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12 mark questions

Carla Simons 8 questions

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Questions in this quiz (8)

  1. 1Describe the composition of blood to include the role and function of intra cellular and extracellular components;

    Blood consists of two main components ; [blank_start]plasma[blank_end] which is a clear [blank_start]extracellular[blank_end] fluid and formed elements, which is made up of [blank_start]blood[blank_end] cells and [blank_start]platelets[blank_end] ([blank_start]intracellular[blank_end] component)
    The intracellular components are; [blank_start]erythrocytes[blank_end] also known as RBCS, [blank_start]leucocytes[blank_end] also known as WBCS. platelets also known as [blank_start]thrombocytes[blank_end]. plasma or the extracellular component contains the following components; [blank_start]90%[blank_end] water, mineral [blank_start]salts[blank_end]-maintain fluid balance of the body-Na +Cl in [blank_start]ECF[blank_end] (K+P IN [blank_start]ICF[blank_end]) plasma proteins-[blank_start]albumin[blank_end]-involved in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure and circulating blood volume. [blank_start]Prothrombin[blank_end] and [blank_start]fibrinogen[blank_end] involved in blood [blank_start]clotting[blank_end], [blank_start]immunoglobulins[blank_end] which are antibodies involved in the bodies natural defence mechanism against [blank_start]disease[blank_end]. End products of of nutrients - [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] and [blank_start]amino[blank_end] acids to provide energy to cells and tissues or storage in the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] and muscle cells. Waste products-[blank_start]urea[blank_end] and [blank_start]creatine[blank_end] for exertion through the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end]. Hormones and [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end]. blood gases-[blank_start]02[blank_end] in the rbis and c02 in the veins as [blank_start]hc03[blank_end]. cells-erythrocytes-contains [blank_start]haemoglobin[blank_end] to carry oxygen. [blank_start]leucocytes[blank_end] also known as white blood cells (WBCS) involved in fighting infection and defence mechanisms. Neutrophils and monocytes -[blank_start]phagocytosis[blank_end]/cell division. Eosinophils- [blank_start]parasitic[blank_end] infections. Basophils-severe [blank_start]allergic[blank_end]/inflammatory reactions. Lymphocytes - producing [blank_start]antibodies[blank_end]. Platelets - known as [blank_start]thrombocytes[blank_end] - involved in blood [blank_start]clotting[blank_end].


    1. Aplasma
    2. Bblood
    3. Cplatelets
    4. Dextracellular
    5. Eintracellular
    6. Ferythrocytes
    7. Gleucocytes
    8. Hthrombocytes
    9. I90%
    10. Jsalts
    11. KECF
    12. LICF
    13. Malbumin
    14. NProthrombin
    15. Ofibrinogen
    16. Pclotting
    17. Qimmunoglobulins
    18. Rdisease
    19. Sglucose
    20. Tamino
    21. Uliver
    22. Vurea
    23. Wcreatine
    24. Xkidneys
    25. Yenzymes
    26. Z02
    27. AAhc03
    28. ABhaemoglobin
    29. ACleucocytes
    30. ADphagocytosis
    31. AEparasitic
    32. AFallergic
    33. AGantibodies
    34. AHthrombocytes
    35. AIclotting
  2. 2Describe in detail, the stages of the cardiac cycle to include the correct medical terms and changes in heart physiology at each stage.

    The cardiac cycle involves the complete sequence of events in the heartbeat begins with contraction of the [blank_start]atria[blank_end] and ends with [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] relaxation. The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation is called [blank_start]systole[blank_end]. The period of relaxation is called [blank_start]diastole[blank_end]. Both the atria and ventricles undergo [blank_start]systole[blank_end] and [blank_start]diastole[blank_end], and it is essential that these components be carefully regulated and coordinated to ensure blood is pumped efficiently to the [blank_start]body[blank_end].
    The cardiac cycle begins with a [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] from the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] to the [blank_start]sino-atrial[blank_end] node (pacemaker) in the right atrium which leads to trial [blank_start]contraction[blank_end] or depolarisation ([blank_start]systole 1[blank_end]). This triggers a second stimulus at the [blank_start]AV[blank_end] node leading to [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] contraction or depolarisation ([blank_start]systole 2[blank_end]) (this occurs through the [blank_start]bundle of his[blank_end] pathway)
    Following [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] contraction there is a relaxation period of the [blank_start]ventricles[blank_end] (ventricular repolarisation) known as [blank_start]diastole[blank_end]. The cardiac cycle then begins again. (if the question asks for

