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Chapter 11 Quiz
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Questions in this quiz (25)
1A city in California has asked Professor Rodriguez to conduct an experiment on earthquake preparedness. Professor Rodriguez will assess the preparedness of a random sample of residents in the city and the city will mail out their annual brochure on earthquake safety. Then, 2 weeks later, he will again assess the preparedness of those residents. Right after the brochures are mailed, a large earthquake is reported in Japan. Which threat to internal validity does this pose?
- Aselection
- Btesting
- Chistory
- Dmaturation
2An instructor hypothesizes that doing jumping jacks will improve his students' quiz performance. On Monday, he has his class sit in their chairs for 5 minutes before completing a multiple-choice quiz on their reading assignment. On Wednesday, he has his class do 2 minutes of jumping jacks before completing the same quiz that they took on Monday. The students performed better on the quiz on Wednesday. Which is a possible threat to internal validity in this study?
- Aobserver bias
- Btesting
- Cmaturation
- Dattrition
3As part of an experiment on the effects of behavior modeling, a set of raters are evaluating prosocial behavior in a series of videotapes of a preschool class. Initially, the raters were quite strict in their ratings, but after 3 hours of rating, their criteria had changed. Which type of threat to internal validity has occurred?
- Ainstrumentation
- Btesting
- Chistory
- Dregression to the mean
4Dr. Harrison wants to test the effectiveness of the support group he runs for undergraduates who have drinking problems. He recruits a group of students who have been referred to the counseling center. He randomizes them to two groups: a structured-session group and an unstructured-session group. The structured-session group attends 10 structured support-group sessions at 8:00 a.m. on Fridays that are facilitated by Dr. Harrison. The unstructured-session group attends 10 unstructured meetings at 3:00 p.m. on Wednesdays that are facilitated by members of the group. Several of the participants in the structured-session group stop attending after just a couple of sessions. All the members of the unstructured-session group attend their meeting regularly. At the end of the 10 weeks, Dr. Harrison measures drinking behavior of the people who are still attending the groups. He finds the drinking behavior of people who attended all 10 structured-group sessions is less than the drinking behavior of people who attended all 10 unstructured-group sessions.
Which kind of threat to internal validity should Dr. Harrison be concerned about?- Aselection-attrition threat
- Bselection-history threat
- Cmaturation threat
- Dregression threat
5Dr. Robinson designs an intervention meant to reduce college students' risky sexual decisions. She hypothesizes that shaming college students about their risky sexual decisions will improve their decision-making. She recruits participants and randomly assigns them to two conditions: the intervention group and the control group. The sexual behavior of all participants is measured in a pretest interview with Dr. Robinson. After the pretest interview, participants in the intervention group are scheduled for an individual shaming session with Dr. Robinson. The control group does not receive the shaming session. One week after the intervention, both groups are interviewed by Dr. Robinson about their sexual behavior during the past week. She finds that the intervention group reported less-risky sexual decisions than the control group in the posttest interview. In which way could Dr. Robinson improve the internal validity of her study?
- AShe could make it a masked design.
- BShe could make it a posttest-only design.
- CShe could change the design to avoid ceiling effects.
- DShe could change the design to be within-group.
6Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-old children, read to them three times a week for 3 months, then measure their vocabulary size again. Emma could change the design of the study to remove a major threat to internal validity by doing which of the following?
- AShe could add a manipulation check.
- BShe could make it a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
- CShe could counterbalance her conditions.
- DShe could add a comparison group.
7Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She plans to measure the vocabulary size of a group of 18-month-old children, read to them three times a week for 3 months, then measure their vocabulary size again. Which threat to internal validity should she be most concerned about?
- Ainstrumentation
- Bmaturation
- Cdemand characteristics
- Dorder effect
8Frances conducted a study on the concreteness on memory in her dorm. She created a list of 12 items that are very concrete (e.g., pencil and table) and a list of 12 items that are very abstract (e.g., justice and freedom). Each item was viewed for 1 second, then participants recalled them in order. Ten participants were randomly assigned to each list of items. The study showed null effects. Which is a possible explanation for this null effect?
- Aexternal distractions that lead to unsystematic variability
- Btoo much between-group difference
- Cnot enough within-group variability
- Dparticipants dropping out in only one condition
9Frances investigated the effect of concreteness on memory. She created a list of 12 items that are very concrete (e.g., pencil and table) and a list of 12 items that are very abstract (e.g., justice and freedom). Each item was viewed for 1 second, then participants recalled them in order. Ten participants were randomly assigned to each list of items. The study showed null effects, and almost all the participants remembered all the words on both lists. Which is a likely solution?
- AChange to a posttest-only design.
- BChange the design to be double-blind.
- CChange the design to eliminate ceiling effects.
- DChange the design to be within-groups.
