Quiz
Neurostimulation
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Questions in this quiz (51)
1What is brain stimulation?
- AChanging what happens in the brain via a machine
- BAny activity is the brain caused by sensory input
- CThe brain's ability to compensate for sudden neurodegeneration
2What is the neuromuscular junction?
- ASynapse between an alpha motor neuron and one or more muscle fibres
- BSynapse between a beta neuron and a single muscle fibre
- CInterneuron connecting sensory to motor fibres
3Use numerals:
Fingers have [blank_start]1[blank_end] alpha motor neuron to [blank_start]10[blank_end] muscle fibres
Legs have [blank_start]1[blank_end] alpha motor neuron to [blank_start]300[blank_end] muscle fibres- A1
- B1
- C10
- D300
4What is true of action potentials at a neuromuscular junction?
- AVesicles contain ACh
- BVesicles contain DA
- CNT binds to receptors along the muscle membrane
- DChange in voltage opens K+ channels
- EInflux of Ca+ causes myosin-actin interaction
- FAction potential is propagated down into the muscle via tubules
- GAction potential is propagated down into the muscle via second messenger cascades
5Higher frequency action potentials = more force. What is this principle?
- AEncoding principle of force control
- BPrinciple of neuroplasticity
- COrganisational principle of topography
- DTetany
6At what frequency is tetanic contraction?
- A30/40 Hz
- B90Hz
- C11Hz
- D100-110Hz
7Neurons being used for a tetanic contraction:
- Acan't be recruited for anything else
- Bare basically blocked
- Care in a state of perpetual hyperpolarisation
- Dhave elevated pH
- Eare hypersensitive to direct stimulation
8Shifting the excitability threshold up:
- Amakes it easier to have an action potential
- Bmakes it harder to have an action potential
- Cmakes action potentials temporarily impossbile
- Dcan cause muscle growth
9Electrical stimulation can help:
- ASpinal injury victims
- BPeople with Tourette's
- CBodybuilders
- DStroke victims
- EResistant hypertension
10Peripheral electrical stimulation is an example of:
- AElectrical prosthesis
- BDeep brain stimulation
- CElectroconvulsive therapy
- DTetany
11Postural reflexes occur before movement
- ATrue
- BFalse
12What is not a type of brain stimulation?
- APeripheral electrical stimulation
- BElectrical prosthesis
- CTranscranial magnetic stimulation
- DTranscranial electrical stimulation
- EDeep brain stimulation
- FElectroconvulsive therapy
- GDirect cortical electrical stimulation
13What is true of Deep brain stimulation?
- AIs only used for human research
- BIs only used for therapy or in primates
- CImplants chronic electrodes deep in the brain
- DImplants temporary electrodes deep in the brain
- EImplanted electrodes can record brain activity
- FImplanted electrodes cannot record brain activity
14In humans, what can DBS be used to treat?
- AParkinson's
- BChronic pain
- CDepression
- DAnxiety
- ESchizophrenia
15What is true of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
- AIs used in place of drugs or psychotherapy
- BIs used for people who don't respond to drugs or psychotherapy
- CIs mainly used for depression
- DIs mainly used for a variety of psychiatric disorders
- EIs like a factory reset on the brain
- FWas used on "shell-shocked" WWI soldiers
- GPerson remains conscious
- HCauses whole brain to fire synchronously
- IStimulates brain with a rapid succession of short, small currents
16Which technique induces a seizure?
- ADBS
- BECT
- CDCES
- DTES
- ETMS
17What is true of Direct cortical electrical stimulation (DCES)?
- ADone on people with parts of the brain removed
- BDone on people with epilepsy
- CHas few side effects
- DDirectly stimulates exposed brain
- EInterrupts brain function
- FFrequently used in research
- GElectrodes attached directly to the exposed brain
- HElectrodes cannot record brain activity
18How is DCES used in neurosurgery?
- ACan briefly shut off parts of the brain
- BMap out parts of the brain that are not safe to remove
- CAlternative to anaesthetic
- DInduces neurodegeneration in areas that need removing
19What are some reasons for removing parts of the brain?
- AEpilepsy
- BTumour
- CAmnesia
- DSchizophrenia
20What are the types of Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES)?
- ATranscranical direct current stimulation (tDCS)
- BTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
- CTranscranial random noise stimulation (tRNS)
- DSham stimulation
- ETranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- FTranscranial convulsive stimulation (tCS)
21What are the types of tDCS?
- AAnodal
- BCathodal
- CIonic
- DMetabolic
- ENicotinic
22What is true of Anodal tDCS?
- APositive
- BLowers threshold
- CMakes it easier to depolarise
- DIncreases excitability
- ENegative
- FRaises threshold
- GHarder to depolarise
- HDecreases excitability
23What is true of Cathodal tDCS?
- ANegative
- BPositive
- CRaises threshold
- DHarder to depolarise
- EDecreases excitability
- FEasier to depolarise
- GIncreases excitability
- HLowers threshold
24What is necessary to pass current in tDCS?
- AAn anode
- BA cathode
- CBoth of these
- DNone of these
25The type of tDCS is determined by:
- AWhich type of electrode you put on the region of interest
- BThe type of current you're passing
- CThe level of excitability in the brain region
26What is true of sham tDCS?
