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Plutarch- Sparta sources
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1From Plutarch 1 what does he tell us about Lycurgus
- Ahe was the law giver of Athens
- Bhard to make undisputed statements because there are so many conflicting stories
- Cthere is little agreement as to when he lived
- Dsources conflicting each other like eratothenes and Apollodorus
2Plutarch [blank_start]1[blank_end]
some of the conflicting stories told by Plutarch include
[blank_start]Aristotle[blank_end]- during Olympic truce
[blank_start]Eratosthenes[blank_end] + [blank_start]Apollodorus[blank_end]- calculate his period using the succession of kings to living much before the first Olympics
[blank_start]Xenophon[blank_end] lived early on during time of Heraclids- A1
- BAristotle
- CEratosthenes
- DApollodorus
- EXenophon
3Source discussing Spartan upbringing/education?
- A10
- B11
- C12
- D13
- E14
- F15
- G16
4Plutarch [blank_start]16[blank_end] the apothotae 'place of [blank_start]rejection[blank_end]
new-borns would be examined by [blank_start]eldest[blank_end] man in tribe at the [blank_start]lesche[blank_end]
if baby passed, strong sturdy, given back to father
if [blank_start]puny[blank_end] and [blank_start]deformed[blank_end] brought to apothetae on mount [blank_start]Taygetus[blank_end] as state has deicded it was better for babby to die- A16
- Brejection
- Celdest
- Dlesche
- Epuny
- Fdeformed
- GTaygetus
5Plutarch [blank_start]16[blank_end] Spartan wet nurses
to allow freedom of [blank_start]movement[blank_end] were not [blank_start]swaddled[blank_end]
Trained to [blank_start]eat[blank_end] and not [blank_start]fuss[blank_end] about it
Learned to not fear [blank_start]dark[blank_end] or being left [blank_start]alone[blank_end]
were not prone to [blank_start]crying[blank_end] or [blank_start]temper[blank_end] tantrums- A16
- Bmovement
- Cswaddled
- Deat
- Efuss
- Fdark
- Galone
- Hcrying
- Itemper
6Plutarch [blank_start]16[blank_end] the Agoge
at age [blank_start]seven[blank_end] placed into a [blank_start]troop[blank_end] were they all lived and were brought up together
a [blank_start]captaincy[blank_end] was given out to those who showed [blank_start]soundest[blank_end] judgement and best [blank_start]fighting[blank_end] spirit
meanwhile others listened to him gaining both [blank_start]instructions[blank_end] and [blank_start]punishments[blank_end] learning obedience
elders were also there encouraging them to [blank_start]compete[blank_end] with each other while trying ti learn about how [blank_start]strong[blank_end] boys character for battle field
learned only [blank_start]necessaries[blank_end] for reading and writing
aim was develop smart [blank_start]obedience[blank_end] perseverance under [blank_start]stress[blank_end] and victory in [blank_start]battle[blank_end]
as they got older [blank_start]physical[blank_end] training grew harder- A16
- Bseven
- Ctroop
- Dcaptaincy
- Esoundest
- Ffighting
- Ginstructions
- Hpunishments
- Icompete
- Jstrong
- Knecessaries
- Lobedience
- Mstress
- Nbattle
- Ophysical
7Plutarch 16 ways in which boys were deprived
[blank_start]cropped[blank_end] hair, from [blank_start]12[blank_end] never wore a tunic and were provided only 1 [blank_start]robe[blank_end] per year
there was no [blank_start]bathing[blank_end] or [blank_start]oiling[blank_end] only a few days a year
had to make their own [blank_start]mattresses[blank_end] from reed tips sleeping [blank_start]together[blank_end] and during winter added a kind of [blank_start]thistle[blank_end] for warmth- Acropped
- B12
- Crobe
- Dbathing
- Eoiling
- Fmattresses
- Gtogether
- Hthistle
8Sources on Women Plutarch
- A10
- B11
- C12
- D13
- E14
- F15
9Plutarch [blank_start]14[blank_end] Spartan girls upbringing
They toughened them through [blank_start]wrestling[blank_end] [blank_start]running[blank_end] and [blank_start]discus[blank_end]/ javelin
