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Masada, Troy
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Questions in this quiz (21)
1The Iliad begins as the poet summons the [blank_start]Muse[blank_end], who he wishes to sing the story of [blank_start]Achilles[blank_end]' rage.
The Priest of Apollo asks [blank_start]Agamemnon[blank_end] to return to him his daughter, who is being kept as a slave.
Agamemnon refuses, the priest calls upon Apollo, who [blank_start]spreads[blank_end] a plague through the village in anger.
Greek [blank_start]Bronze[blank_end] Age: [blank_start]1600[blank_end] - 1100 BCE (Also Known As [blank_start]Mycenaean[blank_end] Greece)
Mycenae was the dominant kingdom among many others in the Eastern [blank_start]Mediterranean[blank_end] during this period, this period was preceded by the dominance of the Minoan civilisation.
The cause of Mycenae's collapse, and the beginning of the "Greek Dark Ages" ([blank_start]1100[blank_end] - 800 BCE), is still speculated
Our main sources from the period come from the script known as Linear [blank_start]B[blank_end], as opposed to Linear [blank_start]A[blank_end].- AMuse
- BAchilles
- CAgamemnon
- Dspreads
- EBronze
- F1600
- GMycenaean
- HMediterranean
- I1100
- JB
- KA
2A tablet found in South Western Greece ([blank_start]Pylos[blank_end]) 2011 contained linear [blank_start]B[blank_end], implying that Mycenaean civilisation was widespread and using writing by at least the start of the 15th century.
Excavation of Knossos and other palaces of the Minoan civilisation also points to Mycenaeans "Taking Over" [blank_start]Crete[blank_end] and other lands in the 15th and 14th centuries. Palace scripts change from the yet undeciphered Linear [blank_start]A[blank_end] into Linear B.
Frescoes discovered in Akrotiri (Modern Day Santori) show ship voyaging from mainland [blank_start]Greece[blank_end] to Crete.
Greek History:
- [blank_start]Mycenaean World[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Dark Ages[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Archaic[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Classical[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Hellenistic[blank_end]- AMycenaean World
- BDark Ages
- CArchaic
- DClassical
- EHellenistic
- FPylos
- GB
- HCrete
- IA
- JGreece
3All of the Mycenaean settlements appear to have been kingdoms, built around substantial [blank_start]palaces[blank_end]. This is how they are depicted by Homer.
Large [blank_start]Tholos[blank_end] (Circular) tombs have been discovered in Pylos in which members of the Mycenaean elite were buried (By contrast, they are burnt in [blank_start]Homer[blank_end])
The large number of drinking vessels indicate that [blank_start]wine[blank_end] flowed freely in the palace of Pylos. Evidence also exists of Olive Oil Production.
Large amounts of Linear B tablets indicate that the Mycenaean kings had a substantial [blank_start]Bureaucracy[blank_end] of a size not seen in [blank_start]Greece[blank_end] until the period of Alexander the Great- Apalaces
- BHomer
- CTholos
- Dwine
- EBureaucracy
- FGreece
4In the 1870's, Heinrich [blank_start]Schliemann[blank_end], a wealthy industrial, began evacuating the ruins of the palace of [blank_start]Mycenae[blank_end]
Among the most famous of his discoveries was a wealth of gold burial including the "Mask of [blank_start]Agamemnon[blank_end]" and the "Lion Gate", the largest preserved artwork from the period.
His excavations revealed a wealthy and sophisticated elite, plainly ruling over a relatively large population
Schleiman was a shrewd [blank_start]publicist[blank_end] and had no hesitation in drawing parallels between his finds and people, places, and events in [blank_start]Homer's[blank_end] poems.- ASchliemann
- BMycenae
- CAgamemnon
- Dpublicist
- EHomer's
5Homer gives no precise [blank_start]location[blank_end] for Troy. Instead, he gives hundreds of hints: it stands near a beach, boasts hot and cold [blank_start]springs[blank_end], is surrounded by great walls, has temples dedicated to Apollo and [blank_start]Athena[blank_end], and has a palace which seems to touch the sky.
