Quiz
Cardiorespiratory anatomy
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Questions in this quiz (64)
1The sternum is located in the midline of anterior chest
It has 3 parts Has three parts:
[blank_start]manubrium[blank_end]
Body
[blank_start]Xiphoid[blank_end] process
The manubrium has the jugular notch at T[blank_start]3[blank_end], either side of which are the [blank_start]sternoclavicular[blank_end] joints.
The sternal angle is found where the manubrium articulates with eh body of the sternum at T[blank_start]2[blank_end].- Amanubrium
- BXiphoid
- C3
- Dsternoclavicular
- E2
2In the thoracic spine, costal [blank_start]facets[blank_end] are found on the transverse processes to articulate with the [blank_start]tubercles[blank_end] of the ribs, present on T1 to T10 only
- Afacets
- Btubercles
3Ribs 1-7 articulate directly with the [blank_start]sternum[blank_end], rest articulate with [blank_start]costal[blank_end] cartilage of rib 7, except 11 and 12
- Asternum
- Bcostal
4Atypical ribs:
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D12
- E5
- F6
- G11
- H8
- I9
- J10
5The neurovascular bundles of the ribcage are located in the [blank_start]intercostal[blank_end] space, of which there are 11 on each side, numbered for the rib [blank_start]superior[blank_end] to the space.
- Aintercostal
- Bsuperior
6The contents of the costal groove (NVB) are:
- AVein, artery, nerve, VAN top to bottom
- BVein, artery, nerve, VAN bottom to top
- Cartery, Nerve, vein, NAV bottom to top
- Dartery, Nerve, vein, NAV top to bottom
7[blank_start]Pump[blank_end] handle movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the cavity through elevation of the ribs anteriorly.
[blank_start]Bucket[blank_end] handle movement increases the lateral diameter of the thoracic cavity by elevation of the ribs laterally.- APump
- BBucket
8The ascending aorta arises from the [blank_start]left[blank_end] ventricle, in the central mediastinum
- Aleft
9The arch of the aorta passes in front of the trachea at T[blank_start]4[blank_end] in a leftward direction, becoming the descending aorta.
It gives off three significant branches s it does so:
[blank_start]Brachiocephalic[blank_end] artery
Left carotid
Left [blank_start]subclavian[blank_end]- ABrachiocephalic
- Bsubclavian
- C4
10The descending aorta passes from the lateral border of T4 to the anterior border of [blank_start]T12[blank_end]
- AT12
11The paired posterior intercostal arteries for each intercostal space, the two bronchial arteries and various mediastinal and oesophageal branches are derived from the [blank_start]descending[blank_end] aorta
- Adescending
12The ribs are drained by intercostal veins in the neurovascular bundle on the inferior side of each rib. These drain into:
-the [blank_start]azygos[blank_end] vein on the right
-the [blank_start]hemiazygos[blank_end] veins on the left
These empty into the superior vena cava, formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins at T4.
- Aazygos
- Bhemiazygos
13The parietal nodes of the thorax are the [blank_start]parasternal[blank_end], phrenic, and intercostal.
The [blank_start]thoracic[blank_end] duct extends from the abdomen to the neck, where it ends in one of the large veins. It begins as a dilatation called the cisterna chyli, passes through or near the aortic opening of the diaphragm, and ascends in the posterior mediastinum between the aorta and the azygos vein.
Next it crosses obliquely to the left, posterior to and then along the [blank_start]left[blank_end] side of the oesophagus. Finally it passes posterior to the left subclavian artery, enters the neck (where it forms an arch above the level of the clavicle), and commonly ends in the left internal jugular vein- Aparasternal
- Bthoracic
- Cleft
14Sternoclavicular joint is an [blank_start]atypical[blank_end] synovial joint between the sternum and clavicle.
