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Chapter 22-25
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Questions in this quiz (57)
1Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it
- Awas the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time
- Bwas the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation
- Cproved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time
- Ddismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations
2Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?
- AIn this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.
- BIn wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment.
- CHeritable variation is low in wild mustard—otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics.
- DNatural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard.
3What are adaptations?
- Ainherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival
- Bdescent with modification from a common ancestor
- Cgeologic changes over time
- Drocks containing fossils
4Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?
Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.
Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.
Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.- AConditions 1 and 2
- BConditions 2 and 3
- CCondition 2 only
- DCondition 1 only
5A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared?
- ANatural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species.
- BTriazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce.
- CTriazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism.
6Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain
- Athat habitat differences stimulate change in organisms
- Bevolution of the unity and diversity of life
- Cdescent of all organisms from a single, ancient ancestor
7Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms
- Ashow heritable variation
- Brequire energy
- Creproduce
- Duse essentially the same genetic code
8Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of ________.
- Anatural selection
- Ba vestigial trait
- Cconvergent evolution
- Da homologous structure
9Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of ________
- Athe evolution of similar appearance as a result of common function
- Bthe evolution of common structure as a result of common function
- Chomology
- Dconvergent evolution
10Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, which have existed for at least a few million years?
- Aan extensive mountain range
- Ban isolated ocean island in the tropics
- Ca grassland in the center of a large continent, with extreme climatic conditions
- Da shallow estuary on a warm-water coast
11Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
- AThere is heritable variation among individuals.
- BSpecies produce more offspring than the environment can support.
- CPoorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
- DOnly a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
12Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new S.aureus infections were caused by MRSA. How can this best be explained?
- AS. aureus evolved to resist vaccines
- BA patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community.
- CIn response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.
- DSome drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
13DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
- Ahumans evolved from chimpanzees.
- Bchimpanzees evolved from humans.
- Cconvergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.
- Dhumans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
14Use the following information to answer the question.
Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.
What keeps the two populations separate?- Alack of hybrid viability
- Bhabitat isolation
- Cbehavior isolates reproductive activities
- Dtemporal reproductive isolation
15If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on ________.
- Areproductive isolation
- Bgene pool expansion
- Cgene flow
- Dhybrid formation
16Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?
- Aa postzygotic isolating mechanism
- Ba temporal reproductive isolating mechanism
- Ca gametic reproductive isolating mechanism
- Da behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
17Macroevolution is ________.
- Athe same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species
- Bdefined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations
- Cdefined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye
- Devolution above the species level
18Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?
- Agenetic
- Bbiological
- Cmorphological
- Decological
19You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
- Aecological
- Bbiological
- Cmorphological
- Dgenetic
20Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by ________.
gametic isolation- Agametic isolation
- Breduced hybrid viability
- Creduced hybrid fertility
- Dhybrid breakdown
21The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ________.
- Amechanical isolation
- Breduced hybrid fertility
- Chybrid breakdown
- Dreduced hybrid viability
22Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation?
- AGene flow between the two populations is extensive.
- BThe isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population.
- CDifferent mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations.
- DThe separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.
23A hybrid zone is properly defined as ________.
- Aan area where the ranges of two closely related species overlap but do not interbreed
- Ba zone where sterile hybrids form, kept separate by postzygotic barriers
- Can area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring
- Dan area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but gene flow is prevented by prezygotic barriers
24The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and ________.
no reproduction occurs in the hybrid zone- Ano reproduction occurs in the hybrid zone
- Ba decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations
- Can increasing number of infertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations
- Dan increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations
25According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that ________.
- Aspeciation occurred rapidly in geologic time
- Bthe species will consequently have a relatively short existence compared with other species
- Cspeciation occurred in one generation
- Dthe species is now extinct
26According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur, ________
- Athe number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change
- Blarge numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change
- Cat least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change
- Dchanges to centromere location or chromosome size must occur
27Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
- AThe two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
- BThe two forms are very similar in appearance.
- CThe two forms have many genes in common.
- DThe two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements.
28Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
I. Formation of protocells
II. Synthesis of organic monomers
III. Synthesis of organic polymers
IV. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems- AII, III, IV, I
- BII, III, I, IV
- CI, III, II, IV
- DI, II, III, IV
29Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protocells had in common?
- ARNA genes
- Ba surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
- Cthe ability to replicate RNA
- Dthe ability to synthesize enzymes
30The first genetic material on Earth was probably ________.
- Aself-replicating RNA molecules
- BDNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA
- CDNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in polypeptides
- Doligopeptides located within protocells
31In 2013, researchers constructed a vesicle with replicated RNA. Why was this significant evidence for abiotic origin of life?
- ARNA would be used up by protocells.
- BRNA molecules were not able to replicate.
- CRNA molecules could pass on information to their "daughters."
- DRNA is a stable repository.