Many enthusiasts had long searched for Troy on the [blank_start]western[blank_end] shore of [blank_start]Anatolia[blank_end] (Modern day [blank_start]Turkey[blank_end])
Schleiman, an obsessive, believed a long mound near the modern settlement of [blank_start]Hisarlik[blank_end] was a likely location
Excavations of the site have revealed evidence of the site back to 3000 BCE
The site of the historic "Troy" is generally regarded as level VI, which has evidence of a fortification [blank_start]wall[blank_end], but none of the glamour of the Homeric Troy.- Alocation
- Bsprings
- CAthena
- DAnatolia
- ETurkey
- Fwestern
- GHisarlik
- Hwall
6Homer was simply known to the Greeks as "The [blank_start]Poet[blank_end]:
In the [blank_start]Papyr[blank_end], found in Egypt in the last few centuries, the works of Homer greatly outnumbered the works of all other writers put together. Facts about him are almost non existent.
Some scholars think of Homer as an oral poetic [blank_start]tradition[blank_end] that reaches its apogee as an oral form and is then expressed in the newly discovered alphabet of the Classical Greek World.
Others, pointing to the artistry of the [blank_start]verse[blank_end], believe there must be a single guiding intelligence at work, and there must be a single [blank_start]author[blank_end], even if they were not called Homer.- APoet
- BPapyr
- Ctradition
- Dauthor
- Everse
7The Iliad only covers a few days of fighting in a [blank_start]ten[blank_end] year war, days where the Trojans largely have the upper hand, as [blank_start]Achilles[blank_end] is sulking in his tent.
The audience of Homer would have known most of the narrative that bookended the Iliad, including its [blank_start]origins[blank_end] and the fate of its various participants who are still alive at the conclusion, including Achilles, Ajax, Agamemnon, Odysseus, Prian, Helen, Andromache and Aeneas- Aten
- BAchilles
- Corigins
8As the [blank_start]gods[blank_end] play an important role, many of the components understand the nature of their fate and choose not to attempt to escape it. Many of the plays of the Greek Tragedians and indeed the Odyssey are elaborations on the Mythic cycle of the Trojan conflict.
Songs and poems from the cycle were passed down as part of an [blank_start]oral[blank_end] tradition. Skilled [blank_start]bards[blank_end] were expected to shape the material into a pleasing artistic form. As poems were to be recited from memory, often for many hours at a time, poets could use epithets to both maintain the hexameter rhythm and act as mnemonic aids. Thus, dawn is nearly always "[blank_start]Rosy fingered[blank_end]", the sea "[blank_start]Dark[blank_end]", Achilles "[blank_start]Shift Footed[blank_end]", Odysseus "[blank_start]The Nimble Witted[blank_end]", Hector "[blank_start]The trainer of horses[blank_end]", etc.- Agods
- Boral
- Cbards
- DRosy fingered
- EDark
- FShift Footed
- GThe Nimble Witted
- HThe trainer of horses
9The two most powerful of the Greek kings in the Iliad are Agamemnon and [blank_start]Menelaus[blank_end], the sons of the [blank_start]Atreus[blank_end]. Collectively they are known as the [blank_start]Atridae[blank_end].
Agamemnon is king of [blank_start]Mycenae[blank_end] and the most powerful of all the greek kings in the iliad. It is the theft of Menelaus' wife, [blank_start]Helen[blank_end], by Paris, a son of Priam of Troy, that is the ostensible cause for the war.
The Atreidae are owners of a notable [blank_start]curse[blank_end], largely the result of successive generations choosing to feed human flesh to others without their knowledge.
The curse plays right through the iliad and beyond, culminating in the events of the Oresteia: Agamemnon's murder by [blank_start]Clytemnestra[blank_end], his son Orestes' murder of Clytemnestra, his mother; and [blank_start]Orestes[blank_end]' torment by the furies.- AMenelaus
- BAtreus
- CAtridae
- DMycenae
- EHelen
- Fcurse
- GClytemnestra
- HOrestes
10Masada is an isolated rock [blank_start]plateau[blank_end] in modern day [blank_start]southern[blank_end] Israel, on the [blank_start]Western[blank_end] boundary of the [blank_start]Dead[blank_end] Sea.
