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Combined MCQ
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Questions in this quiz (213)
1What are 'observational methods'
- AManipulating a variable in an artificial environment and measuring change
- BViewing a phemonenon in a systematic and scientifical way
- CImmersing yourself in a research setting and interacting with participants
- DLooking at data after it has been collected
2What is a continuous variable?
- AAn abstract concept that allows measurement or manipulation of the concept in a research study.
- BA variable which has an underlying continuum. For example, level of aggression from calm to angry.
- CA variable in which no underlying continuum exists. This is a measure which classifies someone with non-overlapping categories e.g. Someone who is pregnant or not (no such thing as a bit pregnant).
- DA variable that cannot be operationalised or manipulated.
3Complete the following sentence. All else being equal, it is more likely results will be statistically significant if:
- Ayou have a larger sample
- Byou use random sampling
- Cyou have a representative sample
- Dall of these
4Which of the following would NOT represent an interaction in a graph?
- AWhere the lines converge.
- BWhere the lines are parallel.
- CWhere the lines cross each other.
- DWhere the lines diverge.
5The idea that experimenters may unintentionally influence participants into behaving in the way they want is known as:
- Aexperimenter unintentional expectancy effects.
- Bexperimental manipulation.
- Cdemand characteristics.
- Dexperimentwise error rate.
6The idea that experimenters may unintentionally influence participants into behaving in the way they want is known as:
- Aexperimenter unintentional expectancy effects.
- Bexperimental manipulation.
- Cdemand characteristics.
- Dexperimentwise error rate.
7What is an advantage of observational methods
- AParticipants know they are being studied so will perform better for the experiment
- BThey are usually quick to do
- CData is representative of how someone/something may behave normally
- DThey conditions are artificial and controlled.
8What is a discrete variable?
- AA hidden variable within an experiment.
- BA variable which has an underlying continuum. For example, level of aggression from calm to angry.
- CAn abstract concept that allows measurement or manipulation of the concept in a research study
- DA variable in which no underlying continuum exists. This is a measure which classifies someone with non-overlapping categories e.g. Someone who is pregnant or not (no such thing as a bit pregnant).
9The difference between a convenience sample and a representative sample is:
- Athe availability - a convenience sample is easier for the researcher to approach.
- Ba convenience sample limits the participants to the population of interest.
- Cthe size - a representative sample is bigger.
- Dthe convenience sampling selects participants randomly and a representative sample does not.
10Which of the following does a box–whisker plot not display?
- AThe mean
- BThe median
- COutliers
- DThe lower quartile
11If we calculated an effect size and found it was r = .42 which expression would best describe the size of effect?
- Asmall
- Bsmall to medium
- Cmedium to large
- Dlarge
12If we calculated an effect size and found it was r = .42 which expression would best describe the size of effect?
- Asmall
- Bsmall to medium
- Cmedium to large
- Dlarge
13What are disadvanatge of observational methods
- AThey are time consuming
- BThey are cheap
- CThey are not very valid
- DThey are reliable
14What is the name for a variable which is measured using 2 different values?
- ADichotomous.
- BBinomial.
- CBinary.
- DAll of these.
15A study is conducted in which participants are recruited from local sixth form colleges in the north-east of the UK. The study takes place on a Tuesday so only those in college on that day take part. What sort of sample is this?
- AConvenience sample
- BA representative sample
- Ca random sample
- DNone of these
16What type of graph can we use to compare frequency distributions of several groups simultaneously?
- AA histogram
- BA bar chart
- CA population pyramid
- DA boxplot
17What three statistical properties is effect size linked to?
- AMean, probability of statistical significance, standard deviation
- BSample size, probability of statistical significant, power
- CSample size, standard deviation, mean
- DPower, mean, probability of statistical significance
18What three statistical properties is effect size linked to?
- AMean, probability of statistical significance, standard deviation
- BSample size, probability of statistical significant, power
- CSample size, standard deviation, mean
- DPower, mean, probability of statistical significance
19Why does meta analysis provide a powerful integrative tool?
- AIt provides statistical methods for differentiating between the conclusions of a number of data analyses.
- BIt provides statistical methods for combining and differentiating between the findings of a number of data analyses.
- CIt provides methods for combining and differentiating between the conclusions of a number of data analyses.
- DIt provides statistical methods for combining a number of variables.
20What is an example of a subject variable?
- ARace.
- BReligion.
- CSex.
- DAll of the these.
21Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between sample sizes and effect sizes?
- AThe bigger the effect, the bigger the sample size.
- BSmaller effect sizes are more likely to be significant with smaller sample sizes.
- CThe effect size and sample size have no relationship.
- DThe bigger the difference, the bigger the sample size.
22Out of the following options, which type of bar chart would we produce to look at the mean ratings of two new varieties of Sauvignon Blanc (wine)?
- AClustered bar chart
- BStacked bar chart
- CSimple 3D bar chart
- DSimple bar chart
23What is Power?
- AA observed effect in inferential statistics
- BThe overall influence of findings in consideration of other studies
- CThe probability of finding an effect assuming one exists in the population
- DA standardized measure of magnitude for the observed effect
24What is Power?
- AA observed effect in inferential statistics
- BThe overall influence of findings in consideration of other studies
- CThe probability of finding an effect assuming one exists in the population
- DA standardized measure of magnitude for the observed effect
25In meta analysis, a correlation co-efficient is one statistic which is used to calculate:
- Athe variability in individual scores.
- Bthe standard deviation.
- Cthe sample size.
- Dthe effect size.
26A cross sectional study is carried out to examine whether Navy personnel of a higher rank have more positive coping skills than those of a lower rank. Which of the following statement is true of this study?
- ANeither variable is dependent as the researcher cannot manipulate them.
- BThe independent variable is rank and the dependent variable is coping skills.
- CThe independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is low rank.
- DThe independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is high rank.
27Which is the most conservative significance level?
