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Word Processing - Quiz
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1[blank_start]Phonology[blank_end] is the pattern of speech sounds used in a language.
- APhonology
2A [blank_start]phoneme[blank_end] is the smallest unit of speech sounds (e.g. /d/).
- Aphoneme
3An [blank_start]orthography[blank_end] describes the system by which s[blank_start]ounds[blank_end] are represented by written/printed symbols.
- Aorthography
- Bounds
4[blank_start]Syntax[blank_end] describes the rules of a language, or the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.
- ASyntax
5[blank_start]Lexicon[blank_end] describes our store of r[blank_start]epresentations[blank_end] corresponding to words that we know. The difference between our [blank_start]lexicon[blank_end] and a mental dictionary is that in our [blank_start]lexicon[blank_end], the meaning of a word may not be stored with its r[blank_start]epresentation[blank_end].
- ALexicon
- Bepresentations
- Clexicon
- Dlexicon
- Eepresentation
6The average reader knows about [blank_start]50,000[blank_end] words, and can identify a word in [blank_start]1/4[blank_end] of a second.
- A50,000
- B1/4
7[blank_start]Perceptual processing[blank_end] is the extraction of shapes from a screen/page.
- APerceptual processing
8Letter recognition is primarily a [blank_start]visual processing[blank_end] function.
- Avisual processing
- Bpsycholinguistic
9First letters are [blank_start]identified[blank_end], then words are [blank_start]processed lexically[blank_end].
- Aidentified
- Bprocessed lexically
- Cprocessed lexically
- Didentified
10[blank_start]Lexical access[blank_end] involves creating a [blank_start]candidate[blank_end] set in order to match a perceived stimulus with its corresponding stored [blank_start]representation[blank_end].
- ALexical access
- Bcandidate
- Crepresentation
11[blank_start]Lexical identification[blank_end] involves identifying a single representation that exactly matches a perceived word, then accessing the [blank_start]meaning[blank_end] of the word.
- ALexical identification
- Bmeaning
12In a [blank_start]lexical decision task[blank_end], a subject must identify whether the combination of letters form a word or not. Response a[blank_start]ccuracy[blank_end] and l[blank_start]atency[blank_end] are measured. Such tests are used to determine the amount of [blank_start]effort[blank_end] involved in correctly identifying or rejecting a word, which is reflected in how long the process takes. Such tests don't require the subject to access the word's [blank_start]meaning[blank_end].
- Alexical decision task
- Bccuracy
- Catency
- Deffort
- Emeaning
13In a [blank_start]word naming task[blank_end], the time taken for a participant to say a word aloud is measured. This may involve even shallower processing than a [blank_start]lexical decision task[blank_end], as a person could just as easily pronounce a non-word, and thus doesn't need to go through the process of determining whether the letter combination makes a valid [blank_start]word[blank_end].
- Aword naming task
- Blexical decision task
- Cword
14In a [blank_start]priming[blank_end] task, the participant is briefly shown a prime stimulus which may or may not be [blank_start]related[blank_end] to the target. Researchers measure the response [blank_start]latency[blank_end] for each condition.
- Apriming
- Brelated
- Clatency
15[blank_start]Lexical status[blank_end] describes whether or not a combination of letters makes a valid word. It has been found that non-[blank_start]words[blank_end] ([blank_start]1000[blank_end] ms) take longer than [blank_start]words[blank_end] ([blank_start]800[blank_end] ms) to identify.
- ALexical status
- B1000
- Cwords
- D800
- Ewords
16Which takes the longest amount of time to identify?
- ACVC word
- BCVC non-word
- CCCC non-word
17Which is the fastest to identify?
- ACVC word
- BCVC non-word
- CCCC non-word
18[blank_start]Semantics[blank_end] describe the meaning of words/phrases in a particular [blank_start]context[blank_end].
- ASemantics
- Bcontext
19In a study of word [blank_start]similarity[blank_end] by [blank_start]Chambers[blank_end], participants saw non-words that were different from words by one change. This difference was either caused by having [blank_start]transposed[blank_end] letters, where the order of two letters is switched, or having [blank_start]substituted[blank_end] letters. The results were that letter strings with [blank_start]transposed[blank_end] letters took the longest to reject, as they were more [blank_start]word[blank_end]-like.
