ASTRONOMY II MIDTERM #1

1. 1"When the temperature of an object decreases, the wavelength at which it emits the greatest amount of energy (in its blackbody radiation spectrum) will increase (become longer) ". This statement best describes...
   
   

   1. AWien's Law
   2. Bthe First Law of Thermodynamics
   3. Cthe Doppler Effect
   4. DStefan-Boltzmann's Law
   5. EKirchoff's Law
2. 2The radiation our eyes are most sensitive to is the color...
   
   

   1. Ayellow-green at about 550 nm
   2. Bred at about 6563 Angstroms
   3. Cyellow at about 6600 Angstroms
   4. Dgreen at about 646 nm
   5. Eblue at about 4,382 nm
3. 3Which scientist came up with the theory that electrons could only orbit the nucleus of the atom with specific energy states (at specific energy levels)?
   
   

   1. AHeisenberg
   2. BRutherford
   3. CPlanck
   4. DBohr
   5. EThomson
4. 4In the vacuum of space, one of the following properties is the same for all types of electromagnetic waves. Which is it?
   

   1. Athey travel with the same speed
   2. Bthey all travel with the same photon energy
   3. Cthey all travel with the same frequency
   4. Dthey all travel with the same amplitude
   5. Ethey all travel with the same wavelength
5. 5If a wave's speed remains constant but it's wavelength is quadrupled (4X), then the wave's frequency...
   
   

   1. Awill now be 4× higher than what is was before.
   2. Bwill be unchanged, because c is constant.
   3. Cwill now be 4x lower than what it was before.
   4. Dwill now become16× lower than it was before.
   5. Ewill now be 16x higher than it was before.
6. 6Which of the following is NOT one of Kirchoff's laws?
   
   

   1. AA hot low-density gas emits an emission spectrum
   2. BA hot luminous liquid, solid or dense gas emits a continuous spectrum
   3. CA cool low-density gas in isolation creates a continuous spectrum.
   4. DA cool low-density gas absorbs photons from a continuous source, creating an absorption spectrum
7. 7The time it takes for one complete cycle or one complete wave pattern to pass a reference point is a measure of a wave's ________.
   
   

   1. Aperiod
   2. Bfrequency
   3. Camplitude
   4. Dphase
   5. Ewavelength
8. 8The blackbody emission curve (or profile) of a stellar object can be used to estimate the object's chemical composition.
   
   

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
9. 9Which of the following was Max Planck's greatest contribution to our understanding of electromagnetic radiation?
   
   

   1. AHe discovered that different wavelengths (colours) of light are refracted by different amounts when they passed into a different optically transparent medium.
   2. BHe theorized that EM radiation could be thought of as particles of energy (photons) with each type containing a different amount of energy based on their frequency or wavelength.
   3. CHe proved that EM waves could be altered and/or deflected by strong external magnetic or electric fields.
   4. DHe correctly predicted the discovery of x-rays in 1895.
   5. EHe developed the first theory able to mathematically explain the distribution of a blackbody EM spectrum at specific temperatures when an object is in thermal equilibrium with its external environment.
10. 10What happened that allowed Johann Ritter to realize that he had discovered ultraviolet waves?
    
    

    1. AHe saw that thermometers, when placed in the projected light path of a prism such that they sat just beyond the reach of the most violet colour of visiible light, began to rise suddenly in temperature.
    2. BHe noticed that, after several days of experiments with a projected light spectrum, a number of plants that were exposed to extreme violet light began to show curled and blistering leaves.
    3. CHe saw several types of rock samples fluoresce (glow) when placed at the extreme violet end of a visible light spectrum produced in a dark box.
    4. DHe saw silver chloride crystals undergo a chemical change when placed at the extreme violet end of a visible light spectrum produced in a dark box.
    5. EHe developed a sunburn on his hand when it was accidentally exposed to UV rays while he was experimenting with a visible light spectrum in a dark box.

11. 11Rutherford's experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil established that...
    

    1. Aatoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons
    2. Bprotons are not evenly distributed throughout an atom
    3. Celectrons have a negative charge
    4. Dproton has 1840 times the mass of an electron
    5. Eelectrons have a positive charge
12. 12The larger the red shift of a galaxy's overall spectrum, the faster the distant galaxy is rushing toward us.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
13. 13 In which of the following portions of the EM spectrum are electromagnetic waves able to penetrate the atmosphere and reach Earth's surface?
    