- AThey are all the same as they all show significance
- B0.05
- C0.001
- D0.01
28Out of the following options, which type of bar chart would we produce to look at the mean ratings of ‘taste’ and ‘value for money’ for two new varieties of Sauvignon Blanc wine?
- AClustered bar chart
- BAll of the options are possible
- CStacked bar chart
- D3D bar chart
29What does a power of 0.8 suggest?
- AThere is a large effect size
- BThere is an 80% chance of detecting an effect if one genuinely exists
- CThere is a 20% chance of detecting an effect if one genuinely exists
- DThe analysis is insufficient
30What does a power of 0.8 suggest?
- AThere is a large effect size
- BThere is an 80% chance of detecting an effect if one genuinely exists
- CThere is a 20% chance of detecting an effect if one genuinely exists
- DThe analysis is insufficient
31When is a single case experimental study the most useful?
- AWhen you are studying yourself
- BWhen studying behaviour change
- CWhen research requires a substantial sample to be worthwhile or effective
- DWhen a participant has a rare condition
32Which of the following are the most similar?
- ANominal, ratio, and interval data
- BNominal and ratio data
- COrdinal, interval and ratio data
- DNominal, ordinal and ratio data
33What is one difference between directional and non directional hypotheses?
- AA directional hypothesis can only be used if replicating research.
- BA non directional hypothesis is more likely to be rejected.
- CA non-directional hypothesis is more likely to be significant.
- DA directional hypothesis is supported by weaker data than would be required for a non directional hypothesis.
34Out of the following options, which type of graph could we use to compare frequency distributions of several groups simultaneously?
- APopulation pyramid
- BSimple histogram
- CFrequency polygon
- DSimple 3D bar chart
35What is Type I error?
- AWhen a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis (false positive)
- BWhen a researcher incorrectly accepts a false null hypothesis (false negative)
- CFinding a true positive
- DFinding a true negative
36What is Type I error?
- AWhen a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis (false positive)
- BWhen a researcher incorrectly accepts a false null hypothesis (false negative)
- CFinding a true positive
- DFinding a true negative
37The laboratory experiment has the potential to reveal causality but how is this achieved?
- ABy random assignment of participants to different conditions or different orders in which the conditions are run.
- BBy the control of all other variables other than the independent variable.
- CBy the manipulation of one, or more, independent variables and the measurement of the effects of this manipulation of one, or more, dependent variables.
- DAll of these.
38What sort of data are post codes (zip codes)?
- ARatio
- BNominal
- COrdinal
- DInterval
39A correlation of or around zero can be interpreted as which of the following?
- AIt could mean either no relationship or a curvilinear one.
- BA curvilinear relationship is present.
- CNo relationship is present.
- DA linear relationship is present.
40If we were to pull all possible samples from a population, calculate the mean for every sample, and construct a graph of the shape of the distribution based on all of the means, what would we have?
- AThe population distribution of the mean
- BThe sampling distribution of the mean
- CThe boostrap distribution of the mean
- DThe standard error of the mean
41What is Type II error?
- AWhen a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis (false positive)
- BFinding a true positive.
- CFinding a true negative
- DWhen a researcher incorrectly accepts a false null hypothesis (false negative)
42What is Type II error?
- AWhen a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis (false positive)
- BFinding a true positive.
- CFinding a true negative
- DWhen a researcher incorrectly accepts a false null hypothesis (false negative)
43One reason why it is important to distinguish between the two major sorts of research design is because:
- Acause and effect is more likely to be implied from the between-subjects design.
- Bthe within-subjects design is more likely to find differences in your study.
- Cthey use different methods of analysis or statistical tests.
- Dbecause the within-subjects design requires fewer participants and therefore with less data the results are less significant.
44What sort of data is income?
- AOrdinal
- BRatio
- CNominal
- DInterval
45Which of the following show the proportion of variance shared between two variables?
- ACo-efficient of determination.
- BAttenuation.
- CStandard error.
- DCorrelation.
46What does the error bar on an error bar chart represent?
- AThe confidence interval around the mean
- BThe standard error of the mean
- CThe standard deviation of the mean
- DIt can represent any of these
47What is Type III error
- ACorrectly accept the alternative hypothesis but is accepted for the wrong reasons.
- BCorrectly reject the null hypothesis but rejected for the wrong reasons.
- CRejecting the alternative hypothesis in favour of the null.
- DAccepting the null over the alternative hypothesis.
48What is Type III error
- ACorrectly accept the alternative hypothesis but is accepted for the wrong reasons.
- BCorrectly reject the null hypothesis but rejected for the wrong reasons.
- CRejecting the alternative hypothesis in favour of the null.
- DAccepting the null over the alternative hypothesis.
49In a basic true experiment with only two conditions you are interested in the effects of noise on completing a comprehension task. You decide to play a tape recording of very loud music to which group of participants?
- AThose participants in the control condition.
- BThose participants in another random group.
- CThose participants in experimental condition.
- DNone of these. It is a trick question.
50What sort of variable is dress size?
- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CRatio
- DDependent
51Caution is applied to the application of labels to correlation because:
- Alabels are not numerical.
- Bwe need to consider the context of the finding and the value of it.
- Cthey do not explain variance.
- Dall of these.
52What can you present in a bar chart?
- AInterval data only
- BNominal and Ordinal data
- CNominal
- DOrdinal
53What are ceiling effects?
- AWhen most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too high.
- BWhen most of your subjects score near the top. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too low.
- CWhen internal consistency is high.
- DA type I error.
54What are floor effects?
- AWhen most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too high.
- BWhen most of your subjects score near the top. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too low.
- CWhen internal consistency is high.
- DA type I error.
55What are ceiling effects?
- AWhen most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too high.
- BWhen most of your subjects score near the top. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too low.
- CWhen internal consistency is high.
- DA type I error.
56What are floor effects?
- AWhen most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too high.
- BWhen most of your subjects score near the top. There is very little variance because the boundary of your test is too low.