Acromioclavicular joint is also an [blank_start]atypical[blank_end] synovial joint, between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.- Aatypical
- Btypical
- Catypical
- Dtypical
15Pectoralis major is innervated by [blank_start]medial pectoral[blank_end] and [blank_start]lateral pectoral[blank_end] nerves from the brachial plexus
- Amedial pectoral
- Blateral pectoral
16Pectoralis minor is innervated by the [blank_start]medial[blank_end] pectoral nerve
- Amedial
17Serratus anterior protracts scapula, preventing "winging". It isinnervated by the [blank_start]long thoracic[blank_end] nerve of bell.
- Along thoracic
18[blank_start]Acini[blank_end] cells are the smallest functional unit of the breast, in breast glands.
They contain secretory, epithelial cells with an outer layer of myoepithelial cells.- AAcini
19[blank_start]Suspensory ligaments of cooper[blank_end] form connective tissue septae between lobes of the breast
- ASuspensory ligaments of cooper
20The base of the breast lies on the [blank_start]pectoral[blank_end] fascia, which acts as an attachment point for the suspensory ligaments.
- Apectoral
- Bclavipectoral
- Cdeep
- Dthoracic
21Neurovasculature which pierce the clavipectoral fascia can be remembered by the mnemonic "CALL":
[blank_start]Cephalic[blank_end] vein
[blank_start]Thoracoacromial[blank_end] artery
[blank_start]Lateral[blank_end] pectoral nerve
Lymph nodes from the pectoral region to the apical group of axillary nodes- ALateral
- BCephalic
- CThoracoacromial
22Blood supply to the breast is via 2 main sources:
Lateral thoracic artery (branch of [blank_start]axillary[blank_end])
Internal thoracic artery (branch of [blank_start]subclavian[blank_end])- Aaxillary
- Bsubclavian
23Lymphatic drainage of the breast is very significant because in relation to cancer of the breast
5 groups:
[blank_start]Apical[blank_end] (drain into subclavian vein)
Central
[blank_start]Anterior[blank_end] (important for cancer)
Posterior
[blank_start]Lateral[blank_end]- AApical
- BAnterior
- CLateral
24The pericardium is the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer [blank_start]fibrous[blank_end] layer and an inner double layer of [blank_start]serous[blank_end] membrane
- Aserous
- Bfibrous
25The Pericardial cavity is located in the [blank_start]Fibrous[blank_end] pericardium
- AFibrous
- BSerous
- CVisceral
26When listening to heart sounds, The "lub" s generated by the closure of the [blank_start]mitral and tricuspid[blank_end] valves, and the "dub" is the closure of the [blank_start]aortic and pulmonary valves[blank_end]
- Amitral and tricuspid
- BAortic and pulmonary
- Caortic and pulmonary valves
- DMitral and tricuspid
27Blood supply to the heart is via the coronary arteries. There are two main branches, the left and right, arising from the left and right aortic sinuses, within the aorta.
The LCA branches to give the Left [blank_start]anterior descending[blank_end] branch (LAD)
The LCA also gives off:
the [blank_start]left marginal[blank_end] artery (LMA)
the left [blank_start]circumflex[blank_end] artery (Cx).
The right coronary artery (RCA), which branches to form the right [blank_start]marginal[blank_end] artery (RMA) anteriorly, and the posterior [blank_start]interventricular[blank_end] (PIv) posteriorly.
- Aanterior descending
- Bleft marginal
- Ccircumflex
- Dmarginal
- Einterventricular
28Blood travels from the subendocardium in the wall of the heart to the [blank_start]thebesian[blank_end] veins, small tributaries in the myocardium (embedded in the heart muscle). These veins drain into the larger veins which culminate at the coronary [blank_start]sinus[blank_end], the main vein of the heart on the posterior surface in the coronary [blank_start]sulcus[blank_end] between the left and right ventricles, and which drains into the right atrium. The opening for the sinus is found between the right atrioventricular orifice and the inferior vena cava orifice.
