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Bird 4

sophie waddington 18 questions

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Questions in this quiz (18)

  1. 1Moulting
    - [blank_start]moulting[blank_end] = is periodic shedding of the epidermal structures called feathers

    Why moult?
    - feathers [blank_start]wear[blank_end] out (they are dead epidermal structures)
    - inefficient in flight
    - inefficient for insulation
    - inefficient [blank_start]water[blank_end]proofing
    - dull and not good at attracting a [blank_start]mate[blank_end]

    (all when worn out)

    How do they get worn?
    - mostly abrasion; from rocks and vegetation
    - [blank_start]UV[blank_end] light damage, brightest of the sun causes bleacing
    - bacterial activity
    - [blank_start]mallophaga[blank_end]; mallophaga are feather [blank_start]lice[blank_end] which eat and wear away the feather structure (eat the barbules between the barbs)
    - general wear and tea    Image for question 1
    1. Amoulting
    2. Bwater
    3. Cmate
    4. Dwear
    5. EUV
    6. Fmallophaga
    7. Glice
  2. 2Feathers normally contain [blank_start]melanin[blank_end]
    - melanin is useful for structural [blank_start]strength[blank_end]; find patterned feathers of dark and pale, the pale areas will wear out faster e.g. particularly in wader feathers, the juveniles have a striped pattern of light and dark along the edge, the light areas wear away ending up with a serrated feather
    - [blank_start]white[blank_end] feathers do not contain melanin
    - wear is also used as an adaptation for the birds to change their colour as the season progresses

    Wearing of feathers = [blank_start]seasonal[blank_end] colour changes
    1. [blank_start]chaffinch[blank_end]
    - top left = male in Autumn, fairly brown head due to tips of feather being [blank_start]brown[blank_end] but the base of the feather is grey
    - as spring comes around the brown tips have been worn away leaving grey colour

    2. [blank_start]reed[blank_end] bunting
    - reed [blank_start]bunting[blank_end] in autumn has a brown head in winter
    - when [blank_start]spring[blank_end] comes around the reed bunting has a [blank_start]black[blank_end] head to attract females    Image for question 2
    1. Amelanin
    2. Bstrength
    3. Cwhite
    4. Dseasonal
    5. Echaffinch
    6. Fbrown
    7. Greed
    8. Hbunting
    9. Ispring
    10. Jblack
  3. 3Feathers are [blank_start]not[blank_end] just replaced because of wear: birds can go through plummage sequences from juvenile to adult
    - some of the different plummages in juveniles may to be to do with [blank_start]camouflage[blank_end]; juvenile plummages might be better camouflages
    - plummage differences sometimes causes confusion in classification

    E.g. [blank_start]Robin[blank_end] - plummage sequences
    - top = nestling, young bird after hatching from egg = naked, got some filamentous feathers
    - as the bird grows in the nest, grows juvenile body feathers growing from the distinct [blank_start]tracts[blank_end] (pointed out earlier)
    - by the time the young bird leaves the nest, it is a spotty young robin (middle), the tail has [blank_start]not[blank_end] finished growing yet (a few weeks of transition)
    - juvenile robin looks very different, spotted compared to an adult robin
    - some time in the Autumn, the young robin will moult its juvenile feathers and grow the adult plummage we know

    There is a discrete sequence of plummages from the neossoptiles
    - the [blank_start]neossoptiles[blank_end] = one of the downy feathers of a newly hatched egg (develop in the egg)

    it is not always the case that the juvenile plummage is different
    - in passerines the neossoptile feathers in the egg to the juvenile plummage to adult plummage, is quite characteristic to [blank_start]passerine[blank_end] birds
    - this process takes place over the course of a [blank_start]year[blank_end]
    Image for question 3
    1. Anot
    2. Bcamouflage
    3. CRobin
    4. Dtracts
    5. Enot
    6. Fneossoptiles
    7. Gpasserine
    8. Hyear
  4. 4Moult types: [blank_start]partial[blank_end] (body only) or full (body and flight feathers)
    - do they moult all at once or do they moult in stages

    All at once, would lose their flight capacity, insulation etc.
    - so birds to it in stages

    There are 2 types of moults
    1. complete moults = the [blank_start]flight[blank_end] and body feathers are moulted
    2. partial moults = just moult the body feathers

    Passerine e.g. the robin
    - juveniles do a [blank_start]partial[blank_end] moult in their first autumn of life, body plummage is moulted to give the red breast in the autumn but the flight feathers remain, so a partial moult for the bird is only moulting the body feathers > this is fairly general pattern in [blank_start]passerine[blank_end]s (biggest grouping of birds)

    OTHER order of birds show different patterns of moult
    - feathers need to be replaced, and normally in a sequence

    Generally a juvenile passerine will carry out a partial moult in the first [blank_start]autumn[blank_end] (body feathers) while maintaining juvenile flight feathers
    Image for question 4
    1. Apartial
    2. Bflight
    3. Cpartial
    4. Dpasserine
    5. Eautumn
  5. 5Moulting takes place in a particular sequence
    - when the young juvenile moults its body feathers, the moult starts in the central back and move down the dorsal [blank_start]tract[blank_end] and towards the [blank_start]head[blank_end], also starts at the breast and moves along the tracts in both directions