- CWhen internal consistency is high.
- DA type I error.
57When a number of tests or comparisons are being made on the data from the same study the chances of finding some of these statistically significant is known as what?
- AAnalysis of variance.
- BBonferroni test.
- CFamilywise error rate.
- DMultiplied significance level.
58A mediator variable is:
- Aresponsible for the relationship between two other variables.
- Banother name for the independent variable.
- Canother name for the dependent variable.
- Dall of the above.
59Random assignment involves the:
- Athe researcher selecting a typical population or group of people.
- Buse of a random procedure so that each possible outcome has an equal chance of being selected.
- Chaphazard choice of assigning participants to a study.
- Dusing a sample of people that the researcher does not know about.
60What can you present in a Histogram?
- ANominal
- BInterval
- COrdinal
- DInterval and Nominal
61With a post-hoc test:
- Ait simply tells us whether the overall independent variable has a significant effect but not which conditions actually differ from each other.
- Bthe significance of the statistical tests needs to take into account the number of comparisons being made.
- Cyou need to control for order effects by running the levels or conditions in different orders.
- Dthe probability of those findings being statistically significant decreases the more comparisons that are made.
62The independent variable refers to:
- Athe variable which shows us the effect of the manipulation.
- Ba variable which serves as the aim of an experiment.
- Cthe variable which is only used in the control condition.
- Dthe variable being manipulated or varied in some way by the researcher.
63The best way of ensuring that the participants in the experimental and control group are similar on variables which might be expected to affect the outcome of a study is to use:
- Amatching.
- Bstandardization procedures.
- Crandom assignment.
- Da related statistical analysis test.
64What can you present in a Frequency Polygon?
- AOrdinal
- BInterval
- CNominal
- DNominal and Ordinal
65Using a Bonferroni adjustment you are making four comparisons thus the significance level is:
- A0.2
- B0.22
- C0.0167
- D0.0125
66An experimenter measured 30 children’s IQ. He then rank-ordered the children and assigned them a score from 30 (most intelligent) to 1 (least intelligent) to create a new variable. Does this new variable consist of:
- ANominal
- BInterval
- CRatio
- DOrdinal
67What does it mean when research quotes that their findings are "statistically significant" and the statistical level set was at 0.05?
- AThat a difference found is likely to occur by chance 5 or fewer times out of a 100 and suggests that the difference is quite unusual and unlikely to be due to chance but rather a real difference between the groups or conditions.
- BThat a difference found is likely to occur by chance 5 or fewer times out of a 100 which suggests that the difference is due to chance and so does not represent a real difference between the groups or conditions.
- CThat 95% of the time the study will be wrong.
- DThe extent to which the difference found is simply by chance.
68What does this scatterplot show?
- AA weak negative relationship
- BA strong negative relationship
- CA weak positive relationship
- DA strong positive relationship
69Variables in a cross-sectional design are:
- Afrequencies.
- Bscore data.
- Ca mixture of both score and nominal data.
- Dnominal data.
70The criterion variable is the:
- Adepdendent variable
- Bcorrelation coefficient
- Cindependent variable
- Dnone of these are true.
71Any statistical differences between the conditions in the dependent variable at post-test are very likely to be due to the manipulated variable if:
- Aif the only other difference between the experimental and control conditions is the manipulated variable.
- Byou have used a laboratory to conduct the experiment and randomly assigned participants.
- Cthe dependent variable does not differ at pre-test and the only other difference between the two conditions is the manipulated variable.
- Dthe dependent variable does not differ significantly between the conditions at pre-test.
72What does this show?
- APositive Skewness
- BNegative Skewness
- CPositive Kurtosis
- DNegative Kurtosis
73What does this show?
- APositive Skewness
- BNegative Skewness
- CPositive Kurtosis
- DNegative Kurtosis
74What does this show?
- APositive Skewness
- BNegative Skewness
- CPositive Kurtosis
- DNegative Kurtosis
75What does this show?
- APositive Skewness
- BNegative Skewness
- CPositive Kurtosis
- DNegative Kurtosis
76What is the difference between the laboratory experimental and the non-manipulative study?
- AThe non-manipulative study is more demanding in terms of numbers of participants.
- BNon-manipulative studies employ statistical controls to control for unwanted influences.
- CIn the non-manipulative study the relationship between the variables of interest in usually smaller than would be expected in a laboratory experiment.
- DAll of these.
77Ordinal level data are characterized by:
- AEqual intervals between each adjacent score
- Ba fixed zero
- CData that can be meaningfully arranged by order of magnitude
- DNone of the above.
78"A researcher has recorded for their study each participant's occupation; Management, IT, Retail, Medical, Student. The researcher has turned the data into dummy variables.
Considering this information which of the following is false?"- ABecause it is nominal data it is classed as a single variable and has been turned into numerical scores.
- BDichotomous variables have been created by coding each individual as being in that profession or not.
- CThere is always one less dummy variable than the number of categories.
- DDummy variables allow a way of entering nominal data into a multiple regression.
79The effect of controlling for a third variable may be:
- ADecrease the correlation.
- BTo increase the correlation.
- CChange the sign of the correlation.
- DAll of these.
80What is a latent variable?
- AIt is a variable that cannot be measured directly
- BIt is another name for a factor
- CLatent variables represent clusters of variabes that correlate highly with each other
- DAll of these are correct
81Response rate refers to:
- Ahow variable participants' responses are.
- Bthe proportion of people who take part in a study.
- Chow big a population is.
- Dhow confident you want to be about your results.
82Which of the following is incorrect?
- ANon-manipulation designs are used to determine the size of the association between variables as they occur naturally.
- BVariables in cross-sectional deigns often have one variable as a criterion variable, or dependent variable, and other variables as predictor or independent variables.
- CStudies using non-manipulation designs generally involve testing fewer cases than true experiments because the size of the effects is expected to be stronger.