    

    1. AOnly waves in all the visible, UV and infrared portions of the EM spectrum can penetrate the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface.
    2. BOnly waves in all the visible portion of the spectrum, some in the infrared region and some radio wavelengths can penetrate the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface.
    3. CAll wavelengths in the EM spectrum are able to penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and reach its surface.
    4. DOnly waves in the visible light and radio wave regions of the EM spectrum can reach the Earth's surface.
    5. EOnly waves in the visible region and some parts of the microwave and UV regions of the EM spectrum can reach the Earth's surface.
14. 14Suppose you see two stars: a blue star and a red star. Which of the following can you conclude about the two stars? Assume that no Doppler shifts are involved. (Hint: Look in the lecture slides (Part 2): Radiation Laws for a good explanation.)
    
    

    1. AThe red star has a cooler surface temperature than the blue star.
    2. BThe red star is farther away than the blue star.
    3. CThe red star is more massive than the blue star.
    4. DThe blue star has a cooler surface temperature than the red star.
    5. EThe blue star is farther away than the red star.
15. 15Which of the following phenomena provide supporting evidence for the argument that electromagnetic energy (eg. light) must be wave-like in nature?
    
    1) interference 2) diffraction
    
    3) reflection 4) ability to travel through a vacuum

    1. Aanswers 1) and 2) only
    2. Banswers 2) and 4) only
    3. Canswers 1) and 3) only
    4. Danswers 1), 2) and 3) only
    5. Eall answers provide supporting evidence
16. 16A star's spectrum will only be observed to undergo a Doppler-shift when the star itself is moving towards or away from the observer. The observer's motion has no effect on the star's observed spectrum.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
17. 17In trying to visualize the size of specific forms of electromagnetic waves, it can be said that x-rays have wavelengths comparable in size to a(n)...
    
    

    1. Amicroscopic virus
    2. Bdust particle
    3. Catom
    4. Dpin head
    5. Eatomic nucleus
18. 18At what temperature does all atomic and molecular motion cease (we call it "absolute zero")?
    
    1) -373 º C 2) 273 º K 3) -273 º C 4) -512 º F

    1. Aanswers 3) and 4)
    2. Banswer 3) only
    3. Canswers 1) and 4)
    4. Danswer 2) only
    5. Eanswer 1) only
19. 19How are electromagnetic waves different than the other types of waves that we commonly experience in our daily lives?
    
    

    1. AEM waves are mechanical waves, whereas the other types are not.
    2. BEM waves can travel without the use of a medium, while all other types of waves cannot.
    3. CEM waves can not be seen or nor heard, while all other types of waves can.
    4. DEM waves carry energy while all other types of waves do not.
    5. EEM waves do not reflect, refract or diffract like other types of waves do.
20. 20For a hydrogen atom, when an electron jumps from the 1st energy level to the 3rd energy level (excited state), this will produce a(n) ____________________________ in its spectrum.
    
    

    1. Aultraviolet line
    2. Bblue-green absorption line
    3. Cred emission line
    4. Dinfrared line
    5. Eviolet emission line
21. 21Electrically charged particles that are oscillating cause electric and magnetic fields to spread rapidly out and away from the particles.
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
22. 22
    Which of the following places the types of electromagnetic waves listed in the correct order from shortest wavelength -->to--> longest wavelength?

    1. Ax-ray, visible light, microwave, infrared, radio
    2. Bgamma-ray, x-ray, microwave, visible light, infrared
    3. Cgamma-ray, microwave, visible light, infrared, radio wave
    4. Dmicrowave, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, x-ray
    5. Egamma-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, radio
23. 23Let's say that a particular emission line of hydrogen is originally emitted with an original wavelength of 410.8 nm from a star traveling quickly across our galaxy. Using a research telescope with an attached spectrometer, an astronomer observes and measures the wavelength of this emission line coming from the star to be 404.6 nm. Based on these numbers, how fast is this star moving toward or away from us here on Earth? (see example of this type of question in lecture slides or in textbook)
    
    

    1. Amoving towards earth at 4528 km/s
    2. Bmoving away from earth at 4597 km/s
    3. Cmoving away from earth at 1860 km/s.
    4. Dmoving away from earth at 4528 km/s
    5. Emoving towards earth at 4597 km/s
24. 24A boat is sitting anchored (stationary) in the middle of the Detroit River on a day when the winds are strong and steady and are producing waves of consistent speed, height and wavelength. Watching the waves, you notice that in 8 seconds, exactly 24 complete waves pass the boat's anchor chain. What is the frequency of the waves?
    