The isolation of the plateau, and its inaccessibility, made it an ideal [blank_start]citadel[blank_end].
It is not most famous as the site of the climactic encounter in the first [blank_start]Jewish[blank_end] Roman War, also known as the Jewish revolt, in 73-74 CE.- Aplateau
- Bsouthern
- CWestern
- DDead
- Ecitadel
- FJewish
11In the late [blank_start]Second[blank_end] century BCE, [blank_start]Judea[blank_end] was a semi autonomous kingdom ruled by the [blank_start]hasmonean[blank_end] dynasty, a succession of high priest kings who were descendants of Judea of [blank_start]Maccabee[blank_end].
The Maccabee revolt in the 140's had defeated the armies of the [blank_start]Seleucid[blank_end] empire, one of the Hellenistic kingdoms that emerged after the death of Alexander the Great.
As the power of Rome grew in the First Century BCE, the Seleucid empire fell under Roman [blank_start]control[blank_end] and independent Judea was caught in the struggle between Roman factions, especially after Caesar's murder in 44 BCE.
In 37 BCE, after a long civil struggle, [blank_start]Herod[blank_end] was acknowledged as "King of the Jews" By the Romans and ruled the kingdom with their support as [blank_start]client[blank_end] King.- ASecond
- BJudea
- Chasmonean
- DMaccabee
- ESeleucid
- Fcontrol
- GHerod
- Hclient
12[blank_start]Herod[blank_end] was a [blank_start]tyrant[blank_end] who put to death anyone he felt might pose a threat to his rule.ww
This included any other male descendants of the [blank_start]Hasmoneans[blank_end].
Herod was a great builder, who oversaw the construction of major infrastructure projects ( such as [blank_start]aqueducts[blank_end] ) and numerous castles and citadels, one of which was [blank_start]Masada[blank_end].
Herod's most famous building, however was the reconstruction of the [blank_start]second temple[blank_end] in Jerusalem, built on the site of [blank_start]Solomon's first temple[blank_end], which had been destroyed by the [blank_start]Babylonians[blank_end] In 586 BCE, when the Jews were enslaved.
Herod's temple was vast and elaborate, and served as the [blank_start]locus[blank_end] of Jewish worship and identity.- AHerod
- Btyrant
- CHasmoneans
- Daqueducts
- EMasada
- Fsecond temple
- GBabylonians
- HSolomon's first temple
- Ilocus
13[blank_start]Herod[blank_end] died in 4 BCE and when his descendants proved less capable than him, the [blank_start]Romans[blank_end] began ruling the kingdom directly.
Judea became a satellite of Roman rule in Syria, and was administered by a [blank_start]procurator[blank_end], an administration appointed by the [blank_start]emperor[blank_end].
Generally, the procurators did not interfere with Jewish [blank_start]religious[blank_end] customs, and coins minted for use in Judea did not display the heads of Roman [blank_start]rulers[blank_end] so as not to offend the Jews.
The procurator [blank_start]Florus[blank_end] (64-66 CE), however was not so conndrate, and began stealing money from the temple and putting priests to death.
This led to a series of [blank_start]revolts[blank_end], and the development of a number of extremist Jewish factions, the [blank_start]Zealots[blank_end] and the [blank_start]Sicarii[blank_end] being the most famous.
These groups initially attacked Jews perceived as loyal to the Romans, creating a climate of mutual hostility and suspicion.
The unrest was such that King Herod Agrippa II and his sister Bernice fled Jerusalem for [blank_start]Galilee[blank_end] in the north.
In 66 CE a group of Sicarii rebels led by [blank_start]Menaclenn Ben Yehuda[blank_end] ( Who claimed he was the Messiah ) seized control of Masada, and slaughtered the 700 Roman troops stationed there.
Armed hostiles erupted in Jerusalem as well, and when a Roman garrison was surrounded on the outskirts of Jerusalem and then Slaughtered after they surrendered in exchange for safe passage, all out [blank_start]war[blank_end] had began.- AHerod
- BRomans
- Cprocurator
- Demperor
- Ereligious
- Frulers
- GFlorus
- Hrevolts
- IZealots
- JSicarii
- KGalilee
- LMenaclenn Ben Yehuda
- Mwar
14The precise origins of the [blank_start]Zealots[blank_end] and Sicarii and their relationship to one another, is unclear.