- DThe cross-sectional design can be as difficult to perform as the laboratory experiment both in terms of fieldwork and effective statistical analysis of the data.
83Gender is an example of what kind of data:
- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
84Usually confidence intervals are set at what figure?
- A100%
- B55%
- C5%
- D95%
85What is the most generic term for describing correlational, surveys and observational studies?
- ANon-manipulation studies.
- BNon-randomized.
- CPassive observational studies.
- DNon-experiments.
86Positions in a race e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd; is an example of what kind of data:
- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
87The difference between the mean of a researcher's sample and the mean of the population of the sample is known as the:
- Asignificance level.
- Bconfidence interval.
- Csampling error.
- Dstandard deviation.
88In a longitudinal study, factors such as maturation changes, mortality and practice effects would be considered threats to what?
- AInstrumentation
- BInternal validity
- CReliability
- DSignificance
89A scale of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 for phobias is an example of what kind of data:
- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
90Which of the following is true?
- AThe sampling error becomes progressively smaller the larger the sample size.
- BThe sampling error is unrelated to sample size.
- CThe sampling error becomes progressively larger the larger the sample size.
- DThe sampling error becomes progressively larger the smaller the sample size.
91Studies which measure the same variables in the same cases over time are called:
- ACross-lagged
- BSynchronous
- CPanel
- DLagged
92Collecting data using a cm ruler is an example of what kind of data:
- ANominal
- BOrdinal
- CInterval
- DRatio
93Variation due to some genuine effect is known as:
- AUnsystematic variation
- BSystematic variation
- CHomogeneous variance
- DResidual variance
94Multiple regression can be used to:
- Alook at the predictiveness of a particular set of variables.
- Bdetermine the minimum number of predictors which can explain the maximum variance in the criterion.
- Cdetermine what the size, sign and significance of particular paths are in an explanatory model of behaviour.
- Dall of these.
95What is a confounding variable?
- AA variable you measure
- BA variable you manipulate
- CA variable that influences both IV and DV.
- DA control group variable.
96The degree to which a statistical model represents the data collected is known as the:
- AFit
- BNormality
- CHomogeneity of regression slopes
- DHomoscedasticity
97The correlation between the variables "age" and "memory ability" is -0.40 but changes to -0.38 following partialling out of the variable "diet". With this in mind, which of the following is correct?
- APartialling out diet makes little difference to the relationship between age and memory ability.
- BDiet greatly enhances the relationship between age and memory ability.
- CDiet causes the relationship between age and memory ability.
- DPartialling out diet increases the relationship between age and memory ability.
98If we use the mean as a model, what does the variance represent?
- AThe average error between the model and the observed data
- BThe total error between the model and the observed data
- CThe squared total error between the model and the observed data.
- DThe square-rooted average error between the model and the observed data.
99Path analysis enables:
- Athe causal relationship between several variables to be determined.
- Bseveral possible casual pathways to be examined.
- Cthe most likely causal relationships to be determined.
- DAll of these.
100Which of the following are assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests (based on the normal distribution)?
- AAll of the options are true
- BSome feature of the data should be normally distributed
- CThe samples being tested should have approximately equal variances
- Dthe data should be at least interval data
101A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. The data were not normally distributed. Which test should she use to compare her experimental conditions?
- APaired samples t-test
- BMann-Whitney test
- CWilcoxon rank-sum test
- DWilcoxon signed-rank test
102Which of the following is the least affected by outliers?
- AThe range
- BThe mean
- CThe median
- DThe standard deviation
103A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching erotic films. The resulting data were skewed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- AIndependent t-test
- BWilcoxon signed-rank test
- CDependent (Related) t-test
- DMann-Whitney Test
104Which of the following is not a transformation that can be used to correct skewed data?
- ALog transformation
- BSquare root transformation
- CReciprocal transformation
- DTangent transformation
105A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching erotic films, and a documentary about wildlife. The resulting data were skewed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- AIndependent analysis of variance
- BRepeated-measures analysis of variance
- CFriedman's ANOVA
- DKruskal-Wallis test
106For which regression assumption does the Durbin–Watson statistic test?
- ALinearity
- BHomoscedasticity
- CMulticollinearity
- DIndependence of errors
107Assuming the assumptions of parametric tests are met, non-parametric tests, compared to their parametric counterparts:
- AAre all of these
- BAre more conservative
- CAre less likely to accept the alternative hypothesis
- DHave less statistical power
108What assumption does ANCOVA have that ANOVA does not?
- AHomogeneity of variance
- BHomoscedasticity
- CHomogeneity of sample size
- DHomogeneity of regression slopes
109What symbol represents the test statistic for the Mann–Whitney test?
- AWs
- BT
- CU
- DH
110When the assumption of sphericity is violated, what action is needed?
- ACorrect the model degrees of freedom and correct the error degrees of freedom
- BCorrect the model degrees of freedom
- CCorrect the error degrees of freedom
- DCorrect the F-ratio
111The covariance is:
- AAll of these
- BA measure of the strength of relationship between two variables
- CDependent on the units of measurement of the variables
- DAn unstandardised version of the correlation coefficient
112Which of the following statements about the assumption of sphericity is not true?
- AIt is the assumption that the variance for levels of repeated-measures variable are equal
- BIt is tested using Mauchly's test in SPSS
- CIt is automatically met when a variable has only two levels
- DIt is not assumed by multivariate tests
113Which of the following statistical tests allows causal inferences to be made?
- AAnalysis of variance.
- BRegression
- CNone of these, it is the design of the research that determines whether causal inferences can be made.
- DT-test
114In repeated-measures ANOVA, the assumption of independence is:
- AAlways met
- BUnimportant
- CTested using Levene's test
- Dalways violated
115R2 is known as the:
- ACoefficient of the determination
- BMultiple correlation coefficient
- CPartial correlation coefficient
- Dsemi-partial correlation coefficient
116You’ve done an ANCOVA but found that the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes has been violated. Which of these is a potential solution to overcome this problem?
