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Patho mod 1 (from matrix)
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Questions in this quiz (43)
1A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:
- Aleading a sedentary lifestyle.
- Bexcluding saturated fats from the diet.
- Cbeing female and older than 40 years of age.
- Dfamilial hypercholesterolemia.
2Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:
- ADecrease serum lipid levels
- BIncrease serum HDL levels
- CPromotes platelet adhesion
- DReduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance
3The most common cause of a myocardial ischaemia is:
- Aarterial emboli from heart valve vegetation
- Bvenous emboli
- CIdiopathic vasospasm
- Datherosclerosis
4Which of the following is described by an incomplete blockage of coronary arteries; occurs when a the client exerts themself?
- AStable Angina
- BNon-stable Angina
- CNon ST elevated MI
- DST elevated MI
5George comes in complaining of episodic chest pain that is relieved after a couple of minutes, he states that it occurs at random times throughout the day, even when he is sitting down.
Imaging identifies an incomplete blockage by atherosclerotic plaque in the LAD.
What category of IHD is likely to be presenting in George?- ANSTEMI
- BSTEMI
- CNon-stable angina
- DStable angina
6WIlson, aged 42, presents with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature CAD presents with retrosternal crushing chest pain (10/10 in intensity), radiating down the left arm and left side of the neck. He feels nauseated and light-headed and is short of breath. Examination reveals a hypotensive, diaphoretic man in considerable discomfort with diffuse bilateral rales on chest auscultation. ECG reveals convex ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V6.
what is the diagnosis for this patient?- AST-elevation myocardial infarction
- BNon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- CAngina
- DLeft-sided heart disease
7A 69-year-old man develops worsening substernal chest pressure after going for a walk in the morning before work. He tells his wife he feels a squeezing pain that is radiating to his jaw and left shoulder. He appears anxious and his wife calls for an ambulance, as he is distressed and sweating profusely. Past medical history is significant for HTN and he has been told by his doctor that he has borderline diabetes. On examination in the emergency department he is very anxious and diaphoretic. His heart rate is 112 bpm and BP is 159/93 mmHg. The ECG is significant for ST depression in the anterior leads. Three doses of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate provide little relief.
What is the most likely diagnosis- ANon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
- BST-elevation myocardial infarction
- CStable Angina
- DVariant Angina
8What is the difference between angina and MI?
- AChest pain is greater in MI
- Bincomplete occlusion of coronary arteries are present in MI
- CIrreversible cell death has occured in MI
- Dtransmural damage is present in MI
9Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?
- AA 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.
- BAn 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.
- CA 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.
- DA 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.
10
When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?- AAngina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.
- BPain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
- CAngina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
- DBoth angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.
11What type of IHD will have transmural damage on the heart?
- ASTEMI
- BNSTEMI
- CStable Angina
- DVariant Angina
12Whilst under the care for an infarction, which occured 4 days ago, Mary is suspected of having another Infarction, which cardiac marker will be most use full for prooving reinfarction?
- ATroponin I
- BCK - MB
- CCK - MM
- DSerum electrolyte levels
13Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:
- ATertiary
- BEssential
- CSecondary
- DAngina
14What type of hypertension is defined as uncontrollable hypertension even when treated with three or more drugs?
- AMalignant or resistant hypertension
- BSecondary hypertension
- CPrimary or essential hypertension
- DAngina
15What type of hypertension is the result of another disease?
- ASecondary
- BPrimary
- CTertiary
- DAngina
16Atherosclerosis; sclerotic, narrow blood vessels, may be caused by what chronic condition?
- AHypertension
- BAngina
- CInfarction
- DShock
17A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?
- ACT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG
- BECG, blood pressure, and stress test
- CCardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count
- DEchocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature
18Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?
- ADecreased angiotensin II production.
- BIncreased myocardial oxygen demand.
- CCardiac remodelling.
- DDecreased myocardial contractility.
19A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?
- ABreathlessness with activity
- BIncreased urine output
- CEnlargement of the liver
- DExcessive crying
20A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client
- Ahas cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
- Bcomplains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
- Chas a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.
