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Introduction to Study Design
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Questions in this quiz (36)
1Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental clinical research?
- AAn intervention is enacted.
- BThere is passive observation.
- CIt is descriptive or analytic.
2Which of the following studies can potentially demonstrate causation?
- ARandomized controlled trial
- BCase study
- CCase-control study
- DCohort study
3Which of the following is the strongest form of original research?
- ARandomized controlled trial
- BCohort study
- CCross sectional study
- DSystematic review
4Which of the following are non-experimental observational descriptive clinical research methods? (Select all that apply)
- ACase reports
- BCase series
- CCross-sectional studies
- DCase-control study
5Which of the following is NOT a potential function of a case series?
- AMay detail a unique case that may represent a previously unknown syndrome or disease.
- BMay detail an "outlier" with features other than what is usually seen with a particular disease.
- CMay detail an unexpected response or course that may represent a previously unrecognized therapeutic or adverse effect of intervention.
- DProvides an estimate of prevalence.
6Which of the following successfully describes incidence?
- AProportion of individuals who develop a disease or condition over time.
- BProportion of individuals who have a disease.
7Which of the following are disadvantages of case reports/case series? (Select all that apply)
- ANo statistical analyses needed
- BNo causation or correlation demonstrated
- CPurely descriptive
- DMay suggest plausible causal relationship when there is none
8A case series compared a rare strain of pneumonia in five men. All five were homosexual, two reported having frequent homosexual contacts with various partners, all five reported inhalant drug use, one reported IV drug abuse. This case series suggests a plausible causal relationship between this pneumonia strain and...?
- AInhalant drug use
- BSexual orientation
- CSexual contacts
- DIV drug abuse
9Which of the following studies collects measurements at a single point in time, providing a "snapshot" of what is happening at that particular moment?
- ACross-sectional study
- BCase study
- CCohort study
- DRandomized controlled trial
10Disease 1 has an incidence of 30 cases/year. The average survival is 2 years. Disease 2 has an incidence of 3 cases/year and the average survival is 40 years. Which has the higher prevalence?
- ADisease 1
- BDisease 2
- CThe prevalence is the same.
11Which of the following are strengths of cross-sectional studies? (Select all that appy)
- APrevalence estimation
- BFast, inexpensive, no loss to follow-up
- CCan help with hypothesis generation for potential causes and risk factors
- DIn depth analysis over time
12If a disease has a long duration, it will be ________ in a cross sectional study.
- Aoverrepresented
- Bunderrepresented
13Examining 5-year-old children annually and recording the prevalence of caries is an example of...?
- Across sectional study
- Bcase study
- Ccohort study
- Dcase control study
14An investigator selects a group of patients with a disease or outcome of interest and a group of patients without the disease or outcome of interest. This is descriptive of a _______ study.
- Acase-control
- Bcase
- Ccohort
- Dcross-sectional
15Which of the following are appropriate considerations when selecting controls in a case-control study? (Select all that apply)
- AControls should be selected from a similar base population as the cases.
- BControls should be selected independent of exposure status.
- CControls should have been exposed to the disease.
16You are running a case-control study. Your cases and controls have been identified. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate step in this research study?
- AAll subjects are interviewed about their past experiences to identify exposure of interest
- BMedical records and other sources of data can be accessed
- CAnalysis is performed to see if exposures differed significantly between the 2 groups
- DCases and controls are followed over time with repeated assessments
17When is a case-control design desirable? (select all that apply)
- ADisease of interest is rare
- BDisease of interest develops slowly
- CMultiple possible exposures related to the disease
- DExposing people to the disease would be unethical
18What is a main disadvantage of case-control studies?
- ARecall bias
- BSelection bias
- CExtremely expensive
- DTime consuming
19You are working on a research study following a group of individuals who have been exposed to smoking. Your group is conducting repeated assessments over time to discover if they develop lung cancer. This is an example of a ________ study.
- ACohort
- BCase-control
- CRetrospective cohort
- DCross-sectional
20Which of the following is an exclusion criterion of a patient participating in a cohort study?
- APatient has the disease being studied.
- BPatient has been exposed to disease being studied.
- CPatient has not been exposed to disease being studied.
- DPatient is being treated for other medical conditions.