- AMultiple regression
- BDiscriminant function analysis
- CMultilevel model
- DFactorial ANOVA
117Which of the following statements about outliers is not true?
- AOutliers are values very different from the rest of the data
- BInfluential cases will always show up as outliers
- COutliers have an effect on the mean
- DOutliers have an effect on regression parameters
118Missing data pose the least problem for:
- AAnalysis of variance
- BMultiple regression
- CPrinciple component analysis
- DMultilevel linear models
119What is b0 in regression analysis?
- AThe value of the outcome when all predictors are 0
- BThe relationship between a predictor and the outcome variable
- Cthe value of the predictor variable when the outcome is zero
- Dthe gradient of the regression line.
120Which assumption believes outcome variables are linearly related to any predictor?
- AHomogeneity of Variance
- BNormality
- CAdditivity and Linearity
- DHomoscedasticity
121A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. What test is best used to compare the mean level of anxiety in the two lectures?
- AIndependent samples t-test
- BPaired-samples t-test
- COne-way independent ANOVA
- DMann-Whitney Test
122Which assumption suggests all groups should have the same or similar variance?
- ANormality
- BHomogeneity of Variance
- CHomogeneity of Regression Slopes
- DMulticollinearity
123The t-test tests for:
- ADifferences between means
- BWhether a correlation is significant
- CWhether a regression coefficient is equal to zero
- DAll of these.
124Which assumption believes data should resemble a 'bell-shaped' curve?
- ASphericity
- BNormality
- CIndependence of errors
- DLinearity
125Differences between group means can be characterized as a regression (linear) model if:
- AThe experimental groups are represented by a binary variable (i.e. coded 0 and 1)
- BThe outcome variable is categorical
- CThe groups have equal sample sizes
- DDifferences between group means cannot be characterised as a linear model, they must be analysed with an independent t-test
126How can you test for Homogeneity of Variance?
- ADurbin-Watson
- BMauchly's
- CLevene's
- DShapiro-Wilk
127A researcher measured people’s physiological reactions to horror films. He split the data into two groups: males and females. The resulting data were normally distributed and men and women had equal variances. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- ADependent
- BIndependent t-test
- CMann-Whitney test
- DWilcoxon signed-rank test
128How can you test for normality?
- ALevene's
- BShapiro-Wilk
- CVIF scores
- DTolerance
129The combined effect of two variables on another is known conceptually as _______, and in statistical terms as _________
- AMediation, an interaction effect
- BModeration, a direct effect
- CModeration, an interaction effect
- DMediation, a direct effect
130How can you test for normality?
- AKolmogorov-Smirnov
- BLevene's
- CMauchly's
- DBonferroni
131Imagine we wanted to look at the relationship between the number of hours spent practising the guitar per week and skill level. If we had reason to believe that the strength or direction of the relationship between these variables will be affected by level of enjoyment, what type of analysis should we conduct on these data?
- AModeration analysis
- BMediation analysis
- CTwo-way repeated-measures ANOVA
- DANCOVA
132If p = 0.01 on the Shapiro-Wilk test, this means?
- AData is normally distributed.
- BData is not normally distributed.
- CData requires bootstrapping.
- DData can be correlated.
133Grand mean centering for a given variable is achieved by:
- ATaking the mean of all scores (ignoring from which variable they come) and subtracting each score from it
- BTaking each score and subtracting from it the mean of all scores (for that variable)
- CTaking each score and dividing it by the mean of all scores (for that variable)
- DTaking each score, subtracting the mean and then dividing by the standard deviation.
134What is the independence of errors?
- AThe assumption that errors should all be the same.
- BThe assumption that errors should be analysed separately.
- CThe assumption that errors should not relate to each other.
- DThe assumption that errors are influenced by covariates.
135Why is it a good idea to centre your variables when conducting a moderation analysis?
- AIt makes the data normally distributed
- BIt aids the interpretation of the indirect effect
- CBecause it reduces multicollinearity between main effects and the interaction effect.
- DIt ensures the relationship between the predictor and the outcome is linear.
136How would you test for independence of errors?
- ADurbin-Watson
- BMauchly's
- CLevene's
- DRegression analysis
137Imagine we wanted to look at whether enjoyment of guitar playing influences the relationship between time spent practising and skill level. How would we know if we had a significant moderation effect?
- AIf the interaction of time spent pracitising and skill level was a significnat predictor of enjoyment
- BIf the relationship between time spent practising and skill level does not change when enjoyment is entered into the model
- CIf the relationship between time spent practising and skill level disappears when enjoyment is entered into the model.
- DIf the interaction of time spent practising and enjoyment was a significant predictor of skill level.
138What is sphericity?
- AThe assumption that the covariate has the same effect with the outcome variable for all tested groups.
- BThe assumption that predictor variables are not overly correlated.
- CResiduals at each level of the predictors should have the same variance.
- DThe assumption that the relationship between one pair of conditions is similar to the relationship of a different pair of conditions.
139A researcher measured people’s physiological reactions while watching a horror film and compared them to when watching a comedy film, and a documentary about wildlife. Different people viewed each type of film. The resulting data were normally distributed and the variances across groups were similar. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- ARepeated-measures analysis of variance
- BKruskal-Wallis test
- CFriedman's ANOVA
- DIndependent analysis of variance
140How do you test for Sphericity?
- ALevene's
- BPearson's r
- CMauchly's
- DDurbin-Watson
141When variances across independent groups are unequal, which of the following is not an appropriate course of action?
- AUse Games-Howell post hoc tests
- BUse Kruskal-Wallis test
- CUse Welch's F-ratio
- DUse Friedman's ANOVA
142What is Homogeneity of Regression Slopes?
- AAn assumption that believes the relationship between one pair of conditions is similar to that of a different pair of conditions.
- BAn assumption that believes the covariate has the same effect with the outcome variable for all tested groups.