- Asimilarity
- BChambers
- Ctransposed
- Dsubstituted
- Etransposed
- Fword
20[blank_start]Forback[blank_end], Stanners & [blank_start]Hocchaus[blank_end] researched block effects using a [blank_start]lexical decision task[blank_end] which included a selection words of different [blank_start]frequencies[blank_end]. These particular words would appear in every block of the experiment. In the case of both low and high [blank_start]frequency[blank_end] words, response times became quicker as the experiment went on. For [blank_start]non-words[blank_end], however, response times did not change. The conclusion was that repetition made accessing [blank_start]representations[blank_end] for real words easier. However, these block effects did not impact non-words, because non-words don't have [blank_start]representations[blank_end] in the brain.
- AForback
- BHocchaus
- Clexical decision task
- Dfrequencies
- Efrequency
- Fnon-words
- Grepresentations
- Hrepresentations
21[blank_start]Becker[blank_end] & [blank_start]Killion[blank_end] (1977) researched the effects of visual [blank_start]degradation[blank_end], which have been seen to increase response times. They found that, when the target was of low intensity (thus degraded) and was primed by an irrelevant prime (e.g. doctor; nurse), response times were significantly [blank_start]longer[blank_end] than when the degraded stimulus was paired with a relevant prime.
- AKillion
- BBecker
- Cdegradation
- Dlonger
22The [blank_start]Reicher-Wheeler[blank_end] paradigm describes how people are able to more accurately determine if a specific letter was in a letter string if the string happens to form a valid word - even more accurate, in fact, than if the stimulus was only a [blank_start]single[blank_end] [blank_start]letter[blank_end]. This shows that although a single-letter stimulus is simpler, words, critically, have [blank_start]representations[blank_end] in our minds that allow their easy access. Single letters don't have [blank_start]representations[blank_end], and thus are slower to access. This is evidence of [blank_start]top[blank_end]-[blank_start]down[blank_end] processing in our minds.
- AReicher-Wheeler
- Bsingle
- Cletter
- Drepresentations
- Erepresentations
- Ftop
- Gdown
23Some researchers propose that word forms are represented in [blank_start]lexical[blank_end] networks, and word meanings are stored in a separate, linked [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] memory, or [blank_start]perceptual[blank_end] store.
- Alexical
- Bsemantic
- Cperceptual
24In order for researchers to describe the representations of types and [blank_start]tokens[blank_end], [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] [blank_start]network[blank_end] theory is used. Here, concepts are described as [blank_start]nodes[blank_end], with [blank_start]links[blank_end] to show the relationships between them. [blank_start]Links[blank_end] are described using phrases that would connect the two nodes in a sentence, such as "is a". The way that other, related information comes to mind when a certain concept comes to mind is called [blank_start]spreading[blank_end] [blank_start]activation[blank_end]. This is the automatic process by which related nodes are activated, which occurs in a rippling movement, by which more closely-connected nodes are more q[blank_start]uickly[blank_end] and s[blank_start]trongly[blank_end] activated. The activating effect stops within a few degrees of s[blank_start]eparation[blank_end].
- Atokens
- Bsemantic
- Cnetwork
- Dnodes
- Elinks
- FLinks
- Gspreading
- Hactivation
- Iuickly
- Jtrongly
- Keparation
25We know that activation as a result of priming has a rippling effect as a result of [blank_start]mediated[blank_end] [blank_start]priming[blank_end] studies, where the prime is related to the target by a difference of one node, such as the word pair 'lion-stripes'. Such pairs show a small priming effect. There is a limit to how much activation can be spread, as the priming effect [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] as the distance between nodes increases.
- Amediated
- Bpriming
- Cdecreases
26Jim [blank_start]Neely[blank_end] (1977) showed evidence that priming is a[blank_start]utomatic[blank_end] and thus uncontrollable, as he asked participants to expect a particular kind of words (e.g. relating to birds) when a completely unrelated [blank_start]prime[blank_end] (e.g. body part) appeared. Despite this instruction, words relating to the [blank_start]prime[blank_end] were activated, not words relating to birds. However, if a pause of a few hundred milliseconds occurred between the prime and the target, the instructed priming of birds occurred. It was thought that during this time, the participant generated a [blank_start]list[blank_end] of potential words relating to birds that may appear next. As the likelihood of the target word being on this [blank_start]list[blank_end] was high, the response time to the target [blank_start]decreased[blank_end], as the word had been previously [blank_start]primed[blank_end].
