These events marked the formal beginning of contemporary applied behavior analysis.

The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis began publication and "Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis," by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, was published.

"Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis," by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, was published and "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published.

"The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published and Fuller conducted a study in which human application of operant behavior occurred

The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis began publication and "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published.

In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except:

Social validity of the behavior

Research on changing this behavior

Experience of the behavior analyst

Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except:

Agreement between assessment and intervention data

Replication by other scientists

Accurate and reliable measurement of behavior

Comparison of data across studies

Outcome criteria should be established before intervention commences for all of the following reasons except:

To ensure accurate data collection

To establish the target performance level

To ensure agreement on outcomes among stakeholders

To know when to terminate intervention

In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except:

Social validity of this behavior

Research on changing this behavior

Experience of the behavior analyst

Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except:

Agreement between assessment and intervention data

Replication by other scientists

Accurate and reliable measurement of behavior

Comparison of data across studies

Practitioners need measurement in order to do all of the following except

Identify current behavior levels

Which of the following is a reason not to use permanent product measurement?

Moment-to-moment decisions must be made

The behavior has a direct effect on the environment

The product can only be produced by the target behavior

Each behavior occurrence results in the same product

Which of the following is not a requisite for obtaining valid IOA measures?

Score all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer

Use the same observation code and measurement system

Observe and measure the same participant(s) and events

Observe and record the behavior independent of any influence from one another

Which of the following is a limitation of total count IOA?

Provides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior

Is expressed as percentage of agreement

Is calculated by dividing the smaller of the counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100

In order to produce a visual representation of an overall rate on a cumulative graph, the first and last data points of a given series of observations should be:

Connected using a straight line

Plotted using different symbols

Quiz

Cooper Book

Rachel Geen 200 questions

Take the quiz

Questions in this quiz (200)

1The level of investigation that involves the collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts, and often suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research is:
1. APrediction
2. BExperimentation
3. CDescription
4. DControl
2The level of investigation that demonstrates correlation between events and is based on repeated observations is:
1. APrediction
2. BExperimentation
3. CDescription
4. DControl
3The level of investigation in which functional relations can be derived is:
1. APrediction
2. BExperimentation
3. CDescription
4. DControl
4The overall goal of _______ is to achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomenon under study.
1. ABehavior Analysis
2. BScience
3. CExperimentation
4. DFunctional Relationships
5This is the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.
1. APhilosophical Doubt
2. BExperimentation
3. CParsimony
4. DReplication
6The S-R-S model of psychology is also known as:
1. AThree-term contingent
2. BWatsonian psychology
3. CRespondent behavior model
4. DReflexive behavior model
7These events marked the formal beginning of contemporary applied behavior analysis.
1. A"Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis," by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, was published and "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published.
2. B"The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published and Fuller conducted a study in which human application of operant behavior occurred
3. CThe Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis began publication and "Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis," by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, was published.
4. DThe Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis began publication and "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer," by Ayllon and Michael, was published.
8This is the defining characteristic of behavior analysis that focuses on investigating socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the participant(s).
1. AEffective
2. BApplied
3. CBehavioral
4. DAnalytic
9This is the defining characteristic of applied behavior analysis that demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior.
1. AEffective
2. BAnalytic
3. CApplied
4. DExperimental
10A behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli and is "brought about" by a stimulus that precedes it is:
1. AOperant
2. BLearned
3. CRespondent
4. DNew