- CAn assumption that residuals at each level of the predictor(s) should have the same variance.
- DAn assumption that believes all groups have the same or similar variance.
143Which of these statements describes a Bonferroni correction?
- AYou apply a criterion for significance based on the usual criterion for significance (.05) divided by the number of tests performed.
- BYou divide the F-ratio by the number of tests performed
- CThe degrees of freedom are corrected to make the F-ratio less significant
- DThe error in the model is adjusted for the number of tests performed.
144What is Multicollinearity?
- APredictor variables are not overly correlated.
- BAll groups have similar variance.
- CThe data has linear relationships between any predictor.
- DResiduals have the same variance.
145Levene’s test tests whether:
- AData are normally distributed
- BThe variance in different groups are equal
- CThe assumption of sphericity has been met
- DGroup means differ
146How do you test for Multicollinearity?
- AMauchly's
- BVIF and Tolerance
- CQ-Q plots
- DSkewness and Kurtosis
147Which of the following is not a type of post hoc test?
- AGames-Howell
- BBonferroni test.
- CCramér
- DREGWQ
148What is Homoscedasticity?
- APredictor variables should not be overly correlated.
- BAll groups should have similar variance.
- CThe residuals at each level of the predictor(s) should have the same variance.
- DOutcome variables are linearly related to any predictors.
149A music teacher had noticed that some students went to pieces during exams. He wanted to test whether this performance anxiety was different for people playing different instruments. He took groups of guitarists, drummers and pianists (variable = ‘Instru’) and measured their anxiety (variable = ‘Anxiety’) during the exam. He also noted the type of exam they were performing (in the UK, musical instrument exams are known as ‘grades’ and range from 1 to 8). He wanted to see whether the type of instrument played affected performance anxiety while accounting for the grade of the exam. What analysis should he use?
- AIndependent analysis of variance
- BRepeated-measures analysis of variance
- CAnalysis of covariance
- DMixed analysis of variance
150What assumptions need to be met for an independent samples t-test?
- AOutcome data is categorical (nominal), additivity and linearity, homogeneity of variance, and normality.
- BOutcome data is continuous (Interval/Ratio), independence, additivity and linearity, homogeneity of variance, and normality.
- CAny outcome data, independence of errors, normality, homogeneity of variance, sphericity.
- DNormality and homogeneity of variance.
151A health psychologist was interested in the effects of vitamin supplements on the immune system. Three groups of adults were exposed (in a highly ethical way) to the cold virus; one group took no supplements for a week before exposure, another had vitamin C supplements, and a third had multivitamins (excluding C). The severity of the cold was measured as a percentage (0% = not contracted, 100% = very severe symptoms). The psychologist also measured the number of cigarettes that each person smoked per day, as smoking suppresses the immune system. The psychologist was interested in the differences in the severity of the illnesses across different vitamin groups accounting for cigarette usage. What technique should be used to analyse these data?
- ATwo-way repeated-measures ANOVA
- BTwo-way independent ANOVA
- COne-way anaysis of covariance
- DTwo-way mixed ANOVA
152If the assumption of Normality is violated, what should you do?
- AUse an ANOVA
- BUse a non-parametric test
- CRemove outliers
- DBootstrapping.
153ANCOVA is:
- AUsed to correct for unmeasured variables that could affect the outcome variable
- BIs a method of portioning the results of ANOVAs to investigate where differences between indepdendent variables lie.
- CIs a robust version of ANOVA
- DAn extension of ANOVA that partials out the effect of other measured variables.
154If the assumption of independence is violated, what should you do?
- AUse a repeated-measures test
- BUse a non-parametric test
- CBootstrapping
- DCollect more data.
155Which of the following are affected by including a covariate in an analysis of variance?
- AAll of these
- BThe error mean square
- CThe between-subjects mean square
- DThe F-ratio
156If your data fails to reach the assumption of homogeneity of variance using Levene's test for a t-test, what should you do?
- ACarry on.
- BUse a non-parametric test.
- CReview the Q-Q plot.
- DUse the output for equal-variances not assumed.
157How many dependent variables does a two-way ANOVA have?
- AOne
- BTwo
- CThree
- DFour
158What is systematic variation?
- AVariation due to the experiment doing something to all participants in one sample but not in the other sample(s).
- BVariation due to natural differences between people in different sample(s).
- CThe average spread across a set of data linked to variance.
- DThe difference between the value a model predicts and the value observed in the data.
159What is unsystematic variation?
- AVariation due to the experiment doing something to all participants in one sample but not in the other sample(s).
- BVariation due to natural differences between people in different sample(s).
- CThe average spread across a set of data linked to variance.
- DThe difference between the value a model predicts and the value observed in the data.
160What would the levels of the independent variables be for a two-way ANOVA investigating the effect of four different treatments for depression and gender?
- A4 and 1
- B2
- C4 and 2
- D6
161What should you do if Mauchly's test for sphericity is violated?
- AUse a Friedman's ANOVA
- BUse Greenhouse-Geisser
- CCarry on as usual but report in findings.
- DUse Kruskal-Wallis
162How many independent variables were used and how were they measured in a three-way independent ANOVA?
- AThree independent variables all measured using the same entities
- BThree independent variables all measured using different entities
- COne independent variable (with three levels) measured using the same entities
- DOne independent variable (with three levels measured using different entities)
163What is Volunteer sampling?
- AParticipants are selected by asking for volunteers through an advertisement.
- BParticipants are selected using people who are most easily available.
- CA sampling method which selects every nth person.
- DSelects a group of participants in relation to the frequency of the target population.
164What is Opportunity sampling?
- AParticipants are selected by asking for volunteers through an advertisement.
- BParticipants are selected using people who are most easily available.
- CA sampling method which selects every nth person.
- DSelects a group of participants in relation to the frequency of the target population.
165What is Systematic sampling?
- AParticipants are selected by asking for volunteers through an advertisement.
- BParticipants are selected using people who are most easily available.