- ANeely
- Butomatic
- Cprime
- Dprime
- Elist
- Flist
- Gdecreased
- Hprimed
27[blank_start]Connectivity[blank_end] describes the number of words are [blank_start]associated[blank_end] with the target word, and the number of connections between the associated words. High [blank_start]connectivity[blank_end] words are also easier to r[blank_start]emember[blank_end], and evoke different patterns of brain activity.
- AConnectivity
- Bassociated
- Cconnectivity
- Demember
28A [blank_start]shadowing[blank_end] task was employed by Marslen-Wilson (1973) in order to determine how quickly [blank_start]lexical[blank_end] access occurs. Here, participants repeated the words of a lecturer as quickly as possible after they were said. The fastest participants were only [blank_start]250[blank_end] ms behind, or by just a syllable. Also, out of [blank_start]132[blank_end] (#) errors where participants replaced or added words, only on [blank_start]3[blank_end] (#) occasions were the altered words syntactically incorrect. This shows that speech processing and lexical access are [blank_start]incremental[blank_end], in that they separate the speech into words, and that the relationships between words are represented before sentence boundaries occur.
- Ashadowing
- Blexical
- C250
- D132
- E3
- Fincremental
29Methods of measuring the speed of lexical access include [blank_start]word[blank_end] [blank_start]monitoring[blank_end], where participants listen to utterances and respond when a specific word is heard, or [blank_start]gating[blank_end] tasks, where participants listen to short snippets of the onsets of words, which increase in length by 25-50 ms until they can identify it. Such [blank_start]gating[blank_end] tasks have shown that in the case of 1-2 syllable words in the context of a sentence people only need an average of [blank_start]200[blank_end] ms of input. For isolated words, they need an average of [blank_start]300[blank_end] ms.
- Aword
- Bmonitoring
- Cgating
- Dgating
- E200
- F300
30According to John Morton's [blank_start]logogen[blank_end] model, lexical access is a [blank_start]bottom[blank_end]-[blank_start]up[blank_end] process by which input (either auditory, visual, or preceding [blank_start]context[blank_end]) excite [blank_start]processing[blank_end] units, which represent every word we know. Once a particular unit is activated above their thresholds, they fire, sending singles to the [blank_start]output[blank_end] [blank_start]buffer[blank_end], allowing us to interpret that unit's corresponding word. It takes about one [blank_start]second[blank_end] for the decay of activation to return the excitation to baseline, which accounts for [blank_start]repetition[blank_end] priming effects, as if words are sensed before this time runs out, the activation [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] is lower, and thus lexical access is faster.
- Alogogen
- Bbottom
- Cup
- Dcontext
- Eprocessing
- Foutput
- Gbuffer
- Hsecond
- Irepetition
- Jthreshold
31When it comes to word [blank_start]frequency[blank_end], prolific research shows that a more frequently-read word (e.g. bed) will have a shorter response time than a less frequently-read word (e.g. lout). However, there is conflicting research as to why. [blank_start]Balota[blank_end] & [blank_start]Chumbley[blank_end] (1984) used three types of tasks to research this: a [blank_start]category[blank_end] [blank_start]verification[blank_end] task (which requires semantic access to the word), a [blank_start]naming[blank_end] task (very shallow processing), and a lexical [blank_start]decision[blank_end] task (also shallow processing). They found that the effects of frequency were very small for the category [blank_start]verification[blank_end] task ([blank_start]24[blank_end] ms), but were more significant for the [blank_start]naming[blank_end] ([blank_start]50[blank_end] ms) and lexical [blank_start]decision[blank_end] task ([blank_start]100[blank_end] ms). They concluded that frequency effects were thus the result of only shallow processing, and could be pinned on the participant's [blank_start]familiarity[blank_end] with the printed word. However, [blank_start]Monsell[blank_end], Doyle & [blank_start]Haggard[blank_end] (1989) disagreed. In their research, participants completed a lexical decision task and a category [blank_start]verification[blank_end] task using low, medium, and high-frequency words. They saw that in both tasks, as the frequency of the word increased, response times [blank_start]decreased[blank_end]. This occurred in the same [blank_start]magnitude[blank_end] for both tasks. In general, the task which required making semantic access took more time. They concluded that [blank_start]frequency[blank_end] effects come from making semantic access to the word.