    ECG correlation-you could add:
    [blank_start]P[blank_end] wave - atrial contraction
    [blank_start]QRS[blank_end] wave - ventricular contraction
    [blank_start]T[blank_end] wave - ventricular relaxation - diastole
    1. Aatria
    2. Bventricular
    3. Csystole
    4. Ddiastole
    5. Esystole
    6. Fdiastole
    7. Gbody
    8. Hstimulus
    9. Ihypothalamus
    10. Jsino-atrial
    11. Kcontraction
    12. Lsystole 1
    13. MAV
    14. Nventricular
    15. Osystole 2
    16. Pbundle of his
    17. Qventricular
    18. Rventricles
    19. Sdiastole
    20. TP
    21. UQRS
    22. VT
  3. 3Describe the role of the endocrine system including negative feedback mechanisms. Describe the function of the hormones from the pancreas in regulating blood sugar levels.

    The endocrine system is made up of [blank_start]ductless[blank_end] glands that produce and secrete [blank_start]hormones[blank_end] into the [blank_start]bloodstream[blank_end]. These chemical substances produced in the body play an important role in [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end] by regulating the activity of body [blank_start]cells[blank_end]. these [blank_start]hormones[blank_end] drive the negative feedback loops to maintain the body’s [blank_start]growth[blank_end] and [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] and [blank_start]sexual[blank_end] development and [blank_start]function[blank_end].

    Negative feedback- If the blood glucose is too [blank_start]low[blank_end], the [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end] releases the hormone [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end]. this travels to the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] in the blood and causes the breakdown of [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end] into [blank_start]glucose[blank_end].
    The glucose enters the blood stream and glucose levels increase back to [blank_start]normal[blank_end]. this is an example of negative feedback.
    feedback loops- [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] and glucagon. the control of blood sugar (glucose) by [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] is a good example of a negative feedback mechanism. when blood sugar [blank_start]rises[blank_end], receptors in the body sense a change. In turn, the control centre ([blank_start]pancreas[blank_end]) secretes [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] into the blood effectively [blank_start]lowering[blank_end] blood sugar levels.
    1. Aductless
    2. Bhormones
    3. Cbloodstream
    4. Dhomeostasis
    5. Ecells
    6. Fhormones
    7. Ggrowth
    8. Hmetabolism
    9. Isexual
    10. Jfunction
    11. Klow
    12. Lpancreas
    13. Mglucagon
    14. Nliver
    15. Oglycogen
    16. Pglucose
    17. Qnormal
    18. Rglucose
    19. Sinsulin
    20. Trises
    21. Upancreas
    22. Vinsulin
    23. Wlowering
  4. 4Describe the term enzymatic digestion. Name six enzymes produced in the digestive tract and include in your answer which organ produces them and which nutrient they are involved in reducing. Example ptyalin is produced in the mouth and involved in breaking down carbohydrates.

    Enzymatic digestion involves the process of the [blank_start]breakdown[blank_end] of food by the presence of [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] or chemicals released throughout the digestive tract which acts as [blank_start]catalysts[blank_end] to bring about a specific [blank_start]biochemical[blank_end] reaction. An enzymes is a [blank_start]protein[blank_end] that speeds up chemical [blank_start]reactions[blank_end] in the body. Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions that break down [blank_start]large food molecules[blank_end] into small molecules, acting on substances such as [blank_start]proteins[blank_end], [blank_start]carbohydrates[blank_end] and [blank_start]fats[blank_end].
    major digestive enzymes
    stomach
    [blank_start]Rennin[blank_end] milk protein
    [blank_start]pepsinogen[blank_end] protein
    converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
    [blank_start]lipase[blank_end] fat

    duodenum
    [blank_start]pancreatic amylase[blank_end] carbohydrates
    [blank_start]pancreatic trypsinogen[blank_end] protein
    converted to trypsin by enterokinase
    [blank_start]pancreatic lipase[blank_end] fat
    jejunum and ileum
    [blank_start]peptidase[blank_end] protein
    [blank_start]amylase[blank_end], maltase, lactase, sucrase carbohydrates
    [blank_start]lipase[blank_end] fat
    1. Abreakdown
    2. Benzymes
    3. Ccatalysts
    4. Dbiochemical
    5. Eprotein
    6. Freactions
    7. Glarge food molecules
    8. Hproteins
    9. Icarbohydrates
    10. Jfats
    11. KRennin
    12. Lpepsinogen
    13. Mlipase
    14. Npancreatic amylase
    15. Opancreatic trypsinogen
    16. Ppancreatic lipase
    17. Qpeptidase
    18. Rlipase
    19. Samylase
  5. 5Name the reproductive hormones in the different stages in the anterior pituitary and the ovary in the bitch.
    describe the function of the hormones in the different stages of the oestrus cycle in the bitch.