- CA sampling method which selects every nth person.
- DSelects a group of participants in relation to the frequency of the target population.
166What is Stratified sampling?
- AParticipants are selected by asking for volunteers through an advertisement.
- BParticipants are selected using people who are most easily available.
- CA sampling method which selects every nth person.
- DSelects a group of participants in relation to the frequency of the target population.
167What is random sampling?
- AParticipants are selected using a random number technique.
- BParticipants are selected using people who are most easily available.
- CA sampling method which selects every nth person.
- DSelects a group of participants in relation to the frequency of the target population.
168Imagine we conducted a study that found that pedestrians were more likely to give money to a street beggar if the beggar had a cute and hungry-looking dog with them, and this effect was identical for both male and female pedestrians. If we calculated the difference between men and women in the no dog condition and plotted this value against the difference between men and women in the dog condition, which of the following values is most likely to represent the gradient of our graph?
- A22.7
- B33.8
- C1
- D0
169Imagine we conducted a three-way independent ANOVA. How many sources of variance would we have?
- A3
- B7
- C8
- D4
170A researcher measured the same group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching comedy films, and a documentary about wildlife. The resulting data were normally distributed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- AIndependent analysis of variance
- BRepeated-measures analysis of variance
- CKruskal-Wallis test
- DFriedman's ANOVA
171A nutritionist conducted an experiment on memory for dreams. She wanted to test whether it really was true that eating cheese before going to bed made you have bad dreams. Over three nights, the nutritionist fed people different foods before bed. On one night they had nothing to eat, a second night they had a big plate of cheese, and the third night they had another dairy product, milk, before bed. All people were given all foods at some point over the three nights. The nutritionist measured heart rate during dreams as an index of distress. How should these data be analysed?
- AOne-way independent ANOVA
- BOne-way repeated-measures ANOVA
- CThree-way repeated-measures ANOVA
- DThree-way independent ANOVA
172Field and Lawson (2003) reported the effects of giving children aged 7–9 years positive, negative or no information about novel animals (Australian marsupials). This variable was called ‘Infotype’. Each child received all three types of information about different animals. The gender of the child was also examined. The outcome was the time taken for the children to put their hand in a box in which they believed either the positive, negative, or no information animal was housed. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to analyse their data?
- AOne-way independent ANOVA
- BOne-way repeated-measures ANOVA
- CTwo-way mixed ANOVA
- DTwo-way independent ANOVA
173A researcher tested 40 children aged 6 years. Each child engaged in a task where they had to use two dolls (one representing themselves and one representing a teacher) and they had to enact a time when their teacher had been angry with them. All children were videotaped and 20 children were told that their teacher would see the tape and 20 were not. What experimental design has been used?
- AA repeated-measures design
- BA matched design
- CA mixed design
- DA between-subjects design
174A researcher tested 40 adults. Each adult had to rate their mood after listening to a tape of people being sick, and then again after a tape of people laughing. What experimental design has been used?
- AA matched design
- BA repeated-measures design
- CA mixed design
- DA between-subjects design
175A researcher tested 40 adults. Each adult had to rate their mood after listening to a tape of people being sick, and then again after a tape of people laughing. Half of the participants were asked to visualize the people that they could hear on the tape, whereas the other half just listened. What experimental design has been used?
- AA mixed design
- BA repeated-measures design
- CA matched design
- DA between-subjects design
176Which of the following assumptions are relevant in mixed ANOVA designs?
- AHomogeneity of regression slopes
- BSphericity only
- CHomogeneity of variance and sphericity
- DMulticollinearity
177Which of the following statements about MANOVA is correct?
- AMANOVA is appropraite for data that have one or more dependent variables and more than two independent variables
- BMANOVA is appropriate for data with two or more dependent variables and one or more independent variables
- CMANOVA is appropriate for data with two or more dependent variables and only one independent variable
- DMANOVA is appropriate for data with only one dependent variable and more than three independent variables
178The power of MANOVA to detect an effect depends on:
- AA combination of the correlation between dependent variables and the effect size to be detected.
- BA combination of the correlation between independent variables and the effect size to be detected.
- CA combination of the correlation between independent and dependent variables
- DNone of these
179What would you use Box’s test for?
- ATo test for multivariate normality.
- BTo test for independence of residuals
- CTo test for homogeneity of variance
- DTo test the assumption of homogeneity of covariance matrices
180If your MANOVA is statistically significant:
- AYou could conduct separate Bonferroni corrected ANOVAs on each dependent variable
- BThere is no added value in performing discriminant function analysis
- CYou could conclude that all groups differ significantly.
- DNone of these are correct
181A square matrix in which the diagonal elements are equal to 1 and the off-diagonal elements are equal to 0 is known as:
- AA variance=covariance matrix
- BA column vector
- CAn identity matrix
- DThe error sum of squares and cross-products matrix (or error SSCP)
182Varimax rotation should be used when:
- AYou believe that the underlying factors will be correlated
- BYou believe that the underlying factors are non-orthogonal
- CYou believe that the underlying factors are independent.
- DKaiser's criterion is met.
183Kaiser’s criterion for retaining factors is:
- ARetain any factor with an eigenvalue greater than 1
- BRetain any factor with an eigenvalue greater than 0.3
- CRetain factors before the point of inflexion on a scree plot
- DRetain factors with communalities greater than 0.7
184Which of these is a form of oblique rotation?
- AEquamax
- BQuartimax
- CVarimax
- DPromax
185A researcher asked 933 people what their favourite type of TV programme was: news, documentary, soap or sports. They could only choose one answer. As such, the researcher had the number of people who chose each category of programme. How should she analyse these data?
- AT-test
- Bone-way analysis of variance
- CChi-square test
- DRegression
186Chi-square is used to analyse:
- AScores
- BRanks
- CFrequencies
- DAny of these
187On which of the following does the critical value for a chi-square statistic rely?