Both were committed to the overthrow of Roman rule, the placement of the [blank_start]puppet[blank_end] kings, and the restoration of what they believed was proper [blank_start]Judaism[blank_end] in Judea.
The Sicarii are named for the [blank_start]daggers[blank_end] they were reputed to carry, which they secreted in their robes before employing them against those perceived as Roman [blank_start]Loyalists[blank_end].
The Sicarii would merge into a crowd, move next to their victim and then stab him repeatedly before [blank_start]percolating[blank_end] back into the crowd.
The most famous victim of the Sicarii was said to be [blank_start]Jonathan[blank_end] the High Priest, although the evidence for this is slight.- AZealots
- Bpuppet
- CJudaism
- Ddaggers
- ELoyalists
- Fpercolating
- GJonathan
15The Syrian legat [blank_start]Cestius Gallus[blank_end] marched troops through Galilee and to Jerusalem, but they were defeated by Jewish rebels at the battle of [blank_start]Beth Horon[blank_end], losing a standard in the process.
A [blank_start]Judea[blank_end] free government was established in Jerusalem, and a variety of Jewish figures were given important roles.
One of these was [blank_start]Yosef Ben Matityahu[blank_end], who was put in charge of defending Galilee, north of Judea.
An attempt by Menahem Ben Yehuda, the Sicarii leader, to seize control in Jerusalem, was foiled and he was killed. The remaining Sicarii retreated to [blank_start]Masada[blank_end].
The situation for the Romans ws so dire that Nero looked to one of the most experienced generals, [blank_start]Vespasian[blank_end], to take command of the Roman forces.
Vespasian, at the head of two legions joined his son, [blank_start]Titus[blank_end], in north Galilee.
Vespasian immediately took up flight with the Jewish forces and won a major victory at the siege of [blank_start]Yodtat[blank_end]
The siege lasted 47 days and, at the conclusion, the town was sacked by Vespasian and Titus, and the inhabitants all killed, save the commander, Yosef Ben Matityahu who was captured.
When Yosef was brought in front of Vespasian, he predicted that Vespasian would become [blank_start]emperor[blank_end]. Pleased with the prediction, Vespasian spared Yosef and became a useful interpreter and guide. Yosef is better known to history, by the name he adopted when Vespasian became emperor in 64 CE: [blank_start]Titus Flavius Josephus[blank_end].- ABeth Horon
- BCestius Gallus
- CJudea
- DYosef Ben Matityahu
- EMasada
- FVespasian
- GTitus
- HYodtat
- Iemperor
- JTitus Flavius Josephus
16Zealots from the north, fleeing Vespasian's forces, flooded into [blank_start]Jerusalem[blank_end]. They were led by [blank_start]Elenzor Ben Simon.[blank_end]
There they became invaded ina bloody civil struggle with [blank_start]sadducees[blank_end], a sect connected with the Jewish elite and including the priestly caste, and members of the [blank_start]Judean Free Government[blank_end].
Idumeans also came into the city from the south, fighting on the side of the Zealots.
The Sadducees invited the peasant militia leader Simon Bar Giora to enter the city and his forces succeeded in subduing the Zealots, at great cost. By this time (Early 69 CE) the city was besieged by the Romans and those still alive in Jerusalem were close to starving.- AJerusalem
- BElenzor Ben Simon.
- Csadducees
- DJudean Free Government
17After conquest of [blank_start]Galilee[blank_end], Vespasian had taken his troops to the [blank_start]Northern[blank_end] coast, prepping to attack the highlands and Jerusalem the following year (68).
Events in Rome changed this
In 68 [blank_start]Nero[blank_end] committed suicide
Succeeded by Galba, who quickly alienated the Germanic armies and was murdered in the early months of 69 CE by members of the Praetorian Guard, who had been bribed by Otho.
Otho too struggled to gain support, and Vitellius, a general from the German armies, began to march on Rome. Otho chose [blank_start]suicide[blank_end] over defeat in battle.