    The reproductive [blank_start]hormones[blank_end] or gonatrophins produced in the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary gland in the bitch are FSH - f[blank_start]ollicle stimulating hormone[blank_end] - and LH - [blank_start]luteinising hormone[blank_end]. The hormones produced in the ovary are [blank_start]oestrogen,[blank_end] [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] and [blank_start]relaxin[blank_end].
    During [blank_start]pro-oestrogen[blank_end] FSH and oestrogen are produced to prepare the [blank_start]egg[blank_end] being produced in the [blank_start]ovary[blank_end] until the follicle and egg are matured ([blank_start]graafian follicle[blank_end])
    During [blank_start]true-oestrus[blank_end] LH is released from the pituitary preventing further secretion of FSH and causes the follicle to rupture. This releases the egg at [blank_start]ovulation[blank_end] into the [blank_start]fallopian[blank_end] tube. Oestrogen levels are [blank_start]high[blank_end] during ovulation.
    Following ovulation [blank_start]LH[blank_end] continues to be released which causes the development of the [blank_start]corpus luteum[blank_end] in the ovary in the place of the [blank_start]ruptured[blank_end] follicle. This is known as the [blank_start]luteal phase[blank_end] and the corpus luteum will produce [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] which acts on the [blank_start]uterus[blank_end] to support a [blank_start]pregnancy[blank_end].
    [blank_start]Relaxin[blank_end] is produced by the ovary during the last trimester of the pregnancy to relax the pelvic [blank_start]ligaments[blank_end] prior to [blank_start]parturition[blank_end].
    1. Ahormones
    2. Banterior
    3. Collicle stimulating hormone
    4. Dluteinising hormone
    5. Eoestrogen,
    6. Fprogesterone
    7. Grelaxin
    8. Hpro-oestrogen
    9. Iegg
    10. Jovary
    11. Kgraafian follicle
    12. Ltrue-oestrus
    13. Movulation
    14. Nfallopian
    15. Ohigh
    16. PLH
    17. Qcorpus luteum
    18. Rruptured
    19. Sluteal phase
    20. Tprogesterone
    21. Uuterus
    22. Vpregnancy
    23. WRelaxin
    24. Xligaments
    25. Yparturition
  6. 6Describe SIX differences in the anatomy of birds to that of reptiles

    Birds have; two [blank_start]rigid[blank_end] lungs and [blank_start]airsacs[blank_end], [blank_start]four[blank_end] chambered heart, [blank_start]quadrate[blank_end] done opened lower jaw but no dislocation, no [blank_start]penis[blank_end], two areas of the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end], no shedding of the [blank_start]skin[blank_end] and warm blooded. Retiles have [blank_start]one[blank_end] main functional [blank_start]right[blank_end] lung with [blank_start]no[blank_end] air sacs, [blank_start]three[blank_end] chambered heart, [blank_start]quadrate[blank_end] bone [blank_start]dislocates[blank_end] for eating prey, scales and [blank_start]scouts[blank_end], [blank_start]hemipenes[blank_end]-snakes and lizards, [blank_start]penis[blank_end] in a tortoise, [blank_start]single[blank_end] part of stomach, ecdysis in lizards and snakes and cold blooded.

    Similarities are:
    Birds and snakes no bladder
    combined [blank_start]coelum[blank_end]
    lay [blank_start]eggs[blank_end]
    combined [blank_start]urates[blank_end] and faeces - birds and snakes (tortoises/lizards - separate or together)
    birds and reptiles - [blank_start]nuclei[blank_end] in the red blood cells
    birds and reptiles - [blank_start]renal portal[blank_end] system.
    1. Arigid
    2. Bairsacs
    3. Cfour
    4. Dquadrate
    5. Epenis
    6. Fstomach
    7. Gskin
    8. Hone
    9. Iright
    10. Jno
    11. Kthree
    12. Lquadrate
    13. Mdislocates
    14. Nscouts
    15. Ohemipenes
    16. Ppenis
    17. Qsingle
    18. Rcoelum
    19. Seggs
    20. Turates
    21. Unuclei
    22. Vrenal portal
  7. 7Describe SIX differences in the anatomy of a rabbit and a bird