    

    1. A192 Hz
    2. B3 Hz
    3. C0.33 seconds
    4. D0.33 Hz
    5. E3 seconds
25. 25In the 1970s, astronomers discovered that many of the expected neutrinos supposedly emitted by the Sun were not being detected. A theory evolved that they were oscillating between three states as they travelled away from the Sun. What are the three states that a neutrino can take?
    
    

    1. Atau, electron, gluon
    2. Belectron, tau, and muon
    3. Ctau, sigma and muon
    4. Dmuon, gluon, and electron
    5. Egluon, sigma, and tau
26. 26A solar flare is a sudden violent eruption in the photosphere/chromosphere that releases a tremendous amount of ___________________ away from the solar surface in a very short period, as ________________________ in the "surface" readjust.
    
    

    1. Ax-rays; magnetic field lines
    2. BUV energy; granules
    3. Cx-rays; filaments
    4. Dmagnetic field lines; sunspots
    5. Egamma rays; spicules
27. 27The strongest magnetic fields in the photosphere lie near
    

    1. Aflares.
    2. Bgranules.
    3. Cprominences.
    4. Dauroras.
    5. Esunspots.
28. 28From Earth, we can observe individual sunspots moving across the face of the Sun as the Sun rotates. Because the Sun is large, the time it takes for them to move from the eastern edge of the Sun's disk over the western edge, from our viewpoint, is about
    
    

    1. Aa month.
    2. B5.5 years.
    3. C1 week.
    4. D2 months.
    5. Etwo weeks.
29. 29When considering the chemical composition of the Sun as measured by the percentage of mass of the entire Sun, hydrogen atoms account for the greatest amount by far, making up about 73.4% of all the atoms that are present. Helium atoms make up the next most common type of chemical, making up 25% of all atoms in the Sun by mass. Which type of atom is the third most abundant chemical by mass that is found in the Sun? (Check the online textbook)
    
    

    1. Ahelium
    2. Bhydrogen
    3. Ciron
    4. Doxygen
    5. Ecarbon
30. 30A sudden, violent disruption (usually found near a sunspot) that releases an enormous amount of energy in almost all wavelengths in a very short amount of time is called a solar ___________________________.
    
    

    1. Afilament
    2. Baurora
    3. Cflare
    4. Dfacula
    5. Eprominence
31. 31Who was the first scientist (1887) to notice that the sun's regular activity/sunspot cycle goes through occasional slumps, where for a number of years, there are significantly lower numbers of sunspots than normal - even in years of supposed maximum activity?
    
    

    1. AVesto Slipher
    2. BAlexander Friedmann
    3. CE.W. Maunder
    4. DJoseph von Fraunhofer
    5. EGustav Sporer
32. 32The Sun goes through a regular cycle of activity on its surface due to changes in its complex magnetic field. This cycle can be tracked by watching for changes in the number of sunspots that appear on its photosphere. The activity is at a maximum when the sunspot number is at its highest. On average, how long does the cycle last before it repeats itself?
    
    

    1. Abetween 25 and 35 days
    2. B365.25 days
    3. Cabout seven years
    4. Dabout 11 years
    5. Eabout 76 years
33. 33How often does the Sun's entire magnetic field flip in its orientation?
    
    

    1. Aonce every 176 years
    2. Bonce every 22 years
    3. Conce a month
    4. Donce every 11 years
    5. Eabout once every 18 months
34. 34The Sun's photosphere layer is composed of convecting bubbles of electrically charged gas particles.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
35. 35 Which of these layers of the Sun is the coolest?
    
    

    1. ATransition zone
    2. BConvection zone
    3. CChromosphere
    4. DCorona
    5. EPhotosphere
36. 36The Sun sheds about _____________________ tonnes of particles each second in a continuous flow out of its outer atmosphere (known as the "solar wind").
    
    

    1. A1,000
    2. B1 million
    3. C5 million
    4. D400,000
    5. E20,000
37. 37In order to produce the 4 x 1026 watts of energy that it radiates, the Sun, through nuclear fusion, must convert _______________________ tonnes of hydrogen into helium each second.
    