so that they would give [blank_start]birth[blank_end] to strong babies and be able to deal with the [blank_start]birth[blank_end] more easily
young girls walk naked at processions and dances at certain [blank_start]festivals[blank_end]
girls would make fun of the [blank_start]men[blank_end] criticizing them for their mistake and sing praises to the boys to give them [blank_start]ambition[blank_end] and induce [blank_start]rivalry[blank_end]
the boys praised for their [blank_start]manliness[blank_end] would take pride from it
'there was no hint of [blank_start]immorality[blank_end]' it was to encourage [blank_start]physical[blank_end] fitness
quote from [blank_start]Gorgo[blank_end] 'you Laconian women are the only ones who can rule men' 'that is because we are the [blank_start]only[blank_end] ones who give birth to [blank_start]men[blank_end]'- A14
- Bwrestling
- Crunning
- Ddiscus
- Ebirth
- Fbirth
- Gfestivals
- Hmen
- Iambition
- Jrivalry
- Kmanliness
- Limmorality
- Mphysical
- NGorgo
- Oonly
- Pmen
10Plutarch [blank_start]15[blank_end] marriage
men who did not marry were excluded from things like [blank_start]Gymnopaedia[blank_end]
and were told to parade themselves [blank_start]naked[blank_end] in winter at the Agora
deprived of any [blank_start]respect[blank_end] which young boys were meant to show to their elders
the women would be [blank_start]captured[blank_end] by the men when they were in their [blank_start]prime[blank_end]
the bridesmaid would take care of bride [blank_start]shaving[blank_end] their head dressed in a [blank_start]man's[blank_end] cloak and sandals and laid down [blank_start]alone[blank_end] in a room on a mattress
Groom would have [blank_start]dinner[blank_end] at messes before [blank_start]sneaking[blank_end] away to wife and would also afterwards have to [blank_start]sneak[blank_end] back to regular bed
this secretness would continue if men wee seen sneaking to sleep with their wife they would scheme how to meet unnoticed
was an exercise in self [blank_start]control[blank_end] and [blank_start]moderation[blank_end] also so they had more of a [blank_start]sexual[blank_end] drive- A15
- BGymnopaedia
- Cnaked
- Drespect
- Ecaptured
- Fprime
- Gshaving
- Hman's
- Ialone
- Jdinner
- Ksneaking
- Lsneak
- Mcontrol
- Nmoderation
- Osexual
11Spartan men were free to give wives to other men to have children
- ATrue
- BFalse
12Plutarch [blank_start]16[blank_end] children
children belonged [blank_start]privately[blank_end] to fathers but [blank_start]jointly[blank_end] to the city
there was no [blank_start]adultery[blank_end] amoung them to stop [blank_start]fathers[blank_end] being selfish when they were past their [blank_start]prime[blank_end]- A16
- Bprivately
- Cjointly
- Dadultery
- Efathers
- Fprime
13sources about syssitia (appear in many other places too)
- A10
- B11
- C12
- D13
- E14
- F15
14Plutarch [blank_start]10[blank_end] preventing luxury/indulgence
Lycurgus established the [blank_start]messes[blank_end] to stop a passion for [blank_start]wealth[blank_end] in Sparta
Spartans would gather together at the same [blank_start]time[blank_end] to eat allowed diet of [blank_start]meats[blank_end] and [blank_start]grains[blank_end]
Also to make wealth [blank_start]undesirable[blank_end] where rich man eats same meal at same place as [blank_start]common[blank_end] people
if people were not [blank_start]joining[blank_end] to eat and drink and they would be [blank_start]abused[blank_end] for being to [blank_start]delicate[blank_end] and not having self [blank_start]control[blank_end]- A10
- Bmesses
- Cwealth
- Dtime
- Emeats
- Fgrains
- Gundesirable
- Hcommon
- Ijoining
- Jabused
- Kdelicate
- Lcontrol
15Plutarch [blank_start]11[blank_end]
story of the [blank_start]outrage[blank_end] when these anti [blank_start]wealth[blank_end] laws were put into place- A11
- Boutrage
- Cwealth
16Plutarch [blank_start]12[blank_end] Descriptions of some of the customs happening at messes
gathered in groups of around [blank_start]15[blank_end] people