    Rabbits have one section to the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end], no [blank_start]nuclei[blank_end] in erythrocytes, mandible and maxilla contain [blank_start]teeth[blank_end], [blank_start]uterus[blank_end]- split into two horns, covered in fur no claws/fur pads, no [blank_start]renal portal[blank_end] system, diaphragm, fused [blank_start]sacrum[blank_end] only, bladder, no [blank_start]cloaca[blank_end]. Birds have two sections to the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end], [blank_start]nuclei[blank_end] in erythrocytes, [blank_start]beak[blank_end] like mouth (maxilla and mandible) [blank_start]reproductive[blank_end] tract to include shell gland for production of [blank_start]eggs[blank_end], covered in [blank_start]feather[blank_end] and claws on feet, renal portal system no [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end], synasacrum, no [blank_start]bladder[blank_end] and cloaca.


    Similarities are
    Both have a functional [blank_start]caecum[blank_end]
    both have a [blank_start]four[blank_end] chambered heart
    both [blank_start]warm[blank_end] blooded
    1. Astomach
    2. Bnuclei
    3. Cteeth
    4. Duterus
    5. Erenal portal
    6. Fsacrum
    7. Gcloaca
    8. Hstomach
    9. Inuclei
    10. Jbeak
    11. Kreproductive
    12. Leggs
    13. Mfeather
    14. Ncaecum
    15. Ofour
    16. Pwarm
    17. Qdiaphragm
    18. Rbladder
  8. 8Describe the role and the function of the nervous system. Include in your answer the innervation of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

    The nervous system can be divided into two major regions:the [blank_start]central[blank_end] and [blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] nervous system. The [blank_start]central[blank_end] nervous system (CNS) is the brain and [blank_start]spinal[blank_end] cord the [blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] nervous system (PNS) is the nerves passing to and from the [blank_start]spinal[blank_end] cord connecting all the other parts of the [blank_start]body[blank_end].
    The primary role of the [blank_start]somatic[blank_end] nervous system is to connect the [blank_start]central[blank_end] nervous system to skeletal muscles, It is made up of sensory and motor nerves.
    The [blank_start]somatic[blank_end] neurons carry messages from the outer areas of the [blank_start]body[blank_end] having to do with the [blank_start]senses[blank_end]. it is like a passage way from the extern [blank_start]environment[blank_end] to the central nervous system. Sensory/afferent [blank_start]neurons[blank_end] carry the impulses to the [blank_start]central[blank_end] nervous system and the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]. After being processed by the central nervous system , the somatic [blank_start]motor[blank_end], or efferent, neurons take the signal back to the [blank_start]muscles[blank_end] and sensory [blank_start]organs[blank_end].
    The autonomic nervous system is a division of the [blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and [blank_start]glands[blank_end], and influences the functional of internal [blank_start]organs[blank_end].
    The autonomic nervous system is a [blank_start]control[blank_end] system that acts largely [blank_start]unconsciously[blank_end] and regulates bodily functions such as [blank_start]heart rate[blank_end], [blank_start]respiration rate[blank_end], digestion, pupillary responses etc.
    This system is the primary mechanism in control of the [blank_start]fight[blank_end] or [blank_start]flight[blank_end] response.
    Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end].
    The autonomic nervous system is divided into the [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system and the [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] nervous system.
    The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the [blank_start]fight[blank_end] or [blank_start]flight[blank_end] system while the parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the [blank_start]rest[blank_end] and [blank_start]digest[blank_end] system. In many cases, both of these systems have opposite actions where one system activates a [blank_start]physiological[blank_end] response and the other [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] it.
    1. Acentral
    2. Bperipheral
    3. Ccentral
    4. Dspinal
    5. Eperipheral
    6. Fspinal
    7. Gbody
    8. Hsomatic
    9. Icentral
    10. Jsomatic
    11. Kbody
    12. Lsenses
    13. Menvironment
    14. Nneurons
    15. Ocentral
    16. Pbrain
    17. Qmotor
    18. Rmuscles
    19. Sorgans
    20. Tperipheral
    21. Uglands
    22. Vorgans
    23. Wcontrol
    24. Xunconsciously
    25. Yheart rate
    26. Zrespiration rate
    27. AAfight
    28. ABflight
    29. AChypothalamus
    30. ADsympathetic
    31. AEparasympathetic
    32. AFflight
    33. AGfight
    34. AHrest
    35. AIdigest
    36. AJphysiological
    37. AKinhibits

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Description
Quiz on 12 mark questions, created by Carla Simons on 22/06/2020.
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