    

    1. A380,000
    2. B600 million
    3. C1.88 million
    4. D1.2 billion
    5. E20 million
38. 38The constantly changing markings on the surface of the Sun which are actually the tops of hot convective cells rising in the photosphere are known as...
    
    

    1. Afaculae
    2. Bspicules
    3. Cflares
    4. Dfilaments
    5. Egranules
39. 39Because of the tremendous pressure/density present in the Sun's radiative zone, photons of light trying to leave the core of the Sun take about __________________________ to travel through the radiative zone to the next outer solar layer.
    
    

    1. A8 months
    2. B600 years
    3. C200,000 years
    4. D12,000 years
    5. E12 weeks
40. 40While the photosphere produces chiefly visible light, most coronal energy is in the form of
    

    1. Agamma rays.
    2. Binfrared radiation.
    3. Cultraviolet light.
    4. Dradio waves.
    5. EX-rays.
41. 41Astronomers estimate that every second the sun produces an amount of energy equivalent to the explosion of about....
    

    1. A500 million 1-megaton nuclear bombs
    2. B400 billion 1-megaton nuclear bombs
    3. C250 million 1-megaton nuclear bombs
    4. D100 billion 1-megaton nuclear bombs
42. 42What causes the cycle of solar activity?
    
    

    1. AA cyclical build up and oxidation of carbon in the core.
    2. BThe gravitational collapse of helium atoms towards the core.
    3. CCyclical changes in the Sun's fusion rate due to sinking and mixing of heavier elements from outer core material.
    4. DThe cyclical build up and release of energy created through the radioactive decay of hydrogen isotopes in the region surrounding the core.
    5. EChanges in magnetic fields due to rotation and upwellings from deep in the solar interior by way of conveyor belts.
43. 43From the outside moving in towards the centre of the Sun, which sequence of layers is in the correct order for the structure of the Sun?
    
    

    1. Aphotosphere, chromosphere, radiative zone, core
    2. Btransition zone, photosphere, convective zone, radiative zone
    3. Ccorona, radiative zone, photosphere, core
    4. Dcore, radiative zone, convective zone, chromosphere
    5. Echromosphere, radiative zone, convective zone, core
44. 44Sunspots contain 2 zones - a cooler central umbra and a warmer outer penumbra.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
45. 45In the nuclear fusion process, two protons (from hydrogen atoms) can only fuse in a region where the minimum temperature is greater than about ___________________.
    
    

    1. A200 million K.
    2. B15 million K.
    3. C1,500,000 K.
    4. D12 million K.
    5. E100 million K.
46. 46Which is the net result of the proton-proton chain?
    

    1. A4 protons → 1 helium 4 + a positron + a neutrino + gamma rays
    2. B6 protons → 2 helium 4 + 3 positrons + 3 neutrinos + gamma rays
    3. C2 protons → deuterium + a positron + an antineutrino + X-rays
    4. D4 protons → 2 helium 2 + 2 positrons + ultraviolet radiation
    5. E4 protons → 1 helium 4 + 2 neutrinos + gamma rays
47. 47As a direct result of the nuclear reaction process in the central core of the Sun, the only EM radiation released into the outer portions of the core and the radiative layer immediately surrounding it is _________________________.
    
    

    1. Agamma rays
    2. Bvisible light
    3. CUV rays
    4. DX-rays
    5. Einfrared rays
48. 48Astronomers have discovered that the Sun pulsates - that is, it alternately expands and contracts, just as your chest expands and contracts as you breathe.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
49. 49Helioseismology has allowed scientists to develop a fairly sophisticated model of the internal structure of the Sun. This was possible through the study of ________________________ which astronomers began in the 1960's.
    
    

    1. Amagnetic field line reconnection events
    2. Bdoppler-shifted absorption lines in the solar spectrum
    3. Cchanges in solar x-ray flares
    4. Dcoronal mass ejections
    5. Evariations in the solar flux - the overall solar energy output
50. 50How much brighter will a 2nd magnitude star appear than a 4th magnitude star?
    
    

    1. A6.25 times
    2. B2.0 times
    3. C5.0 times
    4. D100 times
    5. E4.0 times
51. 51In the constellation Gemini, there are stars that are named α Gemini and β Gemini (designations that were part of a naming system derived from the Greek alphabet). Based on this information alone, which of the following statements is true?
    