- AControls for effects of placebo
- BControls for effects of arousal
- CStimulates a part of the brain that we know shouldn't be affecting the behaviour
- DPerson knows when the current is turned off
- EControls of habituation
- FControls for sensitisation
27Which technique passes a small current?
- AtDCS
- BECT
- CTMS
28What did Aldini find in 1801?
- ADirect current stimulation can improve mood
- BPositive and negative stimulation have different effects on brain excitability
- CLarger currents cause more evident behaviour
29What did Albert find in the 1960s?
- ADirect current stimulation can improve mood
- BPositive and negative stimulation have different effects on brain excitability
- CtDCS can be used for gaming
- DtDCS is less effective than neuropharamacology
30tDCS:
- ACan be used for gaming
- BEnhances cognitive function
- CHas substantial side effects if used repeated
- DIs more expensive than research/clinical grade systems
31When does tDCS provide causal conclusions?
- APsychophysics research
- BCognitive studies
- CIt is inherently causal
32What are some advantages of tDCS?
- AHas a lasting effect
- BRelatively cheap
- CPortable
- DRelatively easy to use
- EHas no safety concerns
- FUnidirectional control
- GBidirectional control
33What are some disadvantages of tDCS?
- APoorly localised
- BNo temporal resolution
- CCan't cause action potentials
- DPoor temporal resolution
- EUnidirectional control
- FUses dangerous levels of current
34How can you improve the definition of TES?
- AUse multiple electrodes
- BImprove temporal resolution of the software
- CChange the underlying mathematical model
35TES is based on mathematical models. What is problematic about this?
- AThe models make a lot of assumptions that aren't necessarily realistic for everyone
- BThe models don't accurately capture the homogeneity of human brains
36What is true of Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
- AStimulates brain magnetically using an electrical source
- BStimulates brain electrically using a magnetic source
- CIs purely correlational
- DCan cause action potentials
- EDeveloped in the 1960s
37How does TMS work?
- APass current through a coil over the brain
- BPass current through electrodes implanted in the brain
- CCauses a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil
- DCauses an electromagnetic field perpendicular to the coil
- EStimulates brain directly underneath the magnetic field
38What is true of the limitations of TMS?
- ACauses the patient mild pain
- BIs blocked by bone
- CIs blocked by tissue
- DIs blocked by both bone and tissue
- ENone of these
- FRequires motivation and concentration
39What is true of the magnetic field in TMS?
- AStimulates the brain underneath in a donut shape
- BSummates in the middle
- CStronger on the outside
- DCan target a small area
40Who can undergo TMS?
- ASomeone with a metal brain implant
- BSomeone with epilepsy
- CSomeone with a family history of seizures
- DSomeone with depression
- EA pregnant woman
41What is chronometry?
- ABlocking parts of the brain by stimulating them
- BExtremely high temporal resolution
- CThe creation of a magnetic field perpendicular to the brain
- DVirtual lesions
42Which of the following findings come from chronometry studies?
- ABlind people still recruit the visual cortex to read braille via touch
- BSighted controls do not recruit the visual cortex to read braille via touch
- CBlindness involves neuroplasticity
- DSighted controls recruit the visual cortex to read braille via touch
43TMS:
[blank_start]Offline[blank_end] design = interrupt something with a single pulse for a period of time
[blank_start]Online[blank_end] design = stimulation while performing a task- AOffline
- BOnline
44What is true of offline TMS designs?
- ACauses a permanent change
- BLasts for about an hour
- CAre virtual lesions
- DProduces a window of inactivity
- EStimulates patient while they're completing a task
45Which of the following are TMS control conditions?
- ASham stimulation
- BFake coils that make all the same noises etc without the magnetic stimulation
- CStimulate fake areas you're not interested in
- DReference groups
46What do TMS trials need to control for?
- AArtefacts
- BPlacebo effect
- CBetween-subject differences
47Which of the following are advantages of TMS?
- ALesions are reversible
- BDoesn't cause plastic changes
- CRepeatable
- DHigh spatial resolution
- EHigh temporal resolution
- FCausal links between brain activity and behaviour
- GCan measure and modulate brain plasticity
- HHas therapeutic benefits
- IDeep brain stimulation
- JExcellent localisation
48What are some limitations of TMS?
- ACan only stimulate superficial cortex
- BCauses discomfort in subjects
- CCauses pain in subjects
- DSome risks to subjects
- EUncertainty of localisation
- FUncertainty of level of stimulation
- GPoor temporal resolution
- HPoor spatial resolution
- ICauses plastic changes
49What are some risks to subjects in TMS?
- ASeizures
- BHearing loss
- CMetal implants could heat up
- DLarge currents
- EShouldn't be done on pregnant women
- FBlindness
- GAmnesia
- HHigher risk of developing schizophrenia
50If temporal resolution if important, which technique should you use?
- ATMS
- BtDCS
- CTES
- DDBS
- EECT
51If you want to change the excitability threshold, which technique should you use?
- ATMS
- BtDCS
- CECT
- DDBS
- EDCES
Information
- Description
- Quiz on Neurostimulation, created by Jennifer Khouw on 12/06/2018.
- Author
- Jennifer Khouw
- Language
- English
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