Vitellius was hailed as [blank_start]Imperator[blank_end], but after running down the city's finances, the legions in the east (Egypt, Syria, Judea) hailed [blank_start]Vespasian[blank_end] as Emperor.
Vespasian seized power, leaving Titus in command in Judea, and was made [blank_start]emperor[blank_end] in late 69 CE.
This year has since been known as "They year of four emperors".- AGalilee
- BNorthern
- CNero
- Dsuicide
- EImperator
- FVespasian
- Gemperor
18[blank_start]Vespasian[blank_end] in Rome, Titus took control of four legions and laid siege to Jerusalem in February for March [blank_start]70[blank_end] CE.
Josephus suggests that the city was very populous at the time, despite the civil [blank_start]conflict[blank_end] and the likely Roman attack as this was close to [blank_start]Passover[blank_end].
By early May. the Roman forces had breached the [blank_start]outer[blank_end] walls of the city and reduced the defences to the temple precinct and the upper and lower parts of the city. Adjacent to the mount.
Civil conflict continued among the defenders, and Zealot leader [blank_start]Eleazar Ben Simon[blank_end] was murdered by supporters of John and Gischalas.
John only began to work with the other rebel, Simon Ben Garcia when it was clear the Romans were preparing siege ramparts to scale the inner walls.- AVespasian
- B70
- Cconflict
- DPassover
- Eouter
- FEleazar Ben Simon
19[blank_start]Titus[blank_end] built an interior wall around the defences to ensure no [blank_start]food[blank_end] or reinforces could enter the city, and the Romans eventually seized the highest point of the city, the fortress of [blank_start]Anatolia[blank_end].
This fortress, built by Herod and named for his patron Mark Anthony, overlooked the temple, and eventually the Romans succeeded in setting fire to the structure. Although Josephus suggests this was not Titus' [blank_start]intention[blank_end].
Once the Romans controlled the temple, all order vanished and a general carnage ensued.- ATitus
- Bfood
- CAnatolia
- Dintention
20Titus eventually decided to raze the temple, save for the [blank_start]Western[blank_end] Wall, which was preserved both as a fortification and to indicate the extent of the power and wealth over when the Romans had triumphed.
Josephus says that as many as 1.1 [blank_start]million[blank_end] Jews were killed in the civil war and the Roman attack.
97000 Jews were taken into slavery. Many became [blank_start]gladiators[blank_end], more still were involved in the construction of the Arch of Titus and the Flavian Amphitheatre (Better known as the [blank_start]colosseum[blank_end]).- AWestern
- Bmillion
- Cgladiators
- Dcolosseum
21After the fall of Jerusalem, Titus returned to Rome.
The task of subduing the last rebel holdouts, the Sicarii on Masada was deputed to Lucius Flavius Silva, the Governor of Jerusalem.
[blank_start]Silvia[blank_end] needed to overcome considerable obstacles to crush the rebels. The citadel was both geographically isolated and fortified and positioned to withstand a long siege.
In 72 CE, Silvia began by constructing a vast siege [blank_start]wall[blank_end] almost 2 metres high and extending for 11 kilometres around the base of the plot. This prevented any possible escape or reinforcement.
Roman engineers then began building a siege ramp to the western summit of Masada, composed of tons of stones and beaten earth.
The 15 000 Roman troops began moving siege engines and infantry up the ramp, expecting to encounter fierce opposition from the defendants.
Instead, according to Josephus, the Romans found the [blank_start]bodies[blank_end] of almost 1000 rebels, who had apparently killed themselves rather than be taken alive.
Only seven people (5 children and 2 women) were found alive in the [blank_start]citadel[blank_end].
The Romans had crushed the Jewish Rebellion, but the Masada legend would grow over time and become synonymous with the new state of [blank_start]Israel[blank_end] in the years after 1948.- ASilvia
- Bwall
- Cbodies
- Dcitadel
- EIsrael
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- Ancient History Quiz on Masada, Troy, created by Joel Fitzgibbons on 09/09/2018.
- Author
- Joel Fitzgibbons
- Language
- English
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