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Psychology 134: CHAPTER 4
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Questions in this quiz (51)
1When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of attention
- Alow load
- Bdivided
- Ccocktail party
- Dselective
2Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
- AEarly selection
- BFiltering
- CChanneling
- DDichotic listening
3Dichotic listening occurs when
- Athe same message is presented to the left and right ears
- Bdifferent messages are presented to the left and right ears
- Ca message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear
- Dparticipants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
4 In a dichotic listening experiment,_______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear
- Arehearsing
- Bshadowing
- Cechoing
- Ddelayed repeating
5When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
- Asilently following it mentally
- Bignoring it while paying attention to another message
- Csaying the message out loud
- Dthinking about something closely related to the message
6 Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
- Acould focus on a message only if they are repeating it
- Bcould focus on a message only if they rehearsed it
- Ccould focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time
- Dcould not focus on a message presented to only one ear
7The cocktail party effect is
- Athe ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
- Bthe inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli
- Cthe diminished awareness of information in a crow
- Dthe equal division of attention between competing stimuli
8The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
- Ameaning
- Bmodality
- Cphysical characteristics
- Dhigher order characteristics
9According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter?
- AAll messages selected by the filter
- BAll messages within earshot
- CA message with an unfamiliar foreign accent
- DAll sensory messages
10Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?
- ARaymond Sanders
- BDonald Broadbent
- CMonica McGoldrick
- DElizabeth Loftus
11In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?
- ADetector, filter, sensory store, short-term memory
- BSensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory
- CFilter, detector, sensory store, short-term memory
- DDetector, sensory store, filter, short-term memory
12Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
- Athe filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
- Bthe filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store
- Conly a select set of environmental information enters the system
- Dincoming information is selected by the detector
13Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?
- AA result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear
- BA result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear
- CThe result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon
- DThe result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment
14Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
- Aphysical characteristics
- Blanguage
- Cmeaning
- Ddirection
15Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?
- ALate selection
- BStroop experiments
- CPrecueing
- DDictionary unit
16According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
- AThe word "money"
- BTheir child's first name
- CThe word "home"
- DThe word "platypus"
17Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?
- AThe attenuator
- BThe dictionary unit
- CThe filter
- DThe "leaky" filter
18A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
- Aweak signals can cause activation
- Bit takes a strong signal to cause activation
- Call signals cause activation
- Dno signals cause activation
19The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for
- Amodality
- Bmeaning
- Cphysical characteristics
- Dlocation
20Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
- AObject-based
- BEarly selection
- CSpotlight
- DLate selection
21In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of________when they were of that word
- Aletter pairs; aware
- Bletter pairs; unaware
- Cambiguous sentences; aware
- Dambiguous sentences; unaware
22If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n)___ task.
- Aattenuated
- Bhigh-load
- Clow-load
- Dfiltered
23Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?
- ADriving home while thinking about a problem at work
- BReading a novel while walking on a treadmill
- CHumming a familiar song while washing dishes
- DConversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle
24The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the_____ of words
- Ameaning
- Bcolor
- Csize
- Dfont
25With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
- Athe color and the name matched
- Bthe color and the name differed
- Cthe shape and the name matched
- Dthe shape and the name differed
26The Stroop effect occurs when participants
- Aare told to divide their attention between colors and shapes
- Btry to name colors and ignore words
- Ctry to select some incoming information based on meaning.
- Dare told to shadow two messages simultaneously.
27The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _______________________________________________________________________________________attention
- Aovert
- Bcovert
- Cdivided
- Ddichotic
28A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
- Ahas high stimulus salience
- Bfits with the observer's interests
- Cis familiar
- Dcarries meaning for the observer
29When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on areas
- Ahigh-load
- Blow-load
- Chigh-saliency
- Dlow-saliency
30Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
- Ausually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second
- Bwere influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene
- Cwere determined primarily by the task.
- Dcontinually scanned all objects and areas of the scene
31Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ______location
- Afixated
- Bcued
- Crightmost
- Dtopmost
32Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research?
- AThe enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object.
- BAttention is always divided across two or more tasks simultaneously.
- CPeople move their attention from one place to another
- DAttention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects
33The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called
- Ahigh-load detraction.
- Bdivided attention.
- Clocation-based potentiation
- Dsame-object advantage
34According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
- Apractice
- Bthe type of processing being used
- Cthe difficulty of the tasks.
- Dtask cueing
35The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as
- Adivided attention
- Bdual attention
- Cdivergent tasking
- Dselective attention
36Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
- AWhen the person has to drive to work early in the morning
- BWhen the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic
- CWhen the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage
- DWhen the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
37 In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
- Aonce processing had become automatic.
- Bwhen processing was done verbally
- Cwhen verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters
- Dwhen processing was more controlled
38Automatic processing occurs when
- Acognitive resources are high
- Bresponse times are long
- Ctasks are well-practiced
- Dattention is focused
39The Stroop effect demonstrates
- Ahow automatic processing can interfere with intended processing
- Ba failure of divided attention
- Cthe ease of performing a low-load task
- Dsupport for object-based attention
40Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing?
- Aclose attention
- Bease in performing parallel tasks
- Ctasks that are well-practiced
- Dthe use of few cognitive resources
41Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true?
- AVideo recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows
- BPushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving
- CRecords showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash
- DMale drivers were far less attentive than female drivers
42Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
- Athe negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units
- Bthe problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand
- Cthe main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
- Dthe public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect
43Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
- Atalking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent
- Bdriving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones
- Cdriving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones
- Ddivided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
44In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the
- Awoman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players
- Bthe umbrella was the same color as the floor
- Cparticipants were counting the number of ball passes
- Dparticipants were not asked if they saw anything unusual
45Difficulty in recognizing an alteration – even a very obvious one – in a scene is called_______ blindness
- Acovert
- Bexogenous
- Cendogenous
- Dchange
46 Scene schema is
- Arapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene.
- Bshort pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene.
- Chow attention is distributed throughout a static scene
- Dknowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
47 Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of
- Athe late-selection model of attention
- Ban object-based attentional failure.
- Cinattentional blindness.
- Dthe cocktail party phenomenon
48According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the stage
- Afeature analysis
- Bfocused attention
- Cpreattentive
- Dletter analysis
49 Illusory conjunctions are
- Acombinations of features from different stimuli
- Bmisidentified objects using the context of the scene
- Ccombinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli
- Dfeatures that are consistent across different stimuli
50_________is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
- ABinding
- BIntegration
- CAssimilation
- DEquilibration
51During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called ________
- Acontiguity
- Bproximity
- Caccommodation
- Dbinding
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- Quiz on CHAPTER 4, created by Jade P on 13/04/2019.
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