11A behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others is called a(n):
1. AStimulus control
2. BMotivating operation
3. CDiscriminated operant
4. DDiscriminated stimulus
12The term "contingent" as used in behavior analysis refers to the dependent relationship of a particular consequence on the occurrence of behavior and is also used in reference to the _________ contiguity of behavior and its consequences.
1. ATemporal
2. BDependent
3. CIndependent
4. DFalse
13The term "contingent" as used in behavior analysis refers to the dependent relationship of a particular consequence on the occurrence of behavior and is also used in reference to the _________ contiguity of behavior and its consequences.
1. AOperant
2. BTemporal
3. CRespondent
4. DAll
14Operant behavior is selected by its:
1. AConsequences
2. BAntecedents
3. CConditioners
4. DRespondent
15All of the following are assessment methods used in applied behavior analysis except:
1. ADirection observation
2. BInterview
3. CMedical evaluations
4. DChecklists
16A descriptive and temporally sequenced account of behavior in the natural environment is called a(n):
1. AAnecdotal observation
2. BBehavioral assessment
3. CReal-time observation
4. DEcological assessment
17The ________ of behavior rule states that a target behavior should only be selected when it can be determined that the behavior will produce natural reinforcement.
1. AFunctionality
2. BRelevance
3. CValidity
4. DImportance
18The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others, and minimizes short and long term punishers.
1. AJustification
2. BFunctionality
3. CHabilitation
4. DNormalization
19Behavior that exposes an individual to new contingencies, reinforcers, and stimulus controls is called:
1. ABehavioral cusp
2. BPivotal behavior
3. CAccess behavior
4. DContingent behavior
20In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except:
1. AResearch on changing this behavior
2. BExperience of the behavior analyst
3. CSocial validity of the behavior
4. DAvailable resources
21Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except:
1. AReplication by other scientists
2. BAccurate and reliable measurement of behavior
3. CComparison of data across studies
4. DAgreement between assessment and intervention data
22Outcome criteria should be established before intervention commences for all of the following reasons except:
1. ATo ensure accurate data collection
2. BTo establish the target performance level
3. CTo ensure agreement on outcomes among stakeholders
4. DTo know when to terminate intervention
23A descriptive and temporally sequenced account of behavior in the natural environment is called a(n):
1. AEcological assessment
2. BAnecdotal observation
3. CBehavioral assessment
4. DReal time observation
24The ________ of behavior rule states that a target behavior should only be selected when it can be determined that the behavior will produce natural reinforcement.
1. ARelevance
2. BFunctionality
3. CValidity
4. DImportance
25The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others, and minimizes short and long term punishers.
1. ANormalization
2. BFunctionality
3. CHabilitation
4. DJustification
26Behavior that exposes an individual to new contingencies, reinforcers, and stimulus controls is called:
1. ABehavior cusp
2. BPivotal behavior
3. CAccess behavior
4. DContingent behavior
27In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except:
1. ASocial validity of this behavior
2. BResearch on changing this behavior
3. CExperience of the behavior analyst
4. DAvailable resources
28Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except:
1. AReplication by other scientists
2. BAccurate and reliable measurement of behavior
3. CComparison of data across studies
4. DAgreement between assessment and intervention data
29In order to be understood by everyone, measurement units must be:
1. AAnalysis
2. BSubjective
3. CLabeled
4. DUnambiguous
30Practitioners need measurement in order to do all of the following except
1. AOperationalize empiricism
2. BIdentify current behavior levels
3. CEvaluate treatment
4. DMake accurate decisions
31All of the following are procedures for measuring behavior except
1. AEvent recording
2. BTiming
3. CTime sampling
4. DObservation
32Devices such as wrist counters, masking tape, buttons, and calculators are all useful when using ________ recording procedures.
1. AEvent
2. BTiming
3. CRate
4. DDuration
33Which of the following is a reason not to use permanent product measurement?
1. AMoment-to-moment decisions must be made
2. BThe behavior has a direct effect on the environment
3. CThe product can only be produced by the target behavior
4. DEach behavior occurrence results in the same product
34You are preparing to observe Jennifer, a second grade student who has difficulty following teacher direction and frequently wanders around the classroom. The target behavior for Jennifer is being out of her seat. What is the most appropriate method for measuring this target behavior?
1. AEvent recording
2. BInterresponse time
3. CDuration
4. DPlanned activity check
35________ measurement is consistent measurement.
1. AReliable
2. BValid
3. CAccurate
4. DDiscontinuous
36When data give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted, the data are called a(n):
1. ABias
2. BArtifact
3. CDrift
4. DVariable
37In general, artifacts can be limited by scheduling ________ observations.
1. AIndirect
2. BInfrequent
3. CFrequent
4. DMini
38Reliable data are not necessarily _______ data.
1. AComplete
2. BDirect
3. CAccurate
4. DReal
39Which of the following is not a requisite for obtaining valid IOA measures?
1. AUse the same observation code and measurement system
2. BObserve and measure the same participant(s) and events
3. CObserve and record the behavior independent of any influence from one another
4. DScore all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer
40Which of the following is a limitation of total count IOA?
1. AProvides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior
2. BUseful for event recording
3. CIs expressed as percentage of agreement
4. DIs calculated by dividing the smaller of the counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100
41Which of the following is the most stringent method for calculating IOA for behaviors that occur at relatively high rates and obtained by interval recording?
1. ATotal count IOA
2. BUn-scored interval IOA
3. CScored interval IOA
4. DMean count-per-interval IOA
42Visual analysis is considered a(n) ________ method for determining the social significance of behavior change.
1. ASubjective
2. BConservative
3. CObsolete
4. DOver-utilized
43Graphic displays of behavioral data are considered simple formats for visually displaying ________ among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables.
1. ARelationships
2. BTime series
3. CArrangements
4. DPeaks
44This type of graph is also known as a histogram and is useful in summarizing behavioral data allowing for a quick comparison of performance across participants and/or conditions.
1. ALine graph
2. BScatter plot
3. CCumulative record
4. DBar graph
45Logarithmic scales are an appropriate graphing format when _______ change is of particular interest.
1. ACumulative
2. BRate
3. CRapid
4. DProportional
46You are interested in the total number of sight words accurately read since your data collection began last week. Which graphing convention allows you to most efficiently answer your inquiry?
1. AScatter plot
2. BCumulative record
3. CLine graph
4. DBar graph
47You are interested in displaying the mean score for both your baseline and experimental condition. For this summary, you are willing to sacrifice the presentation and detection of variability and trends.
1. ABar graph
2. BLine graph
3. CScatter plot
4. DCumulative record
48A ________ is depicted on a line graph by an open spot in the axis with a squiggly line at each end.
1. ACondition line
2. BData set
3. CScale break
4. DHorizontal axis
49In order to produce a visual representation of an overall rate on a cumulative graph, the first and last data points of a given series of observations should be:
1. APlotted bilaterally
2. BPlotted using different symbols
3. CDrawn simultaneously
4. DConnected using a straight line
50A scatterplot shows the _________ distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the both the x- and y-axes.
1. ARelative
2. BExact
3. CScattered
4. DStandard
51Scatterplots are useful when applied behavior analysts are interested in finding out the ________ distribution of the target behavior. In other words, a scatterplot illustrates whether the behavior's occurrence is typically associated with certain time periods.
1. ATemporal
2. BAmount of
3. CStandard
4. DSimple
52Which part of the line graph is the arrow pointed at?
1. AX-axis
2. BCondition change line
3. CY-axis
4. DData path
53You are interested in beginning a self-management program to help you save money for a new car. Which type of graph would provide the most appropriate feedback and display your progress toward your goal?
1. ACumulative record
2. BLine graph
3. CBar graph
4. DScatter plot
54You are interested in comparing the effects of two different interventions on a single target behavior. You have decided to present each of the interventions in an alternating fashion and measure the changes in the value of your dependent variable. You would like to plot the results of both interventions on one graph. Which would be the best format to display your results?
1. ACumulative record
2. BBar graph
3. CLine graph
4. DScatter plot
55Which of the following best describes the direction, degree, and variability of the data path depicted in this graph?
1. ARapidly increasing, variable trend
2. BZero trend
3. CGradually decreasing, variable trend
4. DRapidly decreasing, stable trend
56Which of the following best describes the direction, degree, and variability of the data path depicted in this graph?
1. ARapidly increasing, variable trend
2. BCannot be determined
3. CGradually decreasing, variable trend
4. DRapidly decreasing, stable trend
57The three levels of scientific understanding include:
1. AEmpiricism, determinism, and philosophical doubt
2. BVerification, prediction, and replication
3. CGroup designs, single-subject designs, and correlations
4. DDescription, prediction, and control
58____ science yields a collection of facts about the observed events-facts that can be quantified and classified.
1. AReplicated
2. BExperimental
3. CPredictive
4. DDescriptive
59The highest level of scientific understanding results from establishing:
1. AExperimental control
2. BDescription
3. CPrediction
4. DAnalysis
60An ________ of behavior has been achieved when a reliable functional relation between the behavior and the independent variable has been demonstrated convincingly.
1. AApplication
2. BInvestigation
3. CAnalysis
4. DExperimental design
61Behavior analysts believe behavioral variability is ________ to the organism.
1. AInternal
2. BExternal
3. CInevitable
4. DConfined
62_________ is the "hallmark of applied behavior analysis."
1. AReplication, prediction, and control
2. BSystematic repeated measurement of behavior
3. CInternal and external validity
4. DSingle-measurement
63The three elements of baseline logic include the following:
1. APrediction, verification, and replication
2. BAscending, descending, and stable
3. CDependent variable, independent variable, baseline
4. DInternal validity, external validity, and reliability
64In a multiple baseline design, the functional relationship between the independent variable and the change in the subject's behavior is determined by:
1. ASystematic introduction and withdrawal across phases
2. BObservation of unchanged behaviors in other tiers
3. CObservation of behavior change in the treated tier
4. DReplication of behavior change with each new criterion
65Which experimental design is most appropriate for evaluating the effect of video modeling on the acquisition of the skills for preparing a meal by adults with developmental disabilities?
1. AMultiple baseline across behaviors
2. BChanging criterion
3. CMultiple probe
4. DDelayed multiple baseline
66All of the following are appropriate situations to use a delayed multiple baseline except:
1. AA planned reversal design is no longer possible
2. BThe researcher has limited resources to conduct data collection
3. CA reversal design is too challenging to implement
4. DAdditional subjects become available after the start of the study
67All of the following are advantages of the multiple baseline design except:
1. AEasy to conceptualize
2. BLack of treatment withdrawal
3. CMimics common practice of practitioners
4. DTakes less time to implement
68All of the following are limitations of the multiple baseline design except:
1. AIt may not reveal the functional relationship, even if one exists
2. BVerification of predicted behavior change must be inferred from other behaviors.
3. CThe behavior under study must be within the subject's repertoire already
4. DIt is weaker than the reversal design
69One method of addressing the practical concern of costly measurement when using a multiple baseline design across settings is to:
1. AUse of intermittent probes during baseline
2. BInclude only one setting in the study
3. CReduce the number of baseline data points
4. DUse a changing criterion design instead of the multiple baseline
70When a subject's behavior changes each time a new criterion is introduced, this is an example of
1. ASystematic manipulation
2. BFunction
3. CReplication
4. DPrediction
71Which of the following is not a design factor to be considered when using a changing criterion design?
1. ALength of phase
2. BMagnitude of behavior change
3. CVerification of behavior change
4. DNumber of criterion changes
72Combining analytic tactics in an experimental design is a good idea when
1. AIt allows for a more convincing demonstration of experimental effect
2. BThe research question is too broad for a single design
3. CThe procedures are quite complex
4. DNone of these is a justification for combining tactics
73All of the following are methods for assessing the social validity of outcomes except:
1. AComparing participants' performance to the performance of a normative sample
2. BUsing standardized assessment instruments
3. CAsking consumers to rate the social validity of participant outcomes
4. DAsking the researchers to rate the social validity of participant outcomes
74Which of the following is a factor not to consider when determining whether or not a functional relation has been demonstrated in an experiment?
1. AAn examination of the measurement system
2. BThe degree to which the researcher controlled potential confounds
3. CSystematic replication of effects
4. DVisual analysis and interpretation of the data
75Which of the following is not a reason that applied behavior analysts favor visual analysis of data over statistical methods?
1. AStatistical significance is not the target outcome for behavior analysts.
2. BVisual analysis is well suited for demonstrating strong effects.
3. CHighly variable data may not be statistically significant.
4. DPredetermined criteria of statistical tests offer less flexibility in experimental design.
76What information does a concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment provide?
1. AA rank order of preference for a variety of stimuli
2. BHow often children will select one stimulus versus another to indicate preference
3. CWhether or not a stimulus functions as a reinforcer and how effective that stimulus is as a reinforcer compared to other stimuli
4. DAll of these
5. ENone of these
77When two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors, what schedule of reinforcement is in effect?
1. AMultiple
2. BMixed
3. CProgressive-ratio
4. DConcurrent
5. EAll of these
6. FNone of these
78Which schedule reinforcer assessment consists of two or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at any given time?
1. AProgressive-ratio
2. BMultiple
3. CMixed
4. DConcurrent
5. EAll of these
6. FNone of these
79The model for predicting whether (a) access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for another behavior based on the relative baseline rates at which each behavior occurs and (b) whether contingent access to one of the behaviors represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement is known as the:
1. AResponse-satiation hypothesis
2. BResponse-deprivation hypothesis
3. CPremack principle
4. DResponse-contingency hypothesis
5. ENone of these
80The response-deprivation hypothesis was built on whose concept?
1. APremack
2. BWatson
3. CSkinner
4. DPavlov
5. ENone of these
81Experimental control when evaluating positive reinforcement is demonstrated by comparing:
1. AResponse rates in the presence of a contingency
2. BResponse rates in the absence of a contingency
3. CFixed time reinforcement to differential reinforcement
4. DDifferential reinforcement of other behavior to another reinforcement schedule, such as differential reinforcement of alternate behavior
5. EAll of these
6. FNone of these
82Which could be used as a control condition when evaluating the effects of a reinforcement-based procedure?
1. ANoncontingent reinforcement
2. BDifferential reinforcement of other behavior
3. CDifferential reinforcement of alternative behavior
4. DAll of these
5. ENone of these
83Practitioners increase the effectiveness of positive reinforcement when they attend to the ________ of stimulus presentation.
1. AArrangement
2. BManagement
3. CAdministration
4. DAll of these
5. ENone of these
84Which of the following is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
1. AJo is sitting near a window at Starbucks having a cup of coffee. The sun is streaming in the window, and it is too warm for Jo-she is beginning to perspire. Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady. The next time Jo goes to Starbucks, she sees the sun shining in the window again and sits in the chair in the shade instead.
2. BFrank often goes to Starbucks for coffee as well. After receiving his coffee, he sits down in his seat. It is 9:00 am, and Starbucks is very busy. Most of the tables are full. As a result, a smart woman approaches Frank and asks if she can share his table. Frank agrees, and the woman sits down and has coffee with Frank. Frank decides he will come to Starbucks at 9:00 am for coffee more often in the future.
3. CCheryl loves coffee. She orders a coffee at Starbucks but burns her mouth on it because it is too hot. After a couple of occurrences of this, Cheryl stops coming to Starbucks for coffee.
4. DSam was walking to Starbucks for coffee. On his way, he lost his wallet to a pickpocket. Sam no longer walks to that Starbucks for coffee.
85Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.
1. AThe EO or antecedent event
2. BThe future occurrence of the target behavior
3. CThe stimulus
4. DPunishment
86The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is:
1. AIn an escape contingency the future probability of the target behavior increases, while the future probability of the target behavior decreases with an avoidance contingency.
2. BIn an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior.
3. CIn an escape contingency the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior.
4. DIn an escape contingency, there is a warning stimulus that signals an aversive stimulus is imminent, while in an avoidance contingency there is no such warning stimulus.
87Which of the following is an example of free-operant avoidance?
1. AJackie crosses the street when she sees Donna come around the corner on the next block so that she doesn't have to talk to her.
2. BLavonda puts on a bicycle helmet when she rides her bike so that she doesn't hurt her head in the event that she falls off her bike.
3. CNathaniel puts down the hurricane shutters on his Florida home when he hears that a tropical storm is approaching so that his windows do not get broken.
4. DAll of these
88An unconditioned negative reinforcer:
1. AIs one that began as a neutral stimulus
2. BAcquired its aversive qualities by being paired with another aversive stimulus.
3. CIs one that strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning
4. DCan be thought of as an inherited negative reinforcer.
5. EThird and fourth choices
89The textbook describes a study by Ahearn and colleagues (1996), in which negative reinforcement was used to increase food acceptance in children. In this example, during baseline, bite acceptances produced access to toys and bite refusals produced removal of the spoon (negative reinforcement). During the intervention, bite refusals no longer produced removal of the spoon. Instead, the spoon was only removed if a bite was accepted. As soon as a bite was accepted and every time a bite was accepted, the spoon was briefly removed. Which factors that are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement are illustrated in this example?
1. AThe stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior was immediate.
2. BThe difference in stimulation prior to and after the response occurred was large.
3. CThe occurrence of the target response consistently produced escape.
4. DReinforcement was unavailable for competing responses.
5. EAll of these
6. FNone of these
90The study by Rodgers and Iwata (1991) that analyzed the effects of positive reinforcement, error correction procedures, and an avoidance procedure demonstrated that:
1. AError correction procedures may produce learning, at least in part, due to an avoidance contingency.
2. BPositive reinforcement was the most effective procedure for producing correct performance.
3. CError correction procedures and avoidance procedures produced the most correct responding.
4. DAll of these
5. ENone of these
91Ethical concerns about the use of negative reinforcement stem from:
1. AHaving to deprive the individual of positive reinforcement for an extended period of time.
2. BThe presence of antecedent aversive stimuli in the individual's environment.
3. CThe potential for creating a context that generates undesired behaviors.
4. DThe presentation of aversive stimuli contingent upon a target behavior displayed by an individual.
5. ESecond and third choices
92Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors?
1. AVariable ratio schedules of reinforcement
2. BConcurrent schedules of reinforcement
3. CFixed-interval schedules of reinforcement
4. DMultiple schedules of reinforcement
93Which schedule of reinforcement presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating (usually random) sequence usually occurring successively and independently with no correlated discriminative stimuli?
1. AMixed schedules of reinforcement
2. BMultiple schedules of reinforcement
3. CAlternative schedules of reinforcement
4. DVariable-interval schedules of reinforcement
94Which schedule of reinforcement produces a post-reinforcement pause?
1. AFixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement
2. BContinuous reinforcement schedule
3. CTandem schedules of reinforcement
4. DVariable-interval schedules of reinforcement
95To gradually reduce a high-frequency behavior, which schedule of reinforcement is the most appropriate?
1. ADifferential reinforcement of high rates of responding
2. BDifferential reinforcement of low rates of responding
3. CFixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement
4. DConcurrent schedules of reinforcement
96Common behavioral characteristics associated with ________ include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses in responding.
1. ARatio strain
2. BPost-reinforcement pause
3. CScallop effect
4. DFixed interval
97Which schedule of reinforcement is identical to the chained schedule except it does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain?
1. ATandem schedule of reinforcement
2. BMixed schedule of reinforcement
3. CChained schedule of reinforcement
4. DFixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
98When the frequency of a time-filling behavior increases as a side effect of other behavior maintained by a schedule of reinforcement, this is referred to as:
1. ARatio strain
2. BPost-reinforcement pause
3. CSchedule induced
4. DSchedule thinning
99Which of the following is not a factor that influences the effectiveness of punishment listed in the chapter?
1. AImmediacy
2. BIntensity
3. CVariation
4. DSchedule
