in attitudes
- Hsocial Demography
- IComplementarity
23[blank_start]Clark & Hatfield[blank_end]: Uni campus, will you have sex with me? [blank_start]75[blank_end]% of males agreed, no females agreed
- AClark & Hatfield
- B75
24Walster
- AMatching Hyp: Computer “date”, physically attractive liked the most and men asked them out on further date regardless of their attractiveness
- BCorrelational study w/photos of real couples, couples judged similar in physical attractiveness
25Reiss & Shaver
- AHas to be a reciprocal element to SD for rels to develop
- B57% homosexual, SD was main way they maintained rels
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- Quiz on Paper 3 Studies, created by Johana Shony on 10/06/2018.
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- Johana Shony
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