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Ethical Language A Level Edexcel

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Revision quiz for the Ethical Language topic of Unit 3 Ethics (A2 Religious Studies Developments Edexcel)
fstok
Quiz by fstok, updated more than 1 year ago
fstok
Created by fstok about 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
What is meta-ethics?
Answer
  • studying of ethical language
  • a judgement

Question 2

Question
What do ethical naturalists believe?
Answer
  • We can define good in a non-moral, natural way
  • We cannot define good in a non-moral, natural way

Question 3

Question
What do ethical non-naturalists believe?
Answer
  • We can define good in a non-moral, natural way.
  • We cannot define good in a non-moral, natural way.

Question 4

Question
How would ethical naturalists describe moral truths?
Answer
  • cognitive and objective
  • non-propositional
  • factual and realist
  • non-reductionist
  • propositional

Question 5

Question
How would ethical non-naturalists describe moral truths?
Answer
  • non-cognitive, subjective, anti-realist
  • propositional
  • non-propositional

Question 6

Question
What is Hume's book called?
Answer
  • Principia Ethica
  • Language, Truth and Logic
  • Dialogues of Natural Religion
  • Summa Theologica
  • A Treatise of Human Nature

Question 7

Question
Hume was an ethical non-naturalist
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 8

Question
Explain the 'is-ought' gap?
Answer
  • You can't move from a descriptive (is) statement to a prescriptive (ought) statement. This would be logically invalid because factual statements don't lead to value judgements.
  • Explains how there is no moral knowledge because it is neither synthetic or analytic.
  • Moral knowledge does exist but we cannot jump from 'is' to 'ought'. We have to go from 'ought' to 'is'

Question 9

Question
Explain Hume's Fork.
Answer
  • What Hume used to eat dinner.
  • Hume's Fork demonstrates Hume's belief that knowledge can be either synthetic or analytic. Since morality is neither, it cannot be knowledge. Thus morality is only a belief and has no place on the fork.
  • Descriptive statements do not lead to a prescriptive statement.
  • We cannot intuit good

Question 10

Question
What is the oranges example by Tyler and what does it show?
Answer
  • The example of oranges says that we should eat oranges because they contain vitamin C.
  • The oranges examples demonstrates the is-ought gap. Just because oranges contain vitamin C (descriptive statement) doesn't meant that we ought to eat them (prescriptive statement).
  • Tyler argues that we shouldn't have to eat oranges because some people are allergic.
  • The oranges example explains how simple terms, such as orange, cannot be reduced or broken down into separate definitions.

Question 11

Question
What is Moore's book called?
Answer
  • A Treatise of Human Nature
  • The God Delusion
  • Principia Ethica
  • Summa Theologica
  • Language, Truth and Logic
  • Language Games

Question 12

Question
Moore is an ethical naturalist.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
Explain the naturalistic fallacy.
Answer
  • We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we try to define good. Good is a unique term that cannot be defined.
  • It is illogical to move from a factual statement to a value judgement because they are unrelated.
  • We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we define good because good is a complex term that can be defined.
  • We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we try to define bad, since it cannot be defined.

Question 14

Question
What is Moore's quote about good?
Answer
  • "Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
  • "self-control is essential"
  • "This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence."
  • "Good is good and that is that"
  • "Good is an illusion"

Question 15

Question
Explain Moore's Open Question Argument.
Answer
  • The Open Question Argument is used to challenge ethical naturalism.
  • A closed question, such as is a bachelor an unmarried man?, has the answer contained in the question.
  • An open question, such as is pleasure really good?, has the answer contained in the question.
  • An open question, such as is pleasure really good?, doesn't have the answer within the question.
  • Moore uses Open Questions to support his argument.
  • Every attempt at defining good leaves us with an open question and this shows the failure of ethical naturalism.

Question 16

Question
Despite being an ethical non-naturalist, what does Moore believe that is different from Hume?
Answer
  • Objective moral truths exist.
  • Good can be defined.
  • Moral knowledge exists.
  • Objective moral truths don't exist.
  • Moral knowledge is cognitive, realist and propositional.