    

    1. Aβ Gemini will be dimmer in apparent brightness than α Gemini.
    2. Bβ Gemini will have a lower luminosity than α Gemini.
    3. Cβ Gemini will be lower in surface temperature than α Gemini .
    4. DNone of these choices is true.
    5. Eβ Gemini will be farther east in its constellation than α Gemini.
52. 52In light of new studies, scientists have revised their estimates of how large in mass stars can be. What is now the range of masses in which it is believed that stars can exist?
    
    

    1. AStars can have any mass.
    2. BFrom about 0.08 to 250 solar masses
    3. CFrom about 0.01 to 100 solar masses
    4. DFrom about 0.1 to 20 solar masses
    5. EFrom about 0.5 to 160 solar masses
53. 53Although John Goodricke was deaf and lived a very short life, he made a significant contribution to the study of stars which earned him a medal and membership in the Royal Society (the most prestigious scientific body of his time). What was his contribution? (online text)
    
    

    1. AHe developed a theory that some stars vary in brightness because they have an eclipsing companion star.
    2. BHe developed the mathematical definition for the distance of a parsec.
    3. CHe was the first person to determine the temperature of a star from its absorption spectrum.
    4. DHe was the first to accurately determined the distance to the closest star system, Alpha Centauri.
    5. EHe was the first to theorize that some stars vary in brightness because they are physically changing in size and temperature.
54. 54A star's true 3-dimensional motion through space can be calculated by using its measured....
    
    

    1. ATransverse motion and Parallax distance
    2. Bradial motion and transverse motion
    3. CDoppler-shifted spectral lines and radial motion
    4. DParallax distance and Doppler-shifted spectral lines
    5. Eparallax distance and radial motion
55. 55Our Sun is what is known as a G2 spectral class star found on the main sequence in an HR diagram.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
56. 56Astronomers can estimate the size (radius) of a star by determining its spectral class and its rate of rotation (spin).
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
57. 57The region of space in our galaxy that makes up the local neighbourhood around our solar system is pretty empty. Astronomers have only discovered _________ or so stars within 13 light years (4 parsecs) of our Sun.
    
    

    1. A12
    2. B16
    3. C22
    4. D6
    5. E30
58. 58What percentage of all stars in the universe are part of a group that is known as the "main sequence"?
    
    

    1. A80%
    2. B65%
    3. C75%
    4. D90%
    5. E55%
59. 59By examining their spectral types, which of the following pairs of binary stars would be most similar in colour?
    
    

    1. AK3III and F2IV
    2. BF2V and A1II
    3. CK2III and G9Ia
    4. DO1III and B8V
    5. EB4IV and F1IV
60. 60If two stars are equal in their absolute brightness, but the second one is four times further away from the observer than the first one is, the second star will appear to the observer ___________________________ as bright as the first star.
    
    

    1. A1/4 (one-quarter)
    2. B1/2 (one-half)
    3. C1/8 (one-eigth)
    4. D1/16 (one-sixteenth)
    5. E1/100 (one-one hundreth)
61. 61Where on the H-R diagram would our Sun be plotted?
    
    

    1. Aat the bottom left.
    2. Bat the top right.
    3. Cat the top left.
    4. Dat the bottom right.
    5. Eabout the middle of the main sequence.
62. 62For stars not on the main sequence in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, astronomers can estimate their luminosity class (ie. giant, supergiant, etc.) by examining the width of the spectral lines they present.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
63. 63Which statement about stellar motion is incorrect?
    

    1. AThe closer stars usually show larger proper motions.
    2. BYou must also know the parallax to get the transverse velocity.
    3. CThe space velocity can be found from the radial and transverse velocities.
    4. DRadial velocity is measured by the Doppler shifts of the spectral lines.
    5. EProper motion is measured in intervals of six months.
64. 64When compared to other stars in our galaxy, the Sun is considered to be a slightly 'below-average' star in terms of its intensity or rate of energy output. In fact, if we consider just the stars visible to the unaided eye in the night sky, most are many times more luminous than the Sun. Of the 9000 or so stars that can be seen with the unaided eye from dark locations, only about _____ are intrinsically fainter than the Sun in their energy output. (see text, chapter 18)
    
    

    1. A50
    2. B2200
    3. C3500
    4. D200
    5. E20
65. 65By definition, the absolute magnitude of a star is its apparent brightness as seen from
    
    

    1. A10 light-years distance.
    2. B10 parsecs distance.
    3. Cthe same distance as the Sun (1 AU).
    4. D1 parsec distance.
    5. E1 light-year distance.
66. 66A star is observed to move with respect to background stars due to parallax. If its parallactic angle is 0.01 arc seconds, its distance from the Sun will be...
    