21What is the only type of study that can accurately capture incidence of a disease over time?
- ACohort studies
- BCross-sectional studies
- CCase studies
- DCase-control studies
22Which of the following is NOT a weakness of a cohort study?
- AThey are expensive and time consuming.
- BParticipants can be lost to follow-up.
- CThey are only effective for rare diseases.
- DSelection bias may occur.
23The Framingham Heart Study involved the recruitment of 5,209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62 from a town in MA. Every two years they returned for detailed medical history, PE, and lab tests. The goal was to determine common factors contributing to cerebrovascular disease. This is an example of a ________ study.
- ARandomized control
- BCohort
- CCross-sectional
- DCase
24Which of the following are factors supporting the conduction of a retrospective cohort study? (Select all that apply)
- AHigh quality data has already been collected for another purpose
- BAll relevant events have already happened
- CIt would be more financially beneficial than performing a prospective study
- DA substantial possibility of bias has been identifed
25Which type of study involves the recruitment of participants with pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and then the random assignment of these participants to the control/intervention groups?
- ARandomized Controlled Trial
- BCohort Study
- CCross-sectional study
- DSystematic review
26You are testing the effectiveness of a new cancer treatment. It has shown promising effectiveness with fewer side effects than the current standard of care. Which would be the most ethical option available while conducting a randomized controlled trial?
- AWithhold all medication from the control group, give new drug to the intervention group
- BWithhold all medication from control group, but then offer it to them after study completion
- CGive the control group the current standard of care medication, give the intervention group the new medication
- DGive both groups the standard of care medication and the new medication in an alternating fashion
27In a double-blinded study, which of the following is true?
- ABoth participant and investigator are masked to treatment group assignment
- BProvider knows which group the patient is in, but the patient doesn't
- CPrimary investigator is masked to treatment assignment
28Which of the following studies is the only way to potentially prove causation in human clinical studies?
- ARandomized controlled trial
- BSystematic review
- CCross-sectional study
- DCase study
29Which of the following are disadvantages of randomized controlled trials? (Select all that apply)
- AExpensive and time consuming.
- BVolunteer bias.
- CEthical issues may arise if clinical equipoise absent.
- DLoss to follow up.
30Which of the following accurately describes phase III of a clinical trial testing a new drug?
- AThere are up to 1000s of subjects looking at efficacy and both short and long-term effects.
- BThere are 100s of subjects looking at short-term adverse effects and preliminary efficacy.
- CThere are a limited number of subjects and the drug's safety, pharmacokinetics, and path of metabolism are being examined.
- DDrug toxicity and safety are being examined in animal models.
31When is a quasi-experimental study appropriate? (Select all that apply)
- AThe benefit of a specific intervention must be evaluated.
- BEthical, political, logistical constraints rule out randomization.
- CThe effectiveness of a treatment must be determined.
- DMultiple effects of an exposure must be examined.
32A systematic, objective way to combine data from several different studies in order to achieve grater statistical power would be a _____________.
- AMeta-analysis
- BRandomized controlled trial
- CSystematic review
- DCross-sectional study
33If the following constraints are present, when would it be challenging to complete a meta-analysis? (Select all that apply)
- AThe original studies used similar methods
- BThere is a limited amount of time available
- CThere is not a qualified researcher with appropriate statistical and epidemiologic knowledge
- DThe original studies were performed in diverse populations
34A systematic review involves the assessment and evaluation of __________ on the topic.
- AEvery single study published and unpublished
- BEvery published study
- CA large selection of studies
- DOne or two specific studies
35Clinical practice guidelines to improve healthcare decision making are usually driven by ________.
- ASystematic review
- BMeta-analysis
- CRandomized controlled trials
- DCohort studies
36Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a systematic review?
- AIt is less costly in terms of research supplies.
- BIt is exhaustive, incorporating thousands of studies.
- CIt is more reliable and accurate than a single study.
- DThe results are not typically generalizable to many populations and situations.
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- Description
- EBP Quiz on Introduction to Study Design, created by Kathleen Lonergan on 13/06/2019.
- Author
- Kathleen Lonergan
- Language
- English
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- History
- Created on 13 Jun 2019 · updated on 13 Jun 2019
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