- Dhas pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.
21A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client
- Ahas cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
- Bcomplains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
- Chas a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.
- Dhas pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.
22A 65-year-old male with history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. The most likely reason is
- Amyocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodelling
- Balterations in alpha and beta receptor function
- CInhibition of renin and aldosterone
- Dventricular dilation and wall thinning
23Right heart failure will likely cause:
- APitting oedema in the lower legs resulting from increased venous pressure
- Bnon-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure
- Cpulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling
- Dall answers are correct
24Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:
- Aincreased renin and aldosterone secretions
- BSlow cardiac contractions
- CFatigue and cold intolerance
- DDecreased erythropoietin secretion
25A 72-year-old female has history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. which of the following symptoms are directly related to her heart failure?
- Asignificant oedema to both lower legs and feet
- BDecreased urine output
- Chypertension
- Dpulmonary congestion
26All but one of the following are signs of congestive heart failure EXCEPT:
- APolyuria
- BMuscle fatigue
- Coedema
- Dcough
27What is not one of the ways a dysrhythmia may be classified?
- ASite of origin
- BMechanism of disturbance
- CDuration of disturbance
- DElectrocardiogram (ECG) appearance
28Multifocal atrial tachycardia;
- AOriginates from multiple non-SA sites within the atria and has >100 QRS complexes/min.
- B>100 QRS complexes/min. originating from nonSA
node site (i.e. a single site in the atria (ectopic)) - Cbetween 250-350 bpm caused by atrial re-entry mechanism
- D>350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms
29">350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms with the atria"
- AAtrial fibrillation
- BAtrial flutter
- CAtrial tachycardia (focal)
- DAtrial bradycardia
30 What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?
- ABradycardia, cyanosis
- BPallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
- CChest pain, palpitations
- DJaundice, cyanosis
31Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?
- Adisruption of haemoglobin chains
- Bincreased haemolysis
- Clack of intrinsic factor
- Dhigh dietary iron intake
32Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:
- Ahaemolytic anaemia
- Bthalassaemia
- Call answers are correct
- Dpernicious anaemia
33 Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:
- Asmaller amount of recycled iron available
- Bloss of protein and electrolytes
- Clower metabolic rate
- Dshortened life span of the erythrocytes
34Transmural damage is commonly seen in?
- ASTEMI
- BNSTEMI
- CAngina
- DAtherosclerosis
35Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood around the body to meet the _________ needs of the body.
- AMetabolic
- BOxygen
- CNutrient
- DEnergy
36Which of the below is not a direct cause of right sided heart failure?
- AInfarction of the right ventricle
- BPulmonary valve stenosis
- CAortic valve stenosis
- DCor pulmonale (pulmonary oedema)
37which of the below is not a direct cause of Left sided heart failure?
- AInfarction of the left ventricle
- BAortic valve stenosis
- CHyperthyroidism
- DPulmonary valve stenosis
38Oedema caused by Right sided heart failure does not include
- ALower limbs (legs)
- BLiver (Congestive hepatomegaly "nutmeg liver")
- CAbdominal organs
- DPulmonary system
39Pulmonary congestion is caused by?
- ABackup effect in LHF
- BBackup effect in RHF
- Cthe forward effect in LHF
- Dthe forward effect in RHF
40From the following; treatment is limited to electrical defibrillation.
- AAF
- BVF
- CVT
- DHeart block
41Which of the following is not a way anaemia is classified?
- AVolume of circulating RBC
- BColour of RBC
- CMechanism causing anaemia
- DSize of RBC
42Which of the following is not apart of FBC for anaemia?
- AMean corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) ... Hb/RBC (weight of haemoglobin)
- BMean Circulating Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)... Hb/HCT (concentration of haemoglobin)
- CMean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) .... HCT/RBC (average size of RBC)
- DTotal Erythrocyte Mass (TEC) .... RBC/HCT (average mass of RBC)
43which of the following is not a general clinical manifestation of anaemia?
- AFatigue
- BPallor
- CDyspnea
- DBradycardia
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- Author
- Mitch Thornell
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