- Afrequency
- BBalota
- CChumbley
- Dcategory
- Everification
- Fnaming
- Gdecision
- Hverification
- I24
- Jnaming
- K50
- Ldecision
- M100
- Nfamiliarity
- OMonsell
- PHaggard
- Qverification
- Rdecreased
- Smagnitude
- Tfrequency
32[blank_start]Semantic[blank_end] [blank_start]priming[blank_end] describes the way that words that are close in meaning will prime each other. However, words don't necessarily need to be s[blank_start]emantically[blank_end] similar to prime each other. [blank_start]Associative[blank_end] [blank_start]priming[blank_end] occurs between words that aren't semantically similar, but co-occur in real life, such as police-jail. When one appears, you might predict the other to appear, too, and thus it's primed. Also, just because words appear in the same type doesn't mean that strong priming will occur between them, as they may not have an associative relationship (e.g. pig-horse). This was researched by Rhodes and [blank_start]Donaldson[blank_end] (2008), who used an [blank_start]ERP[blank_end] to observe that semantically similar but unassociated words evoked the same neural response in the brain as s[blank_start]emantically[blank_end] d[blank_start]issimilar[blank_end] words, while associatively similar (regardless of being also semantically similar) caused a decreased magnitude of the [blank_start]N400[blank_end] waveform, indicating ease of access. This is supported by research by [blank_start]Perea[blank_end] and Rosa (2002), which found that people respond to association faster than [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] relatedness.
- ASemantic
- Bpriming
- Cemantically
- DAssociative
- Epriming
- FDonaldson
- GERP
- Hemantically
- Iissimilar
- JN400
- KPerea
- Lsemantic
33Which of the following are assumptions of Morton's logogen model?
- ALogogens can increase the activation of other logogens
- BThere is a bottom-up flow of information
- CThere is a top-down flow of information
- DLogogens can affect the stimulus inputs they receive
- EIn no way are there connections between logogens
- FLogogens can be considered connected by semantic context
34Logogen theory takes into account stimulus degradation effects.
- ATrue
- BFalse
35Logogen theory takes into account non-word effects.
- ATrue
- BFalse
36Logogen theory can explain word superiority.
- ATrue
- BFalse
37Which is an example of word superiority?
- A'Hello' is more often heard/seen than 'salutations', so it will be identified faster.
- B'Hello' is a word, whereas 'hillo' is not a word. Thus, 'hello' will be identified faster.
- C'Hillo', while not being a word, is more word-like than 'hpllq'. Thus it will take more time to reject 'hillo' than 'hpllq'.
- DIf 'hello' appears briefly, a person is more likely to remember that the letter 'e' was present than if the letter 'e' had appeared on its own.
38[blank_start]Forster[blank_end] and Taft had a model to explain lexical access called the FOBS model, which stands for [blank_start]frequency[blank_end] [blank_start]ordered[blank_end] bin [blank_start]search[blank_end].
- AForster
- Bfrequency
- Cordered
- Dsearch
39In the FOBS model, orthographic representations - known collectively as the [blank_start]orthographic[blank_end] [blank_start]access[blank_end] [blank_start]file[blank_end] - are organised into bins associated with their shared [blank_start]roots[blank_end]. Within these bins, they're ordered according to their [blank_start]frequency[blank_end].
- Aorthographic
- Baccess
- Cfile
- Dfrequency
- Eroots
40Which word contains a pseudo-affix?
- AMadam
- BHardier
- CBrightness
- DJupiter
41Pseudo affixes cause response times to [blank_start]increase[blank_end]. This is accounted for by [blank_start]the FOBS model[blank_end].