    SO: on the body: there is a definitive order to the moult

    On the wings/of the [blank_start]flight[blank_end] feathers
    - the flight feather moult starts are the inner most [blank_start]primary[blank_end] feather (9-11 primary feathers
    - starts at the [blank_start]inner[blank_end] most primary feather and moves outwards
    - secondary feathers = [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] feathers start the moult at the carpal [blank_start]joint[blank_end] and moults towards the body
    - so: the moulting origin is the same for primary and secondary feathers but the direction is [blank_start]different[blank_end]

    primary feathers = go [blank_start]out[blank_end]wards to the wing
    - secondary = moult towards the body

    We think this information must be encoded in the feather [blank_start]follicle[blank_end]    Image for question 5
    1. Ahead
    2. Btract
    3. Cflight
    4. Dprimary
    5. Einner
    6. Fjoint
    7. Gsecondary
    8. Hout
    9. Idifferent
    10. Jfollicle
  6. 6Moult process= seems to be controlled by [blank_start]photo[blank_end]period, which affects [blank_start]hormone[blank_end] levels in the birds
    - generally temperate passerines, do a single moult each [blank_start]year[blank_end] which usually takes place after the [blank_start]breed[blank_end]ing in the summer

    There are 3 important events in the cycle of the bird: breeding, moulting (quite energetic) and [blank_start]migration[blank_end]
    - these do [blank_start]not[blank_end] generally occur at the same time

    Migration
    - birds are mobile > they can follow [blank_start]food[blank_end] sources within a season e.g. hard [blank_start]weather[blank_end] movements, if food becomes hard to access due to hard weather they can migrate to another area
    - OR between seasons ([blank_start]seasonal[blank_end] migrants) > migrate on a seasonal basis and regularly move between different areas in the world according to season

    In Europe/Asia, 5 [blank_start]billion[blank_end] birds are involved in autumn migrations every year

    birds can fly great distances
    1. Aphoto
    2. Bhormone
    3. Cyear
    4. Dbreed
    5. Emigration
    6. Fnot
    7. Gfood
    8. Hweather
    9. Iseasonal
    10. Jbillion
  7. 7Bristle-[blank_start]thighed[blank_end] curlews
    - [blank_start]bristle[blank_end]-thighed [blank_start]curlews[blank_end] nest in the coastal strip of Alaska and winter in the Pacific islands > this is a minimal sea crossing of 2000 miles

    Small, new world warblers can fly [blank_start]non[blank_end]-stop for 86 hours from North to South [blank_start]America[blank_end]

    Important point = [blank_start]true[blank_end] migrants = move long distances and retain historical patterns of dispersal

    Cost vs. Benefits
    - costs = travel = [blank_start]increased[blank_end] mortality risks, imperative to getting back to breed/mate on time
    - advantages = favourable conditions elsewhere may lead to higher survival or greater breeding success

    1. Abristle
    2. Bthighed
    3. Ccurlews
    4. Dnon
    5. EAmerica
    6. Ftrue
    7. Gincreased
  8. 8Fuel for migration
    - the fuel is mainly [blank_start]fat[blank_end]
    - FACT: small migrants can [blank_start]increase[blank_end] their body mass by 150% by accumulating [blank_start]subcutaneous[blank_end] (under the cuticle) and intra-abdominal fat
    - e.g. the garden [blank_start]warbler[blank_end] > the normal weight of a [blank_start]garden[blank_end] warbler is 16g, in the autumn = 26g, an increase in 60%

    When you increase you weight by this much, due to increased fat you also need to increase your:
    > flight [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] mass; if you are heavier you need to generate more power to get off the ground and generate the thrust to maintain in the air
    > [blank_start]flight[blank_end] muscle [blank_start]mass[blank_end] needs to be increased to generate additional power to carry extra fat load
    > some extra [blank_start]protein[blank_end] load can be metabolised during flight as fuel to maintain optimal power to weight; the protein itself can be used itself as an additional fuel for migration
    > if a bird has its metabolism set up properly, it can burn protein as it burns fat for it does [blank_start]not[blank_end] need flight muscle mass to carry the extra load as it gets metabolised

    KEY POINT: main fuel for migratory flight = [blank_start]fat[blank_end], much better energy density than protein
    - fat is the [blank_start]most[blank_end] efficient fuel that is used for migration

    1. Afat
    2. Bincrease
    3. Csubcutaneous
    4. Dwarbler
    5. Egarden
    6. Fmuscle
    7. Gflight
    8. Hmass
    9. Iprotein
    10. Jnot
    11. Kfat
    12. Lmost
  9. 9An Example: [blank_start]sedge[blank_end] warbler
    - the sedge [blank_start]warbler[blank_end] usually weighs 11g in summer
    - this one flew into Bardsey lighthouse
    - weighed 19g = 172% of normal body weight

    Can see the fat = the white, would normally not be there     Image for question 9
    1. Asedge
    2. Bwarbler
  10. 10We can calculate how far a bird can migrate depending on their [blank_start]weight[blank_end]
    - the sedge warbler with 19g of fat may be able to fly 2000km in a single flight
    - birds such as these have to cross the [blank_start]Sahara[blank_end] desert, this requires a single flight of 600 miles if it is done in one hop
    - fat has twice (x[blank_start]2[blank_end]) the energy and water per gram metabolised than does protein or carbohydrate
    - protein is also metabolised > necessary for fat metabolism
    - some species [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] the weight of body organs > consequences for refuelling e.g the liver, the gut
    1. Aweight
    2. BSahara
    3. C2
    4. Ddecrease

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Description
Vertebrate Biology Quiz on Bird 4, created by sophie waddington on 05/03/2019.
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