32How was early Earth from more than three billion years ago different from today's Earth? Unlike Earth today, early Earth ________.
- Aexperienced little high-energy radiation from the sun
- Bhad an atmosphere rich in gases released from volcanic eruptions
- Chad an oxidizing atmosphere
- Dhad an atmosphere with significant quantities of ozone
33Why are fossils considered to be an incomplete record of evolution?
- AThe fossil record is biased for organisms that had hard shells and skeletons.
- BFossils document how new organisms come from preexisting organisms.
- CThe fossil record shows changes in kinds of organisms that lived on earth.
- DThe fossil record shows that many animals are extinct.
34What is the most accurate method used to measure the age of a fossil?
- Aradiometric dating
- Bsequence fossils in rock strata
- Cuse whole-life decay
- Duse uranium-238
35Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia?
- AIndia is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.
- BThe climates of the two regions are similar.
- CLife in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions.
- DIndia was a separate continent until 45 million years ago
36Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?
- Amajor evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents
- Badaptive radiation, leading to founder effect
- Cmass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect
- Da variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
37If one organ is similar to another organ in a species, then these two organs ________.
- Ahave the same function
- Bare homologous
- Care found in the same species
- Dare undergoing convergent evolution
38The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
- Athe evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen
- Bthe persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
- Cthe evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria
- Dthe evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
39What is true of the Cambrian explosion?
- AIt marks the end of the era due to a massive meterite impacting Earth.
- BOnly the fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the Cambrian explosion.
- CThe Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth.
- DIt refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla
40According to the history of life, which group of organisms have been on Earth the longest?
- AProkaryotes
- BSingle-celled eukaryotes
- CHumans
- DAeroibic organisms
41Which epoch are we currently in?
- APleistocene
- BJurassic
- CHolocene
- DPaleocene
42What was the name of the original supercontinent that existed 250 millions years ago before plate techtonics separated the continents?
- APangaea
- BLaurasia
- CGondwana
- DPenguinia
43Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
- Asurvival of the fittest
- Binheritance of acquired characters
- Cdescent with modification
- Dchange in the number of genes in a population over time
44Microevolutions occur when ________.
- Aindividuals within all species vary in their phenotypic traits
- Ba bird has a beak of a particular size that does not grow larger during a drought
- Cgene flow evenly transfers alleles between populations
- Dchanges in allele frequencies in a population occur over generations
45Genetic variation ________.
- Ais created by the direct action of natural selection
- Bmust be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population
- Carises in response to changes in the environment
- Dtends to be reduced when diploid organisms produce gametes
46Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus, ________
- Aindividuals within the population are evolving
- Bthe allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next
- Ctwo alleles are present in equal proportions
- Dnatural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift are acting equally to change an allele's frequency
47Which one of these processes describes bottleneck effect?
- Asudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population
- Btransfer of alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals
- Cchance events that change allele frequency
- Dalleles transferred to the next generation in portions that differ from previous generation
48Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by ________.
You Answered
- Aa genetic bottleneck
- Bthe founder effect
- Csexual selection
- Dhabitat differentiation
49An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?
- Aa founder event
- Bdisruptive selection
- Cdirectional selection
- Da genetic bottleneck
50Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing ________.
- Ageographic isolation
- Bgene flow
- Cgenetic drift
- Dnonrandom mating
51Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then ________.
- Aintrasexual selection seems to have occurred in both species
- Bselection was acting more directly upon genotype than upon phenotype
- Csexual dimorphism was evolving over time in these species
- Dstabilizing selection was occurring in these species concerning larynx size
52In a very large population, a quantitative trait has the following distribution pattern. If there is no gene flow, the curve shifts to the left or to the right, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations, which of the following is most likely occurring?
- Aimmigration or emigration
- Bgenetic drift
- Cdirectional selection
- Ddisruptive selection
53Use the following information to answer the question below.
In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool.
In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but it is present in African-Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa. What should be happening to the sickle-cell allele in the United States, and what should be happening to it in equatorial Africa?- Adirectional selection; stabilizing selection
- Bdirectional selection; disruptive selection
- Cstabilizing selection; disruptive selection
- Ddisruptive selection; stabilizing selection
54Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ________ survive and reproduce better than others.
- Aspecies
- Bindividuals
- Cloci
- Dalleles
55No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among humans is
- Agenetic drift.
- Benvironmental effects.
- Cthe reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction.
- Dnew mutations that occurred in the preceding generation.
56Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?
- AEach bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation.
- BThe frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted.
- CEach bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
- DEach bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted.
57Which statement about variation is true?
- AAll genetic variation produces phenotypic variation.
- BAll phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation
- CAll nucleotide variability results in neutral variation.
- DAll new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability.
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- Quiz on Chapter 22-25, created by Nathan Rickett on 31/07/2019.
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- Nathan Rickett
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