The coronary sinus has 5 tributaries:
The great cardiac vein
The small cardiac vein
The middle cardiac vein
The left marginal vein
The left posterior ventricular vein- Athebesian
- Bsinus
- Csulcus
29The right atrium receives [blank_start]deoxygenated[blank_end] blood from the systemic circuit, via the superior and inferior vena cavae, as well as the coronary veins.
- Adeoxygenated
- Boxygenated
30The right auricle is an atrial muscular appendage which functions to [blank_start]increase the capacity[blank_end] of the atrium.
- Aincrease the capacity
31The two parts of the right atrium are separated by a muscular ridge called the [blank_start]crista terminalis[blank_end]
- Acrista terminalis
32The outflow portion of the left atrium is located anteriorly and includes the left auricle and is lined by [blank_start]pectinate[blank_end] muscles
- Apectinate
33In the right ventricle, the apices of the [blank_start]papillary[blank_end] muscles are attached to chordae tendinae, fibrous cords which then attach to the cusps of the [blank_start]tricuspid[blank_end] valve
- Apapillary
- Btricuspid
34In the left ventricle, the inflow portion walls are lined with trabeculae carneae, and there are two [blank_start]papillary[blank_end] muscles which attach to the cusps of the mitral valve. The outflow part is known as the aortic [blank_start]vestibule[blank_end], and is smooth-walled with no trabeculae carneae.
- Apapillary
- Bvestibule
35The cardiac [blank_start]skeleton[blank_end] is a collection of [blank_start]fibrous[blank_end] connective tissue arranged in four rings, which supports the openings of the heart, and separates the atrial and ventricular musculature.
- Afibrous
- Bskeleton
36[blank_start]Chordae tendineae[blank_end] attach to the free edges of the valve cusps, and attach the papillary muscles located on the inner surfaces of the ventricles, and these contract in ventricular systole to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets into the [blank_start]atria[blank_end].
- AChordae tendineae
- Batria
37No vessels arise from the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] sinus of the aortic valve,, so it is also known as the non-coronary sinus.
- Aposterior
38Papillary muscle contraction in ventricular systole prevents the prolapse of valve leaflets into the atria. The sub-valvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the [blank_start]pressure gradient[blank_end] across the valve, which causes the valves to open when the pressure reaches a certain threshold in the atria or ventricles, allowing blood to flow in one way but not backwards, as the subsequent decrease in pressure causes the valves to re-close. This closure causes [blank_start]S1[blank_end].
- Apressure gradient
- BS1
39The [blank_start]semilunar[blank_end] valves are found at the junction between ventricles and vessels, and they permit blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae, and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves. The closure of the [blank_start]semilunar[blank_end] valves causes S2.
- Asemilunar
- Bsemilunar
40Label
- ASA node
- BAV node
- CBundle of His
41Purkinje fibres are a network of specialised cells which are abundant with glycogen and have extensive gap junctions. These cells are located in the [blank_start]subendocardial[blank_end] surface of the ventricular walls
- Asubendocardial
42Clinical:
Heart block
Heart block is an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too [blank_start]slowly[blank_end] (bradycardia). In this condition, the electrical signals that tell the heart to contract are partially or totally blocked between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles).- Aslowly
43[blank_start]WPW[blank_end]
The presence of an alternative/ accessory conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles,
Individuals with WPW have an accessory pathway that communicates between the atria and the ventricles, in addition to the AV node. This accessory pathway is known as the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway does not share the rate-slowing properties of the AV node, and may conduct electrical activity at a significantly higher rate than the AV node. The bypass of the AV node causes aberrant electrical conduction and the abnormal rhythm can lead to cardiac death if the heart rate is raised to a high level.
[blank_start]First degree AV node block[blank_end]
Occurs when the conduction through the AV node is slowed, delaying the time taken for the action potential to travel from the SA node, through the AV node into the ventricles. It is indicated on ECG by a prolonged PR interval.
[blank_start]Second degree AV node block[blank_end]
Disorder in which there is an interruption or delay in the atrial impulse conduction to the ventricles through the AV node and subsequently the bundle of His. On the ECG, some P waves have no QRS complex after them.