- Athe FOBS model
- Bthe logogen model
- Cspreading activation theory
- Dincrease
- Edecrease
- Fthe TRACE model
42Another word for the process described in the FOBS model is [blank_start]affix[blank_end] stripping.
- Aaffix
43A [blank_start]masked[blank_end] [blank_start]priming[blank_end] experiment describes when a prime is shown, sometimes for a very short amount of time, and is replaced by a pattern which covers the same area that the letters had. This ensures that the [blank_start]visual[blank_end] system can't get any more information after the prime is displayed. It was seen that, when the prime was only flashed for a very brief period, no [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] priming occurred, but [blank_start]morphological[blank_end] priming did. When it was shown for longer, [blank_start]semantic[blank_end] priming was very robust, but no [blank_start]morphological[blank_end] priming occurred. This has been used to support the [blank_start]FOBS[blank_end] model, as it shows that morphological representations affect [blank_start]lexical[blank_end] access separately from all other effects.
- Amasked
- Bpriming
- Cvisual
- Dsemantic
- Emorphological
- Fsemantic
- Gmorphological
- HFOBS
- Ilexical
44Which of the following models assume a strictly bottom-up pattern of processing?
- ATRACE
- BFOBS
- CCOHERT
- Dlogogen
45Which phenomena can be explained by the Morton's logogen model?
- AFrequency effects
- BRepetition effects
- CVisual degradation effects
- DWord superiority effects
- EPriming effects
- FNon-word effects
46Which of the following phenomena can be explained by the FOBS model?
- AFrequency effects
- BPriming effects
- CLexical status effects
- DNon-word legality effects
- EWord superiority effects
47Which of the following is an example of cascaded activation?
- AWhen the word 'dog' is activated, it begins inhibiting other words, such as 'bog' and 'log'. The word which receives the most activation from the letter level is what is perceived as being the written/heard word.
- BWhen the word 'dog' is activated, it sends additional excitation back down to the letters involved.
- CWhen the letter 'd' receives any activation (e.g. by the feature level detecting a vertical line), it immediately begins sending excitatory signals to words with 'd' in them, rather than needing to wait for a threshold to be exceeded.
48In the TRACE model, otherwise known as the [blank_start]interactive[blank_end]-[blank_start]activation[blank_end] model by McClelland and [blank_start]Rumelhart[blank_end], words identified by a process of [blank_start]competition[blank_end] for activation. There are three levels of representation: features, [blank_start]letters[blank_end], and [blank_start]words[blank_end]. Every unit is connected with every other unit, either by a facilitatory connection, or an [blank_start]inhibitory[blank_end] connection, by which each unit's activation is either increased or decreased when any other unit gains activation. This process doesn't require the use of [blank_start]thresholds[blank_end] like the logogen model, but instead uses [blank_start]cascaded[blank_end] activation, by which a unit will immediately begin sending signals to other units upon receiving any amount of activation. Within levels, these signals are inhibitory - this is a concept known as [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]inhibition[blank_end], wherein the activation of one word causes it to begin inhibiting other words.
- Ainteractive
- Bactivation
- CRumelhart
- Dcompetition
- Eletters
- Fwords
- Ginhibitory
- Hthresholds
- Icascaded
- Jlateral
- Kinhibition
49The TRACE model can be simulated by computers, and tweaked to make certain connections stronger or weaker in order to explain all kinds of data patters. Is this a strength or a weakness of the TRACE model's validity?
- AStrength
- BWeakness
- CBoth A and B
- DNeither A nor B
50'Orthographic [blank_start]neighbours[blank_end]' describe words that are spelled the same as a given word, except with a difference of [blank_start]one[blank_end] [blank_start]letter[blank_end].
- Aone
- Bletter
- Cneighbours
51According to the TRACE model, which is true of orthographic neighbours?
- AIf the target has orthographic neighbours, it will be more difficult to identify.
- BIf the target has no orthographic neighbours, it is easier to remember.
- CIf the target's orthographic neighbours are more frequent than the target, processing slows.
- DIf the target has orthographic neighbours, response time changes depending on their closeness in semantic meaning.
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- Language & Memory Quiz on Word Processing - Quiz, created by Jamie Otten on 04/10/2018.
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- Jamie Otten
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- English
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