100Carr and Lovaas (1983) recommended that practitioners experience any punisher personally before the treatment begins for what reason?
1. AIt reminds the practitioner that it is a sadistic procedure
2. BIt reminds the practitioner that he procedure produces physical discomfort
3. CIt reminds the practitioner that the technique is designed to increase the appropriate behavior of the student.
4. DIt allows the practitioner to determine a baseline of discomfort which he/she then increases rapidly as it is administered to the student.
101Sean was responsible for designing an intervention for a fifth grade student who engaged in severe problem behavior consisting of throwing chairs at the teacher when an assignment was given. Sean decided to utilize a contingent physical restraint every time the child threw a chair. Sean is violating the ethical consideration of:
1. ARight to safe and humane treatment
2. BLeast restrictive alternative
3. CRight to effective treatment
4. DSean is not violating any ethical considerations
102Which statement regarding the strength of applied behavior analysis is not supported in the punishment chapter?
1. ARecognize and appreciate punishment's natural role and contributions to survival and learning
2. BIncrease the use of punishment procedures over the use of reinforcement-based interventions.
3. CIncrease basic and applied research on punishment.
4. DView treatments featuring positive punishment as default technologies
103Many of the recommendations for punishment are derived from basic research conducted more than _____ years ago.
1. A5
2. B20
3. C10
4. D40
104During a math game every time a student shouted out an answer before being called on that student was placed in the penalty box and not allowed to participate for two questions. This is an example of which time-out procedure?
1. AHallway time-out
2. BContingent observation
3. CPlanned ignoring
4. DBonus response cost
5. ETime-out ribbon
105Mr. Hendry uses a time-out ribbon for any students who are not in their seats before the bell rings. They have to wear the ribbon for two minutes, during which time they cannot earn extra-credit points. What is wrong with Mr. Hendry's application of the time-out ribbon?
1. AThe fine should be longer
2. BThe time-out ribbon should not be used for social behaviors
3. CStudents should have free access to recess
4. DThe time-out ribbon should be paired with the opportunity to earn reinforcement
106Mr. Marley docks the class one minute of extra recess time every time he has to say, "people quiet down please." He is using response cost with a group in addition to what procedure?
1. ADirect fines
2. BBonus response cost
3. CUsing a response cost with a group
4. DCombining with positive reinforcement
107Mrs. Webb uses a response-cost procedure in which a student loses all points toward participation in a monthly pizza party any time he or she says "shut up" to another student. As a result, whenever students lose their points, they say "shut up" more often. What is the problem?
1. AThe magnitude of the fine is too great.
2. BThe points weren't functioning as reinforcers
3. CThe students became more aggressive
4. DThe fine should have been larger
108_________ alters the effectiveness of some object or event as a reinforcer and the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
1. ADiscriminative stimulus
2. BEstablishing operation
3. CBehavior-altering effects
4. DValue-altering effects
109The term _________ has been suggested to replace the term establishing operation (EO).
1. AMotivating operation
2. BEvocative Effect
3. CAbative Effect
4. DAbolishing Operation
110_________ is (are) related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of a particular type of environmental event.
1. AMotivating operations
2. BDiscriminative stimulus
3. CMotivating variables
4. DDiscriminative operations
111The type of motivating operation that accomplishes what the original motivating operation it was paired with did is a
1. ASurrogate CMO
2. BTransitive CMO
3. CReflexive CMO
4. DSubstantive CMO
112This type of motivating operation alters a relation to itself by acquiring MO effectiveness by preceding a worsening or improvement.
1. ASurrogate CMO
2. BTransitive CMO
3. CReflexive CMO
4. DSubstantive CMO
113This type of motivating operation makes something else effective as a reinforcer because of its relation or association with an unconditioned reinforcer.
1. ASurrogate CMO
2. BTransitive CMO
3. CReflexive CMO
4. DSubstantive CMO
114This type of motivating operation has particular implications for the training of language in individuals with little or no speech.
1. ASurrogate CMO
2. BTransitive CMO
3. CReflexive CMO
4. DSubstantive CMO
115Which of the following is an example of an arbitrary stimulus class?
1. AThe following women's restroom signs: the word woman, a pictogram of a woman, and a painting of a mermaid
2. BA picture of a brick house, a stick built house, and a log cabin
3. CA picture of a chair with no arms, a chair with arms, and a rocking chair
4. DA picture of a bus, a car, and a motorcycle
116Which of the following illustrates an example of stimulus control?
1. AJoanne occasionally runs the stop sign near her house because there are rarely any cars at the intersection
2. BFrank flaps his hands almost constantly all day long.
3. CJoe hits his teacher every time and only when she asks him to wash his hands.
4. DMolly uses a Kleenex to wipe her nose when it is running and often when it is not running. It is a bad habit she has.
117Which of the following statements is true?
1. AWhen a dog has been trained to salivate when a bell rings by repeatedly pairing meat powder and a bell, this is an example of stimulus control.
2. BWhen an individual has been trained to say the word "red" when he is shown a card that says RED (but not when he has been shown a card that says GREEN), this is an example of stimulus control.
3. CAntecedent stimuli rarely acquire control over human behavior.
4. DThe first two statements are true.
118A teacher makes a request of a student. The student emits aggressive behavior immediately following the request. The teacher removes the request in order to avoid getting hit. The teacher's request:
1. AWas clearly inappropriate
2. BIs a discriminative stimulus for the problem behavior
3. CIs a motivating operation for the problem behavior
4. DIs a stimulus delta
119Which of the following is a concept that can be taught using stimulus discrimination and generalization procedures?
1. AFruit
2. BUnder
3. CIntegrity
4. DAll of these
120Transitivity is demonstrated when:
1. AIn the absence of training and reinforcement a learner will select a stimulus that is matched to itself.
2. BThe sample stimulus and comparison stimulus can be reversed.
3. CAn untrained stimulus-stimulus relation emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations.
4. DAn individual can match to sample.
121Shaping involves:
1. AReinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior
2. BCreating response differentiation between responses that are closer to the terminal behavior and those that are not
3. CPlacing responses that are not a closer approximation of the terminal behavior on extinction
4. DAll of these
122Response differentiation involves what two components?
1. ADifferential reinforcement and changing the criterion for reinforcement
2. BPunishment and extinction
3. CPrompting and differential reinforcement
4. DExtinction and changing the criterion for reinforcement
123Ms. Anita Response wants to increase the number of words Sophie writes in her stories during creative writing time. She uses shaping to do so. What dimension of behavior is she shaping?
1. AAmplitude
2. BFrequency
3. CDuration
4. DLatency
124An example of shaping within a response topography is:
1. AIncreasing the number of math problems an individual needs to complete during math class
2. BIncreasing the duration of in-seat behavior during seatwork time
3. CIncreasing the force of a tennis swing
4. DAll of these are examples of shaping within a response topography
125The text gives an example of shaping gum chewing, where first lip movement received reinforcement, then lip movements with sound, then saying the word "gum," and finally, saying "Gum please." This is an example of:
1. AShaping within a response topography
2. BShaping across different response topographies.
3. CShaping the magnitude of a response
4. DShaping the duration of a response
126Shaping can be a slow, time-consuming process. What is one way to effectively speed up the process?
1. AAdd a punishment contingency for incorrect responses.
2. BEach time you increase the criteria for reinforcement, do so by larger increments.
3. CModel the desired response for the individual.
4. DAll of these are effective ways to make shaping more efficient.
127What is meant by the statement that progress in shaping is rarely linear and often erratic?
1. AMost individuals are unsuccessful in shaping new responses.
2. BThe amount of time it may take to shape a behavior is often unpredictable.
3. CSometimes individuals may exceed your criteria for reinforcement, making closer approximations than you had expected.
4. DSometimes individuals may get "stuck" on a response and have to "back up" to a previously-learned approximation before making process. This can slow the process down more than expected.
5. EAll of these
6. FNone of these
128One of the guidelines for effective shaping is to carefully define the terminal behavior and the criteria for successfully engaging in the terminal behavior. Effective ways for deciding what the criteria for success are:
1. ARead the research literature to see if there are published norms and guidelines available for the behavior you are trying to shape.
2. BObserve competent peers to see how well they perform the task, and set your criteria according to their performance level.
3. CBoth of these are ways to determine the criteria for success.
4. DNeither of these are appropriate ways to determine criteria for success.
129A behavior chain with a limited hold means:
1. AThe number of steps in the chain is limited.
2. BThe learner must "hold" his/her responses for a specified period of time.
3. CThe entire chain or steps within the chain must be completed in a given period of time.
4. DAccuracy of the performance of steps is not important.
130How are forward and backward chaining different?
1. AForward chaining means the learner learns the steps to the skill in the correct order and backward chaining means the learner learns the steps in the reverse order.
2. BForward chaining means the learner learns the first step first in the sequence and backward chaining means the learner learns the last behavior in the sequence first (but the steps are still learned in the correct sequence).
3. CForward chaining is a much quicker way to learn a task than backward chaining.
4. DNone of these answer choices accurately differentiates between forward and backward chaining.
131What is a risk of choosing the single-opportunity method of assessment for assessing mastery of a task analysis?
1. AYou may underestimate the learner's abilities
2. BYou may inadvertently be teaching the individual the behavior during assessment.
3. CYou may frustrate the learner because of the time consuming nature of this form of assessment.
4. DAll of these
132Breaking down longer chains into smaller chains and/or skill clusters, teaching each skill cluster, and then chaining each skill cluster is a variation of which form of behavior chaining?
1. AForward chaining
2. BBackward chaining
3. CTotal task
4. DBackward chaining with leaps ahead
133Peer models have been used to teach children with disabilities to perform complex tasks using which form of chaining?
1. AForward chaining
2. BBackward chaining
3. CTotal task
4. DBackward chaining with leaps ahead
134The behavior chain interruption strategy (BCIS) can be used to:
1. ATeach a complex new behavior chain.
2. BIncrease speech, picture communication, and microswitch activation.
3. CReplace the initial SDs in a chain.
4. DAll of these
135What is the probability of reinforcement when utilizing an extinction procedure?
1. A0%
2. B15%
3. C50%
4. DVariable
136What form of extinction is used when the reinforcer (or reinforcers) maintaining a behavior is withheld?
1. AProcedural
2. BFunctional
3. CStandard
4. DRespondent
137What are the common misuses of the term extinction?
1. AConfusing forgetting and extinction
2. BConfusing response blocking and sensory extinction
3. CConfusing noncontingent reinforcement and extinction
4. DAll of these
138Resistance to extinction is greater when carried out under:
1. ALow motivation
2. BHigh motivation
3. CNo motivation
4. DNone of these
139When is it not appropriate to utilize an extinction procedure?
1. AWhen inappropriate behaviors are likely to be imitated by others
2. BWhen behaviors are harmful to self or others
3. CBoth of these
4. DNone of these
140Joni works in a group home with a group of men with disabilities. She has a good relationship with each of the men, but one of the residents continues to make sexually-inappropriate comments to her. Joni typically replies, "Frank, stop calling me that! You know I don't like it and it's not appropriate," as she turns red in the face. An informal functional behavior assessment indicates this behavior is maintained by Joni's attention. The group home staff decides to implement a DRA intervention. Which of the following would be an appropriate example of DRA in this case?
1. AProviding enthusiastic attention whenever Frank says anything appropriate to Joni, while ignoring him if he makes inappropriate remarks
2. BProviding enthusiastic attention whenever Frank makes an appropriate greeting to Joni (such as "You look nice today, Joni."), while ignoring Frank if he uses inappropriate greetings
3. CProviding increased enthusiastic attention to Frank throughout the day.
4. DIgnoring all of Frank's inappropriate verbalizations.
141In DRA, a practitioner:
1. AReinforces a desirable alternative to the problem behavior
2. BPlaces the problem behavior on extinction
3. CMay choose to reinforce a behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior
4. DAll of these are correct
142A limitation of DRO is:
1. AOther inappropriate behaviors may be reinforced accidentally.
2. BOne may accidentally punish all responding in the individual.
3. CIt often produces an extinction burst effect.
4. DThe effects have been shown to be slow and gradual.
143If the mean interresponse time (IRT) of a target problem behavior is 12 responses per hour, and you are implementing a DRL procedure, what should the initial DRL criterion be?
1. AMore than 12 responses per hour
2. BNo more than 11 responses per hour
3. CNo more than 1 response per hour
4. DNo more than 4 responses per hour
144Functional communication training is considered to be:
1. AAntecedent intervention
2. BConsequence intervention
3. CPunishment strategy
4. DBehavioral momentum technique
145Functional communication training:
1. ADevelops alternative behaviors that are sensitive to abolishing operations
2. BDevelops alternative behaviors that create changes in motivating operations
3. CDevelops alternative behaviors that are sensitive to establishing operations
4. DDevelops alternative behaviors that produce punishing effects
146Antecedent interventions are also known as:
1. AAntecedent procedures
2. BAntecedent control
3. CAntecedent manipulations
4. DAll of these
147There are at least three forms of FBA. They are:
1. AFunctional analysis, standardized assessment, and descriptive assessment
2. BIndirect assessment, descriptive assessment, and behavioral observation
3. CFunctional analysis, descriptive assessment, and indirect assessment
4. DBehavioral observation, standardized assessment, and curriculum-based assessment
148A limitation of descriptive assessment is:
1. AIt may be misleading in that it can identify environmental variables that occur in close proximity to the problem behavior but that are not causally related to the problem behavior.
2. BIt may not be a very reliable measure of problem behavior and environmental events.
3. CIt is extremely difficult and time-consuming to perform.
4. DThe first two answer choices are correct.
149 Question 11.