Question 17

Question
Moore believes that we intuit what is good and thus although we cannot define good, we can understand good.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Objective moral truths exists, according to Moore.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
What is Moore's quote about intuitionism and moral knowledge.
Answer
  • "Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
  • "good is rather like yellow"
  • "always look on the bright side of life"
  • "infallible, intuitive knowledge"
  • "intuitive, infallible knowledge"

Question 20

Question
Moore believes that we can define good because it is a simple term.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
What colour does Moore compare with good in order to explain simple terms?
Answer
  • Orange
  • Purple
  • Gold
  • Yellow

Question 22

Question
What is Moore's example of a complex term that can be reduced down into a definition?
Answer
  • Bird
  • Horse
  • Yellow
  • Carrot

Question 23

Question
Intuitionism is a cognitive theory.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 24

Question
We use our intuition to work out what is good and therefore it is self-evident.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
Moore is a traditional intuitionist
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
Tick three strengths of intuitionism.
Answer
  • Avoids naturalistic fallacy
  • We intuit differently
  • Intuitionism motivates us to act morally
  • Satisfies the moral absolutist
  • Intuitionism removes the confusion and ambiguity of trying to define good. Deciding on a right action is simplified as we intuit what is good.

Question 27

Question
Tick three weaknesses of Intuitionism.
Answer
  • We can't know if our intuition is correct.
  • Intuitionism doesn't satisfy the moral absolutist.
  • It is a form of realism.
  • We can't clarify what intuition is. Is it a conscience or a gut feeling?
  • Intuitionism doesn't motivate us morally.
  • We have a common intuition.

Question 28

Question
Who created emotivism?
Answer
  • Hume
  • Moore
  • Bentham
  • Ayer
  • Stevenson

Question 29

Question
Tick two things that Ayer believed about intuitionism.
Answer
  • Ayer disagrees with intuitionism because it is subjective.
  • Intuitionism can be verified.
  • Intuitionism cannot be empirically verified.
  • Ayer preferred Hume's Fork.

Question 30

Question
What was Ayer's book called?
Answer
  • Language, Logic and Truth
  • Truth, Logic and Language
  • Truth, Language and Logic
  • Language, Truth and Logic

Question 31

Question
Ayer believes ethical terms cannot be verified because they are "pseudo-concepts" and cannot be analysed.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 32

Question
According to Ayer, ethical terms add something to factual content because they are valuable.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 33

Question
Tick two quotes by Ayer that describe what ethical terms are.
Answer
  • "moral sentiment"
  • "Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
  • "Good is good and that is that"
  • "verbal ejaculation"
  • "good is rather like yellow"

Question 34

Question
Explain the Ayer's 'boo-hurrah' theory.
Answer
  • Ethical terms are just expressions of our emotions. For example, saying stealing is wrong is just a 'boo' and saying sharing is right is a 'hurrah'. There is no factual value to ethical terms.
  • Ayer believes that intuitionism is 'boo' and emotivism is 'hurrah'
  • The 'boo-hurrah' theory is used to demonstrate how ethical terms can be verified and have emotional value.

Question 35

Question
Stevenson developed Ayer's emotivism.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
What is Stevenson's essay called?
Answer
  • The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms
  • Principia Ethica
  • A Treatise of Human Nature
  • Modern Moral Philosophy
  • Emotivism: The Book
  • The Emotional Meaning of Ethical Terms

Question 37

Question
Stevenson believes that ethical statements have two purposes. Tick the correct two purposes.
Answer
  • Ethical statements add to factual content.
  • Ethical statements express our own psychological beliefs/attitudes.
  • Ethical statements are unverifiable.
  • Ethical statements are an attempt to persuade others of our feeling.
  • Ethical statements are an attempt to discourage people thinking.

Question 38

Question
Stevenson's theory is different from Ayer's emotivism because it gives meaning to ethical language.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 39

Question
Tick three strengths of emotivism.
Answer
  • Emotivism is just a shouting match of emotions.
  • Emotivism acknowledges different moral views.
  • Stevenson gives purpose and meaning to ethical language and his argument makes sense.
  • We are able to remove reason from moral judgements.
  • Emotivism explains why moral disputes are impossible to resolve because they are impossible to prove/verify

Question 40

Question
Tick three weaknesses of emotivism. (Hint: This can include any criticisms made by scholars)
Answer
  • Barclay believes we need laws in our society to avoid chaos so we cannot just rely on emotion.
  • Emotivism helps us express ourselves.
  • MacIntyre criticises emotivism because it is just a shouting match of emotivism
  • Emotivism rejects moral absolutes and is subjective
  • Emotivism is boring and doesn't make sense.

Question 41

Question
Ayer's quote criticising intuitionism.
Answer
  • "Good is good and that is the end of that"
  • "a mere appeal to intuition is worthless as a test of a proposition's validity"
  • "Good is good and that is that"
  • "Verification is the only way"
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