Each member had provide a certain amount of food each [blank_start]month[blank_end] including if they had foraged or [blank_start]hunted[blank_end] any food were required to give a share to the messes
The only exception to not eating at messes was if you were giving [blank_start]sacrifices[blank_end] or were out [blank_start]hunting[blank_end] late and could eat at home
Even the king had to abide by these laws when king [blank_start]Agis[blank_end] defeated the Athenians he had asked to dine at home but polemarch's [blank_start]refused[blank_end] him and when next day he was angry so didn't carry out sacrifices and polemarch's [blank_start]fined[blank_end] him
The Spartan boy's would also frequently go to the [blank_start]messes[blank_end] to hear both [blank_start]political[blank_end] discussions and 'witnessed the kind of [blank_start]entertainments[blank_end] appropriate for free [blank_start]men[blank_end]'
when entering the messes the [blank_start]eldest[blank_end] man indicate the [blank_start]doors[blank_end] to each person entering saying 'not a [blank_start]word[blank_end] goes out through [blank_start]these[blank_end]'
To [blank_start]join[blank_end] a mess each member of the mess would be given a piece of [blank_start]bread[blank_end] if they wanted them to join they would throw it into a [blank_start]bowl[blank_end] on slaves head and if they didn't they would [blank_start]scrunch[blank_end] up the ball of [blank_start]bread[blank_end] then throw it into bowl if one [blank_start]single[blank_end] person didn't want them to join person would be [blank_start]rejected[blank_end]
walk at night without a torch so that they grew used to the [blank_start]darkness[blank_end] and travelled [blank_start]fearlessly[blank_end] at night- A12
- B15
- Cmonth
- Dhunted
- Esacrifices
- Fhunting
- GAgis
- Hrefused
- Ifined
- Jmesses
- Kpolitical
- Lentertainments
- Mmen
- Neldest
- Oword
- Pthese
- Qdoors
- Rjoin
- Sbread
- Tbowl
- Uscrunch
- Vbread
- Wsingle
- Xrejected
- Ydarkness
- Zfearlessly
17Plutarch [blank_start]13[blank_end] Rhetras
First rhetra was [blank_start]prohibiting[blank_end] the use of [blank_start]written[blank_end] laws believing that by building it into to [blank_start]character[blank_end] of of citizens through [blank_start]education[blank_end] and training they would be more [blank_start]committed[blank_end] to following them
Rhetra 2 which was to do with [blank_start]extravagance[blank_end], all houses [blank_start]ceiling[blank_end] could only be built with [blank_start]axes[blank_end] and [blank_start]doors[blank_end] with only [blank_start]saws[blank_end] no other tools were allowed as Lycurgus realised there was no place for extravagance in a house of this [blank_start]type[blank_end]
third rhetra which banned [blank_start]frequent[blank_end] campaigns against the same [blank_start]foe[blank_end] so that the enemy would not have a chance to grow used to [blank_start]defending[blank_end] themselves and become [blank_start]skilled[blank_end] in [blank_start]war[blank_end]- A13
- Bprohibiting
- Cwritten
- Dcharacter
- Eeducation
- Fcommitted
- Gextravagance
- Hceiling
- Iaxes
- Jdoors
- Ksaws
- Ltype
- Mfrequent
- Nfoe
- Odefending
- Pskilled
- Qwar
18Plutarch sources talking about economy
- A7
- B8
- C9
- D10
19Plutarch [blank_start]8[blank_end]
Lycurgus 'most revolutionary' change to Sparta was to the economy
'in order to expel [blank_start]arrogance[blank_end], envy, crime, luxury,... [blank_start]wealth[blank_end] and poverty'
he had [blank_start]land[blank_end] redistributed and for everyone to live [blank_start]equally[blank_end] with the same amount of [blank_start]property[blank_end]
'seek to only be first in [blank_start]merit[blank_end]'
in terms of land Perioikoi received [blank_start]30,000[blank_end] lots and Sparta [blank_start]9,000[blank_end] which is the number of lots for the Spartiate's, other sources contradict, Lycurgus allocated [blank_start]6,000[blank_end] the [blank_start]3,000[blank_end] thousands was added by Polydorus.