10Frances investigated the effect of concreteness on memory. She created a list of 12 items that are very concrete (e.g., pencil and table) and a list of 12 items that are very abstract (e.g., justice and freedom). Each item was viewed for 1 second, then participants recalled them in order. Ten participants were randomly assigned to each list of items. The study showed null effects and large variability within the groups. Which is a likely solution?
- AAdd more participants.
- BChange the design to a posttest-only design
- CChange to a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
- DRetrain the observers.
11If everything else is equal, which of the following methods can help increase power in a study?
- Ausing an independent-groups design
- Bincreasing sample size
- Cadding situation noise
- Dadding a comparison group
12In an experiment on improving children's handwriting, two different techniques of improving handwriting and a control condition are used. Using a pretest/posttest design, both groups who received the treatment showed more improvement than the control group. However, the two groups didn't show any difference from each other. The researcher believes there is a difference but that the 5-point assessment scale of handwriting cannot detect it. Which measurement problem is the researcher concerned with?
- Ameasurement error
- Bdesign confounds acting in reverse
- Cweak manipulations
- Dinsensitive measures
13Individual differences can contribute to too much within-group variability. Which of the following is a possible solution to individual differences?
- AUse an independent-groups design rather than a within-groups design.
- BUse a within-groups design rather than an independent-groups design.
- CUse a double-blind study.
- DConduct a manipulation check.
14Jared is conducting an experiment with extrasensory perception (ESP) training. He begins with a pretest of his 40 participants and then divides them into two groups based on their scores. The participants with the 10 lowest scores are given extensive training on how to detect the signals. The participants with the 30 highest scores are given no training. Both groups are retested and the average score of the participants with the training improved, whereas the average score of the participants without the training fell. Which threat to internal validity should Jared consider?
- Aregression
- Bmaturation
- Chistory
- Dattrition
15Lucia is interested in studying discrimination in hiring. She designs an experiment in which the participant takes the role of an employer looking at job candidates for a specific position. Each participant is given two very similar résumés (one of a candidate with a female name and one of a candidate with a male name) and is then asked to rate the suitability of each candidate for a job. Lucia finds no difference in participants' ratings of male and female candidates. Which threat to internal validity should she be concerned about?
- Aobserver bias
- Bdemand characteristics
- Cplacebo
- Dselection
16On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Which of the following is the name for this type of design?
- Aone-group, posttest only
- Bone-group, pretest/posttest
- Ctwo-group, posttest only
- Dtwo-group, pretest/posttest
17On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mitchell points out that in her classes, students always do better on the second exam because they are more used to her tests. Which threat to validity is Professor Mitchell suggesting?
- Aattrition
- Bregression to the mean
- Cmaturation
- Dtesting
18On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. When Professor Mutola rechecks her data, she finds that the five students with the lowest scores on the first exam have dropped the class. Which threat to internal validity is this?
- Ahistory
- Bregression to the mean
- Cmaturation
- Dattrition
19On the first exam in an Introductory Psychology class, the grades are lower than Professor Mutola expected. She suspects that multitasking is to blame. She bans computers and cell phones from her class between the first and the second exam. When she compares the scores on the two exams, she finds a significant improvement on the second exam. Professor Mutola looks back over the second exam and begins to wonder if it was just an easier exam. Which threat to internal validity is she considering?
- Ainstrumentation
- Bhistory
- Cmaturation
- Dtesting
20Some internal validity threats can be addressed simply by including a comparison group, whereas other internal validity threats can occur even in studies with a comparison group. Which of the following threats to internal validity would be improved with the inclusion of a comparison group?
- Ademand characteristics
- Bmaturation threats
- Cplacebo effects
- Dobserver bias
21The students in Professor Zhao's 50-student Introductory Psychology class were randomly assigned to one of two review sessions, each being taught with a different technique. The next day, all 50 students got all 10 test questions correct. Which problem does Professor Zhao have in determining the better teaching technique for review sessions?
- Aceiling effect
- Bconfound acting in reverse
- Cattrition
- Dinstrumentation
22Which of the following contributes to within-groups variability?
- Ameasurement error
- Bceiling and floor effects
- Cdesign confounds acting in reverse
- Dnull effect
23Which of the following is a problem that may contribute to a null effect in a study?
- Aplacebo effect
- Bweak manipulations
- Ctoo much power
- Dlarge sample size
24Which threat to internal validity occurs when there is a greater systematic loss of participants in one condition than the other condition?
- Ahistory
- Bmaturation
- Cregression
- Dattrition
25Which two types of validity in an experiment can observer bias threaten?
- Ainternal validity and external validity
- Bconstruct validity and statistical validity
- Cinternal validity and construct validity
- Dstatistical validity and external validity
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- Quiz on Chapter 11 Quiz, created by Sandra Bell on 24/11/2020.
- Author
- Sandra Bell
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