In both types, a P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex; but, in Type 1, there are increasing delays in each cycle before the omission, whereas, in Type 2, there is no such pattern
Third degree AV node block
A disorder in which the impulse generated at the SA node doesn't propagate from the atria to the ventricles. This causes an abnormal rhythm, as there is a complete dissociation of ventricular and atrial activity. On an ECG, there will be normal PP and RR interval, a lack of relationship between P waves and QRS complexes and more P waves present than QRS complexes
[blank_start]Long QT syndrome[blank_end]
It can cause sudden, uncontrollable, dangerous arrhythmias in response to exercise or stress
Affects repolarization of the heart after a heartbeat which results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat.
The long QT interval is due to the longer time taken for repolarisation of the heart- ALong QT syndrome
- BWPW
- CFirst degree AV node block
- DSecond degree AV node block
44In the embryo, the cardiogenic field is initially horseshoe-shaped and surrounded by cardiac [blank_start]myoblasts[blank_end] with the apex of the cardiogenic field eventually developing into primitive [blank_start]ventricles[blank_end] along with their respective outflow tracts.
Eventually, it forms a primitive heart tube continuous with vascular structures.- Amyoblasts
- Bventricles
45The cardiac loop forms when the cranial aspect of the heart tube bends to the right while the caudal aspect of the heart tube bends towards the left.
The formation of the cardiac loop takes approximately five days, nearing completion by day 28. The proximal aspect of the heart tube forms the [blank_start]bulbus[blank_end] [blank_start]cordis[blank_end], which develops into the trabeculated parts of the right ventricle.
The middle segment of the heart tube is the [blank_start]conus[blank_end] cordis and is the precursor for the ventricular outflow tracts.
The distal portion of the heart tube is referred to as the [blank_start]truncus[blank_end] [blank_start]arteriosus[blank_end].
The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the proximal portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery.- Abulbus
- Bcordis
- Cconus
- Dtruncus
- Earteriosus
46By the end of the 4th developmental week, the roof of the common atrium develops a crest-like structure known as the [blank_start]septum[blank_end] [blank_start]primum[blank_end]. The septum primum is sickle-shaped, and the two inferior limbs of the septum primum migrate toward the endocardial cushion.
As the septum primum and the endocardial cushions do not fully fuse initially, there remains an opening called the [blank_start]ostium[blank_end] [blank_start]primum[blank_end].
Physiologic apoptosis produces perforations in the septum primum which ultimately coalesce to form a structure called the ostium secundum.- Aseptum
- Bprimum
- Costium
- Dprimum
47Situs [blank_start]solitus[blank_end]: altered position of the great vessels
Situs [blank_start]inversus[blank_end]: everything is on the other side- Asolitus
- Binversus
48Atrial septal defects ([blank_start]Acyanotic[blank_end] heart disease) are characterised by a [blank_start]Left[blank_end] to [blank_start]right[blank_end] shunting of blood
- AAcyanotic
- BLeft
- Cright
49Ostium primum defects disrupt [blank_start]AV[blank_end] node
- AAV
50Persistent truncus arteriosus means you have no septum, just a single common outflow tract which allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to mix so it is a [blank_start]Cyanotic[blank_end] condition
- ACyanotic
51Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital abnormalities. The four defects include a [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] [blank_start]septal[blank_end] defect (VSD), [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] valve stenosis, a misplaced [blank_start]aorta[blank_end] and a thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy)
- Aventricular
- Bseptal
- Cpulmonary
- Daorta
52Transposition of the great vessels The [blank_start]conotruncal[blank_end] septum fails to spiral, so the right ventricle flows into the right vessel (the aorta)
The left ventricle flows into the left vessel (pulmonary circuit)
This is a cyanotic condition- Aconotruncal
53In the embryo:
The 3rd aortic becomes the [blank_start]carotid[blank_end] arteries.