    

    1. A326 light-years
    2. B32.6 parsecs
    3. C3.26 light-years
    4. D32.6 light-years
    5. E3.26 parsecs
67. 67The H-R diagram can plot
    

    1. Atemperature versus mass.
    2. Bapparent magnitude versus spectral classes.
    3. Cradius versus luminosity.
    4. Dtemperature versus luminosity.
    5. Eradius versus mass.
68. 68The characteristics of the absorption/emission spectrum that a star emits is directly related to the temperature at its surface.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
69. 69When plotted on the H-R diagram, red supergiant stars like Antares are located...
    
    

    1. Aat the top centre.
    2. Bat the bottom right.
    3. Cat the top right.
    4. Dat the top left.
    5. EThey can't be plotted, for they are not main sequence.
70. 70For stars that are on the main sequence in the Hurtzsprung-Russell diagram, astronomers can use a method called "spectroscopic parallax" to estimate a star's __________________________.
    
    

    1. Adistance from Earth
    2. Bmass
    3. Cluminosity
    4. Dsize (radius)
    5. Edensity
71. 71When we compare all the different types of stars that have been discovered to the physical size of the Sun, we find that they can range in dimension from about...
    
    

    1. A0.08 to 8,000 solar radii.
    2. B0.001 to 50,000 solar radii.
    3. C0.01 to 2,000 solar radii.
    4. D0.1 to 100 solar radii.
    5. E0.5 to 150 solar radii.
72. 72Astronomers still use a modified version of the apparent magnitude scale developed by Hipparchus over 2,000 years ago. On this modified scale, the dimmest objects that are currently detectable by the Hubble Space Telescope and Keck Telescopes are measured to be at about magnitude ______________, which is approximately 2 trillion times dimmer than the brightest star visible in our night sky.
    
    

    1. A+30
    2. B+0.0001
    3. C+0.00001
    4. D+48
    5. E+26
73. 73Based on current accurate counts of different star types wtihin our local part of the Milky Way galaxy, low mass red dwarf stars make up about 70% of all the stars present.
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
74. 74The most massive main sequence stars are of spectral class ...
    
    

    1. AA
    2. BF
    3. CO
    4. DM
    5. EK
75. 75Which of these stars would be the coolest?
    
    

    1. AB0
    2. BK7
    3. CG2
    4. DF10
    5. EA0
76. 76A certain star has a spectral class of M2III. What type of star is it?
    
    

    1. Ared giant star
    2. BYellow supergiant star
    3. Cred supergiant star
    4. Dred main sequence star
    5. Eorange sub-giant star
77. 77Binary stars are pairs of stars that orbit one another in space. Over the years, astronomers have discovered that they are quite common and have classified them into several different sub-groups. Back in 1889, astronomer Edward C. Pickering discovered that the star Mizar in the constellation Ursa Major was a special case of a binary star system - the first example of one of these sub-groups. Which subgroup of binary stars did he discover? (See online text, chapter 18)
    
    

    1. Acontact binaries
    2. Bcataclysmic binaries
    3. Cspectroscopic binaries
    4. Declipsing binaries
    5. Eastrometric binaries
78. 78There are stellar objects in space with temperatures on their surfaces that are thousands of degrees hotter than our Sun. In spite of this, their luminosities are actually hundreds or even thousands of times lower than the Sun. These objects are known as...
    
    

    1. ASymbiotic stars
    2. BBlue Stragglers
    3. CBrown Dwarfs
    4. DWhite Dwarfs
    5. EO- and B-Type main sequence stars
79. 79The first person to develop a magnitude system for categorizing stars by their visual (apparent) brightness was...
    
    

    1. AEudoxus
    2. BPtolemy
    3. CAl-Battani
    4. DHipparchus
    5. EAristarchus

Description

Based on chapters 1, 2, 3.

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Nya Niel

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