Ms. Carmichael is conducting a FBA for Jamal, a boy in her class who runs away from activities and teachers. Ms. Carmichael began by interviewing her teaching assistants and by participating in the conversation with them to define the target behavior and to determine what antecedents and consequences she would watch for during her ABC assessment. Ms. Carmichael completes her ABC assessment and finds that running away from tasks and materials occurs most frequently when difficult tasks are presented and that the most common consequence for this behavior is a teacher chasing after him and returning him to the classroom. Sometimes he is required to return to the task and sometimes he is allowed to do a different activity when he comes back to the classroom. What can be concluded from this descriptive assessment?
1. AThe problem behavior most likely occurs to get attention from teachers
2. BThe problem behavior most likely occurs to escape from nonpreferred tasks.
3. CThe problem behavior most likely occurs to get access to more preferred activities.
4. DThe function of the problem behavior remains unclear.
150The formal properties of language involve the:
1. ACause of the verbal response
2. BTopography of the verbal response
3. CUnseen forces of verbal language
4. DLanguage properties are not formal
151Which statement is not a reason for the slow appreciation of Skinner's work Verbal Behavior?
1. AIt was met with immediate challenges from the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics
2. BSkinner not responding to Noam Chomsky's negative review
3. CLack of research and data supporting his theory
4. DDisinterest and negative reactions from the field of behavior analysis
5. EAll of these were reasons for the slow appreciation of Verbal Analysis
152Public accompaniment occurs when:
1. AA stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the tact relation avoids substandard verbal behavior
2. BAn observable stimulus accompanies a private stimulus
3. CA stimulus that follows the behavior of interest decreases its rate of occurrence
4. DTwo people move together in sync
153A textual operant has
1. APoint-to-point correspondence but not formal similarity
2. BPoint-to-point correspondence and formal similarity
3. CNo point-to-point correspondence and no formal similarity
4. DNone of these
154All of the following are limitations of the multiple baseline design except:
1. AIt may not reveal the functional relationship, even if one exists
2. BVerification of predicted behavior change must be inferred from other behaviors
3. CThe behavior under study must be within the subject's repertoire already
4. DIt is weaker than the reversal design
155Behavior that exposes an individual to new contingencies, reinforcers, and stimulus controls is called:
1. APivotal behavior
2. BAccess behavior
3. CBehavioral cusp
4. DContingent behavior
156Choosing only those behaviors to change that will produce reinforcers in the post-intervention environment is referred to as:
1. ATeaching loosely
2. BProgram common stimuli
3. CRelevance of behavior rule
4. DContrived contingency planning
157In a multiple baseline design, the functional relationship between the independent variable and the change in the subject's behavior is determined by:
1. ASystematic introduction and withdrawal across phases
2. BObservation of unchanged behaviors in other tiers
3. CObservation of behavior change in the treated tier
4. DReplication of behavior change with each new criterion
158Ms. Frieder, who teaches fifth grade at Franklin Elementary School, decides to conduct a descriptive FBA for Amelia. Amelia has been refusing to do her schoolwork lately and has been ripping up her worksheets on a daily basis. Ms. Frieder creates a form on which she will mark specific antecedents and consequences that precede and follow Amelia's work refusals. For antecedents, she will mark one of the following: Math work given, reading work given, spelling work given, error correction given, work that requires writing given. For consequences, she will mark one of the following: verbal reprimand, another worksheet (same worksheet) provided, another worksheet (different worksheet) provided, time out, ignore. She will record these environmental events, whether or not a problem behavior occurs. What kind of descriptive assessment is Ms. Frieder conducting?
1. AScatterplot recording
2. BABC continuous recording
3. CABC narrative recording
4. DConditional probability recording
159Peter B. received his Ph.D. in industrial and organizational psychology and was quickly hired by a large online retailer to improve productivity in the shipping department. After making informal observations over a 3-week period, Peter recommended that the company institute a work enhancement system that would encourage employees to pick up the pace of packing boxes or be fired. His estimate was that overall output could be increased by at least 15% with this "enhancement" and that this would increase the bottom line by nearly $1 million a year. A BCBA working in the human resources department got wind of this proposal and asked to review it before it was put in place. Why would the BCBA want to review this?
1. ARequiring employees to work faster might put the employees at risk of injury.
2. BPeter B. is not a BCBA and needs the BCBAs permission to do punishment procedures
3. CA pay-for-performance system may work better than a work or get fired system
4. DA and C
160Shawn wants a new car so he checks the ebay website all day hoping to find the car he wants.
1. AVariable ratio
2. BFixed interval
3. CFixed ratio
4. DVariable interval
161Several years ago, some research was conducted on teaching safety skills to elementary school children. In this research, the children were taught to cross the street safely after school. As one can imagine, during the baseline phase in a study like this, observers might be watching children who crossed the street without looking both ways or who engaged in other unsafe behaviors. Which ethical guideline is applicable here.
1. AIf behavior analysts learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their individual work products, they take reasonable and feasible steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation
2. BThe behavior analyst reviews and appraises the restrictiveness of alternative interventions and always recommends the least restrictive procedures likely to be effective in dealing with a behavior problem.
3. CBehavior analysts are responsible for the ethical conduct of research conducted by them or others under their supervision.
4. DNone of the above
162The actual amount of examples needed to be taught when teaching sufficient stimulus examples to a learner will depend on:
1. AThe learner's opportunities to emit the target behavior under various conditions
2. BThe learner's history of reinforcement for generalized responding
3. CNaturally existing contingencies of reinforcement
4. DAll of these
163The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others, and minimizes short and long term punishers.
1. ANormalization
2. BHabilitation
3. CFunctionality
4. DJustification
164Transitivity is demonstrated when:
1. AIn the absence of training and reinforcement a learner will select a stimulus that is matched to itself.
2. BThe sample stimulus and comparison stimulus can be reversed.
3. CAn untrained stimulus-stimulus relation emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations.
4. DAn individual can match to sample
165What are the elements required for consent?
1. ACapacity, information, voluntariness
2. BCapacity, willingness, voluntariness
3. CInformation, capacity, receptive language
4. DIntelligence, freedom of choice, capacity
166What information does a concurrent schedule reinforcer assessment provide?
1. AA rank order of preference for a variety of stimuli
2. BHow often children will select one stimulus versus another to indicate preference
3. CWhether or not a stimulus functions as a reinforcer and how effective that stimulus is as a reinforcer compared to other stimuli
4. DAll of these
167When teaching self-control strategies, control ultimately comes from
1. AEnvironment
2. BSelf
3. CSelf and other
4. DSelf esteem