The 4th arch becomes the [blank_start]arch[blank_end] of the [blank_start]aorta[blank_end] on its left branch and the subclavian artery on the right branch.
The 5th arch obliterates.
The 6th arch forms the [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] [blank_start]trunk[blank_end] and arteries
In the foetus, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the [blank_start]4th[blank_end] aortic arch and the left under the [blank_start]6th[blank_end].- Acarotid
- Barch
- Caorta
- Dpulmonary
- Etrunk
- F4th
- G6th
54Ductus arteriosus allows most of the blood from the right [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end] to bypass the foetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs. Prenatally the ductus arteriosus is open so blood flows [blank_start]right[blank_end] to [blank_start]left[blank_end].
Patent Ductus Arteriosus allows blood to flow [blank_start]left[blank_end] to [blank_start]right[blank_end] postnatally, leading to an [blank_start]acyanotic[blank_end] heart condition, with pulmonary hypertension and a machine-like murmur in systole and diastole.- Aventricle
- Bright
- Cleft
- Dleft
- Eright
- Facyanotic
55[blank_start]Coarcation[blank_end] of the [blank_start]aorta[blank_end] is a narrowing of the aorta usually happens in the part of the blood vessel just after the arteries branch off, which blocks normal blood flow to the body. This can back up flow into the [blank_start]left[blank_end] ventricle of the heart, making the muscles in this ventricle work harder to get blood out of the heart. Since the narrowing of the aorta is usually located after arteries branch to the upper body, coarctation in this region can lead to normal or high blood pressure and pulsing of blood in the head and arms and low blood pressure and weak pulses in the legs and lower body.
- ACoarcation
- Baorta
- Cleft
56[blank_start]Cyanotic[blank_end] defects:
Right to left shunt, reduced flow to pulmonary circulation.
3T's
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
[blank_start]Acyanotic[blank_end]
Left to right shunt
3Ds- ASD, VSD, PDA- ACyanotic
- BAcyanotic
- CCyanotic
- DAcyanotic
57The [blank_start]bronchopulmonary[blank_end] segments are the largest functional divisions of the anatomical lobes of the lungs, each with its own blood and air supply.
- Abronchopulmonary
58Superior mediastinum extends upwards from the transthoracic line at [blank_start]T4[blank_end]
- AT4
59 the heart, the pericardium, tracheal bifurcation and the left and right main bronchi are contained within the [blank_start]middle[blank_end] mediastinum
- Amiddle
60Posterior mediastinum contents:
DATES
[blank_start]Descending[blank_end] aorta
[blank_start]Azygos[blank_end] and hemiazygos veins
[blank_start]Thoracic[blank_end] duct
[blank_start]Esophagus[blank_end]
[blank_start]Sympathetic[blank_end] trunk- ADescending
- BAzygos
- CThoracic
- DEsophagus
- ESympathetic
61Esophagus:
Upper is supplied by the [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] [blank_start]thyroid[blank_end] artery
Middle is supplied by branches directly from the [blank_start]aorta[blank_end] lower is supplied by the left [blank_start]gastric[blank_end] artery- Ainferior
- Bthyroid
- Caorta
- Dgastric
62Thoracic duct Ascends in the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] mediastinum
Initially, on the right side
At [blank_start]T5[blank_end] moves behind the oesophagus
At [blank_start]T4[blank_end], crosses to left side
Run into the left brachiocephalic vein- Aposterior
- BT5
- CT4
63Two crura of the diaphragm overlap in the middle save for the oesophageal hiatus formed by the median [blank_start]arcuate[blank_end] ligament
- Aarcuate
64Diaphragmatic Pain is referred to the shoulder; [blank_start]C4[blank_end]
- AC4
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- Description
- Medicine Quiz on Cardiorespiratory anatomy , created by Phil Howard on 10/05/2020.
- Author
- Phil Howard
- Language
- English
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- History
- Created on 10 May 2020 · updated on 17 May 2020
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