- ADegrees of freedom
- BSum of frequencies
- CRow totals
- DNumber of variables
188Using a goodness-of-fit test, we can assess whether a set of obtained frequencies differ from a set of _______ frequencies
- AMean
- BActual
- CPredicted
- DExpected
189Imagine you conducted a study to look at the association between whether expectant mothers in two different age groups (18–30 and 31–43 years) eat breakfast (or not) and the gender of the first-born child. Which of the following options would be the most appropriate method of analysing these data?
- AChi-square test
- BThree-way repeated-measure ANOVA
- CLoglinear analysis
- DTwo-way mixed analysis of covariance
190Logistic regression is used when you want to:
- APredict a dichotomous variable from a continuous or dichotomous variables
- BPredict a continuous variable from dichotomous variables
- CPredict any categorical variable from several other categorical variables
- DPredict a continuous variable from dichotomous or continuous variables
191The odds ratio is:
- AThe ratio of the probability of an event not happening to probability of the event happening.
- BThe probability of an event ooccuring
- CThe ratio of the odds after a unit change in the predictor to the original odds.
- DThe ratio of the probability of an event happening to the probability of the event not happening.
192Large values of the log-likelihood statistic indicate:
- AThat there are a greater number of explained vs unexplained observations
- BThat the statistical model fits the data well
- CThat as predictor variable increased, the likelihood of the outcome occurring decreases.
- DThat the statistical model is a poor fit of the data.
193Logistic regression assumes a:
- ALinear relationship between continuous predictor variables and the outcome variable.
- BLinear relationship between continuous predictor variables and logit of the outcome variable
- CLinear relationship between continuous predictor variables
- DLinear relationship between observations
194In binary logistic regression:
- AThe dependent variable is continuous
- BThe dependent variable is divided into two equal subcategories
- CThe dependent variable consists of two categories
- DThere is no dependent variable
195A researcher was interested in the effects of information about exercises that relieve back pain delivered in two different ways by doctors. Doctors were recruited from different hospitals and each gave several patients the information. How many levels are there in this hierarchical data structure?
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
196A researcher was interested in the effects of information about exercises that relieve back pain delivered in two different ways. Several doctors within the same hospital delivered the information to multiple patients. How many levels are there in this hierarchical data structure?
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
197Which of the following is not a measure of the fit of a multilevel model?
- ACIC
- BAIC
- CCAIC
- DBIC
198What is the non-parametric equivalent of a one-sample t-test
- AMann-Whitney U
- BWilcoxon
- CSpearman's Rho
- DKruskal-Wallis
199What is the non-parametric equivalent of an independent-samples t-test
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney U
- CKruskal-Wallis
- DSpearman's Rho
200What is the non-parametric equivalent of a paired-samples t-test
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney U
- CKruskal-Wallis
- DSpearman's Rho
201What is the non-parametric equivalent of Pearson's r correlation?
- AWilcoxon
- BKruskal-Wallis
- CSpearman's Rho
- DMann-Whitney U
202What is the non-parametric equivalent of an one-way ANOVA
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney U
- CKruskal-Wallis
- DFriedman's ANOVA
203What is the non-parametric equivalent of a two-way ANOVA
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney U
- CKruskal-Wallis
- DFriedman's ANOVA
204What test should you use if you have:
Nominal data
Unrelated samples
Looking at a difference- AIndependent-samples t-test
- BChi-square
- CMann-Whitney U
- DSpearman's Rho
205What test should you use if you have:
Ordinal data
Unrelated samples
Looking at a difference- AIndependent-samples t-test
- BOne-way ANOVA
- CMann-Whitney U
- DWilcoxon
206What test should you use if you have:
Ordinal data
Related samples
Looking at a difference- ARepeated-measures t-test
- BWilcoxon
- CChi-square
- DMann-whitney U
207What test should you use if you have:
Ordinal data
Related samples
Looking at a relationship- AChi Square
- BMann-Whitney U
- CSpearman's Rho
- DPearson's r
208If you have interval or ratio data, what test is most appropriate?
- AParametric
- BNon-parametric
- CChi-square
- DCorrelational
209What is Quasi-experimental?
- AThe IV is naturally occurring but the environment is set up by the researcher allowing for controlled conditions.
- BThe researcher studies one person in-depth over a period of time, often using a variety of techniques to collect data.
- CThe researcher studies people in their normal environment, setting up different situations to see if they make people react in different ways.
- DThe researcher works in a carefully controlled environment, setting up different situations to see if they make people react in different ways.
210In FA/PCA, what is Orthogonal Rotation?
- AAxes are rotated to give the best fit of items to a factor.
- Ballows factors to be correlated so the axis can vary to where the factors are best loaded.
- CRepresents the variance in the original variables that is explained by a factor
- DA variable (or construct) that is not directly observable but needs to be inferred from the input variables
211In FA/PCA, what is Oblique Rotation?
- AAxes are rotated to give the best fit of items to a factor.
- Ballows factors to be correlated so the axis can vary to where the factors are best loaded.
- CRepresents the variance in the original variables that is explained by a factor
- DA variable (or construct) that is not directly observable but needs to be inferred from the input variables
212What is an Eigenvalue?
- AAxes are rotated to give the best fit of items to a factor.
- BA variable (or construct) that is not directly observable but needs to be inferred from the input variables
- CRepresents the variance in the original variables that is explained by a factor
- Dthe strength of association between a variable and its factor: a “correlation coefficient” showing the importance of each variable in defining the factor
213What does an Eigenvalue equal to or greater than 1 mean?
- Athe sum of partial correlations is large relative to the sum of correlations, indicating diffusion in the pattern of correlations
- BAn underlying factor
- Cmeasure of sampling adequacy (KMO)
- Dthe strength of association between a variable and its factor: a “correlation coefficient” showing the importance of each variable in defining the factor
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- DPsych Research MCQ Quiz on Combined MCQ, created by William Barber on 08/02/2021.
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- William Barber
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