168When two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors, what schedule of reinforcement is in effect?
1. AMultiple
2. BMixed
3. CConcurrent
4. DProgressive-ratio
169Which experimental design is most appropriate for evaluating the effect of video modeling on the acquisition of the skills for preparing a meal by adults with developmental disabilities?
1. AMultiple baseline across behaviors
2. BMultiple probe
3. CChanging criterion
4. DDelayed multiple baseline
170Which schedule reinforcer assessment consists of two or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect at any given time?
1. AMultiple
2. BMixed
3. CConcurrent
4. DProgressive-ratio
171_____________ refers to the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus resulting in the conditioned stimulus losing its previously-acquired ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire.
1. ARespondent extinction
2. BOperant extinction
3. CHabituation
4. DSpontaneous recovery
172______________ refers to the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime.
1. APhylogeny
2. BOntogeny
3. CBiology
4. DPersonality
173A scatterplot shows the _________ distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the both the x- and y-axes.
1. AExact
2. BRelative
3. CStandard
4. DScattered
174You are interested in comparing the effects of two different interventions on a single target behavior. You have decided to present each of the interventions in an alternating fashion and measure the changes in the value of your dependent variable. You would like to plot the results of both interventions on one graph. Which would be the best format to display your results?
1. ALine graph
2. BBar graph
3. CCumulative record
4. DScatterplot
175A description of the task should include which of the following when writing a contingency contract?
1. AA description of the reward
2. BA method of tracking progress
3. CA description of when the task should be performed
4. DA description of the when the reward will be delivered
176A teacher says to his class: "Melissa is working on remembering to follow instructions when I give them. Melissa is going to keep track of whether or not she follows my instructions. If she follows 90% of my instructions today (or better), our whole class will watch a movie at the end of the day." What type of group contingency is this?
1. AIndependent
2. BInterdependent
3. CDependent
4. DNone of these
177Group contingencies can:
1. ALighted the workload for the practitioner
2. BSave time
3. CCreate problems with learners
4. DAll of these
178An interdependent group contingency is most useful if:
1. AOne wants to change the behavior of one person or a small group of individuals
2. BOne wants to differentially reinforce individuals for appropriate behavior
3. COne wants to change everyone's performance
4. DAll of these
179How many test conditions are in a functional analysis?
1. A4
2. B3
3. C5
4. DNone of these
180This term describes a decrease in respondent behavior due to the repeated presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
1. AHabilitation
2. BAdaptation
3. CHabituation
4. DRespondent Extinction
181This compound schedule of reinforcement is based on The Matching Law
1. AMixed
2. BTandem
3. CConcurrent
4. DMultiple
182Which of the following is not true about self-monitoring?
1. AIt is the most obtrusive method of data collection
2. BIt can be described as recording data on one's own behavior
3. CIt is a comparison of one's own performance with a predetermined criterion
4. DIt is typically combined with other contingencies
183A decrease in gagging when you become used to an aversive smell can be defined as:
1. ARespondent conditioning
2. BRespondent extinction
3. CAdaptation
4. DHabituation
184Social validity involves all of the following except:
1. ASocial significance of the goals
2. BSocial appropriateness of the procedures
3. CSocial importance of the effects
4. DSocial importance of generalization
185If a researcher wants to examine the effectiveness of two treatments, a token economic versus a Premack procedure with a subject, which experimental design should the researcher utilize?
1. ANCR reversal technique
2. BChanging criterion design
3. CMultiple baseline design
4. DConcurrent schedules design
186This word describes a behavior or a trial that has a clear start and finish
1. AOperant
2. BDiscrete
3. CRespondent
4. DNone of these
187Without your student's knowledge, you alternate the schedule of reinforcement for correct answers from either a FR 2 or VR5 schedule for each drill that you conduct. What schedule of reinforcement does this exemplify?
1. ATandem
2. BMultiple
3. CChained
4. DMixed
188This is an analysis of complex behavior and sequences of behavior into their component behaviors
1. AComponent analysis
2. BParametric analysis
3. CTask analysis
4. DNone of these
189In a fixed ratio schedule, the size of the ratio influences the duration of the postreinfocement pause. Long ratios = long pauses and short ratios = short pauses.
1. ATrue
2. BFalse
190What schedule of reinforcement is in effect when washing your hands?
1. ATandem
2. BMixed
3. CChained
4. DMultiple
191How many compound schedules of reinforcement are there?
1. A5
2. B6
3. C7
4. D8
192What is a disadvantage of alternating treatments design?
1. ASequence effects
2. BIrreversibility
3. CMultiple treatment interference
4. DMaximum of 5 conditions
193The combination of relaxing plus a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranges from least to most fear-producing
1. AGraduated guidance
2. BSystematic desensitization
3. CResponse extinction
4. DNone of these
194This is an action word in response to operant conditioning
1. AElicit
2. BEmit
3. CEvoke
4. DResponse
195Which of the following is not a type of non-exclusionary time-out?
1. AIgnoring
2. BContingent observation
3. CWithdrawal of a specific positive reinforcer
4. DResponse cost
196Which of the following is not an example of why a cumulative record would be used rather than a noncumulative record?
1. AThe target behavior can be measured in cumulative units
2. BTarget behavior only occurs once per observation period
3. CTo view behavior through proportional or relative change
4. DPersonal feedback is visually displayed
197Limiting an undesired behavior to restructure stimulus conditions is
1. AA consequent self-management tactic
2. BAn antecedent-based self-management tactic
3. CAlways used when possible to produce an effective self-management program
4. DNone of these
198A type of self-management tactic that typically involves the use of self-awareness training, competing response training, and motivation techniques is:
1. ASelf-instruction
2. BHabit Reversal
3. CMassed Practice
4. DNone of these
199This type of self-management tactic involves self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as response prompts for a desired behavior.
1. ASelf-instruction
2. BSelf-directed systematic desensitization
3. CHabit reversal
4. DNone of these
200Jamie frequently falls to the floor and screams at school. Preliminary behavioral assessment data indicate that his tantrums are maintained by attention and escape from demand situations. Jamie's behavior analyst wants to examine precisely how attention and escape conditions affect these behaviors. The behavior analyst does not want to conduct the analysis in Jamie's classroom because she would not be able to control for potentially important factors. Relating to this scenario, which statement is TRUE?
1. AA. Analyses that involve experimental conditions are almost always conducted in the person's natural environment.
2. BB. The behavior analyst could conduct the analysis in a vacant classroom, but the generality of the findings is an issue to be considered.
3. CC. The behavior analyst should conduct detailed interviews with the teacher and school staff to determine functional relations.
4. DD. Only if the analysis is conducted in Jamie's classroom can a reasonable hypothesis be generated.

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Description: Quiz on Cooper Book, created by Rachel Geen on 10/11/2019.
Author: Rachel Geen
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