each lot was meant to be enough for [blank_start]70[blank_end] Medimni of barely and [blank_start]twelve[blank_end] for his wife meant to be enough food for the [blank_start]health[blank_end] and fitness of the Spartans- A8
- Barrogance
- Cwealth
- Dequally
- Eland
- Fproperty
- Gmerit
- H30,000
- I9,000
- J6,000
- K3,000
- L70
- Mtwelve
- Nhealth
20Plutarch [blank_start]9[blank_end]
in terms of how movable property was distributed to remove [blank_start]inequality[blank_end]
all [blank_start]gold[blank_end] and [blank_start]silver[blank_end] coins were invalid the only valid form of currency in Sparta was [blank_start]iron[blank_end] which were given a very low value to big weights, 10 [blank_start]minas[blank_end] of iron required large storage space and a [blank_start]waggon[blank_end] to move it
caused crime rate to drop in Sparta because it couldn't be [blank_start]hidden[blank_end] and wasn't [blank_start]profitable[blank_end]
also [blank_start]iron[blank_end] was doused in [blank_start]vinegar[blank_end] so that it became fragile and couldn't be used
meant that it also couldn't be [blank_start]traded[blank_end] with other city states and was considered a joke by them
also made it so Spartans couldn't [blank_start]buy[blank_end] products from other city [blank_start]states[blank_end]
therefore fully [blank_start]cutting[blank_end] of access to anything that could feed [blank_start]luxury[blank_end]
money offered no advantage in Sparta
removed crafts from Sparta '[blank_start]alien[blank_end] crafts'
meant furniture among other things was built simply about [blank_start]practicality[blank_end]- A9
- Binequality
- Csilver
- Dgold
- Eiron
- Fminas
- Gwaggon
- Hprofitable
- Ihidden
- Jvinegar
- Kiron
- Ltraded
- Mbuy
- Nstates
- Ocutting
- Pluxury
- Qalien
- Rpracticality
21which passage of Plutarch mentions the Krypteia?
- A25
- B26
- C27
- D28
22Plutarch [blank_start]28[blank_end]
Sparta's system fails to foster the practice of [blank_start]justice[blank_end] because of the [blank_start]Krypteia[blank_end]
'assuming this really was one of the [blank_start]Lycurgus[blank_end]' institutions'
young Spartiates would be sent into [blank_start]Messenia[blank_end] those who were more [blank_start]intelligent[blank_end] were sent and equipped with only a [blank_start]dagger[blank_end] and basic [blank_start]rations[blank_end]
in day they were meant to [blank_start]rest[blank_end] and [blank_start]hide[blank_end] whilst at night they [blank_start]murder[blank_end] any [blank_start]helots[blank_end] who they saw on the roads
also killed helots who had [blank_start]strong[blank_end] physique and were [blank_start]strong[blank_end]
[blank_start]Thucydides[blank_end] mentions in his work that the Spartiates singled out helots for their [blank_start]bravery[blank_end] and then over [blank_start]2,000[blank_end] of them vanished nobody can explain where they went
[blank_start]Aristotle[blank_end] mentions that once the [blank_start]ephors[blank_end] had taken office they would immediately declare [blank_start]war[blank_end] on the Helots yearly , this way make the murders seem more justified
The Spartiates treatment of the helot's was callous and [blank_start]cruel[blank_end] forcing them to drink unmixed [blank_start]wine[blank_end] in order to [blank_start]humiliate[blank_end] them and show young Spartans what [blank_start]drunkenness[blank_end] looked like to discourage them from drinking
forcing them to preform [blank_start]vulgar[blank_end] and ludicrous songs
Plutarch theorises that this treatment began after the great [blank_start]earthquake[blank_end] as Lycurgus was to mild and fair to do such a thing- A28
- Bjustice
- CKrypteia
- DLycurgus
- EMessenia
- Fintelligent
- Gdagger
- Hrations
- Irest
- Jhide
- Kmurder
- Lhelots
- Mstrong
- Nstrong
- OThucydides
- Pbravery
- Q2,000
- RAristotle
- Sephors
- Twar
- Ucruel
- Vwine
- Whumiliate
- Xdrunkenness
- Yvulgar
- Zearthquake
23Plutarch sources on Gerousia
- A25
- B26
- C27
- D28
24Plutarch [blank_start]26[blank_end]
whenever an elder [blank_start]died[blank_end] they should be [blank_start]replaced[blank_end] with a new elder
they should be over [blank_start]60[blank_end] and of high [blank_start]merit[blank_end]
they should be the [blank_start]wisest[blank_end] and best- A26
- Bdied
- Creplaced
- D60
- Emerit
- Fwisest
25Passages from Plutarch about the ephors
- A7
- B9
- C11
- D13
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- a level ancient history (Greece depth study- Sparta 475-404 BC) Quiz on Plutarch- Sparta sources , created by Emma Holmes on 12/10/2023.
- Author
- Emma Holmes
- Language
- English
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