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Law Exam
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Questions in this quiz (85)
1Which psychological phenomenon have some psychologists used to argue that traumatic memories are recorded and stored with almost perfect accuracy?
- AFlashbulb memories
- BCrashing memories
- CImplanted memories
- DRecovered memories
2What law is Easterbrook's (1959) cue utilisation theory built on? [blank_start]_______[blank_end]
- AYerkes-Dodson
3What was the key finding of Talarico and Rubin's (2003) flashbulb memory experiment in which participants were asked about both a flashbulb event (World Trade Centre attack) and a non-emotional event?
- AFlashbulb events are no different to non-emotional, non-surprising events in memory
- BFlashbulb events foster the subjective feelings of recollection, confidence and vividness in memories, as well as the objective consistency and accuracy of the memory over time.
- CFlashbulb events foster the subjective feelings of recollection, confidence and vividness in memories, but do not enhance the consistency of the memory over time.
- DFlashbulb memories that have been corroborated remain surprisingly accurate over time.
4Which of the following is likely to impair a person's ability to monitor the source of their memory?
- AExperiencing severe stress
- BBeing distracted while encoding an event
- CMaking a source monitoring judgment under time pressure
- DA mental experience with characteristics that aren't typically associated with that type of mental experience (e.g., a highly vivid and detailed memory of a dream)
5What was the key finding in Kassin & Fong's (1999) test of the Reid technique?
- ASubjects who were trained to use the Reid Technique were better able to detect deception and monitor their accuracy than naïve subjects
- BSubjects who were trained to analyse verbal behaviour were better able to detect deception and monitor their accuracy than subjects who were trained to analyse non-verbal cues
- CSubjects who were trained to analyse non-verbal cues were better able to detect deception and monitor their accuracy than subjects who were trained to analyse verbal behaviour
- DNaïve subjects were better able to detect deception and monitor their accuracy than subjects who were trained to use the Reid Technique
6What are three types of false confessions in Kassin and Wrightsman's (1985) taxonomy?
- AInternalised
- BCompliant
- CFalse
- DInstrumental
- EVoluntary
- FConfabulation
7When truth-tellers are asked unanticipated questions in an intelligence interview, their reports differ in systematic ways to liars. How do truth-tellers differ?
- ATruth tellers talk faster
- BTruth tellers provide more consistent answers
- CTruth-tellers provide more detailed answers
- DTruth-tellers show more markers of good planning (e.g., effective time allocation)
- ETruth-tellers are more likely to report experiencing a mental image
8What is the name of the theory that researchers have used to explain why communication cues can potentially be used to help discriminate between couples who are genuinely married and couples who are in a fake marriage?
- ASource monitory framework
- BDiscriminate marriage framework
- CCued-couple remembering
- DTransactive memory
9If you were tasked with interviewing a source (subject) who was reluctant to speak, which approach might you use to help enhance rapport with the source? (Hint: Consider the experiment by Brimbal et al., 2019)
- AAttempt to increase the affiliation between myself and the source
- BAttempt to decrease the affiliation between the source and the target
- CAttempt to increase the emotional bond between myself and the source
- DAttempt to increase the affiliation between myself and the source AND attempt to decrease the affiliation between the source and the target
10What is the name of the German interrogator whose sly interrogation techniques have motivated researchers to focus on the benefits of a rapport-based approach—rather than an accusatorial approach—to extracting information from sources?
- ASchafer
- BSchneider
- CSchwein
- DScharff
11What are the three main categories of lies?
- AExaggerations
- BFalsifications
- CMisleading assertions
- DConcealments
- EDistortions
12Support for the Feedback Hypothesis of deception detection has largely come from what sort of studies?
- AStudies with criminals
- BStudies with professional lie catchers
- CField studies
- DLab-based studies
13Criteria-Based Content Analysis is built on the Undeutsch Hypothesis. We have covered a (memory) theory in class that draws on a similar idea to the Undeutsch Hypothesis. What's the name of that theoretical framework?
- ASource Monitoring
- BRelative Judgement
- CUnconscious Transference
14What three underlying processes are thought to affect a liar's behaviour?
- AMotivation
- BAttempted control
- CHeightened physiology
- DEmotion
- EContent complexity
15fMRI lie detection techniques do not (yet) meet the Frye criteria. What is the Frye criteria?
- AScientific techniques must be relevant to the issue at hand in a case
- BScientific techniques must have general acceptance in the relevant scientific community
- CScientific techniques must have be used in the field for a minimum of 10-15 years
- DScientific techniques must have been evaluated via pre-registered randomised control trials
16Indicate which of the following statements regarding neuroscience-based deception detection are true:
- AJust as there is no unique physiological response associated with deception, there is no unique brain region associated with deception.
- BJust like polygraph measures, fMRI and P300 measures are susceptible to countermeasures
- CDeception researchers have voiced concerns about the Comparison Question Test for decades, particularly the assumption that relevant questions will elicit stronger emotions (and thus larger responses) only in guilty suspects
17Consider this scenario: You discover that your boss is embezzling company funds. Rather than take any action, you try to avoid learning details of how she is doing it because you don't want to be put in the difficult position of having to decide what to do with such knowledge. Deception researchers have coined a name for your behaviour. What is it?
- APinocchio's nose
- BAvoidance tactic
- CThe ostrich effect
- DThe Clinton-Lewinsky effect
18What is the name of the field of psychology that focuses on children's reactions and actions in the forensic context?
- AForensic developmental psychology
- BForensic children's psychology
- CChild-Forensic psychology
- DDevelopmental criminal justice psychology
19Which of the following statements about pre-schoolers and their memory ability is true?
- AChildren's capacity to recall autobiographical experiences after several weeks emerges around 18 months.
- BA child's linguistic repertoire and willingness to talk, rather than their memory ability, are most likely to affect the quality and quantity of the child's testimony.
- CChildren have fairly advanced brain networks that support the recall of autobiographical experiences by around 4 years of age.
- DPiaget was the first to write about infantile (or "childhood") amnesia.
20Fivush & Shukat (1995) explored pre-schoolers' reports of a visit to a zoo or amusement park. What was a key finding in this study?
- AHalf of the children failed to report any information about the target event when the interviewer asked them about it.
- BThe children's reports were vague, sparse and often incoherent.
- CThe accuracy of the children's reports decreased when they were asked closed-ended questions.
- DIn the face of misleading questions, the children still performed remarkably well.
21Which of the following statements about children's memories for repeated events is false?
- AExtricating the circumstances of each allegation made in a criminal trial is called "particularisation".
- BMemory for repeated events generally improves with age.
- CWhen children have suffered repeated abuse, they may confuse events that are similar in nature but different in context.
- DChildren's memories for repeated events tend to be immune to distortion.
22Here are the beautiful data from Leichtman & Ceci's (1995) "Sam Stone" study. Can you match each of the experimental conditions with the correct bars on the graph?
- AControl group
- BStereotype group
- CSuggestion group
- DStereotype and suggestion group
23Which of the following statements about the effect of drawing on children's testimony are true?
- ADraw and tell interviews can increase the quantity of accurate information children recall even when interviewed after delays as long as 1 year
- BDraw and tell interviews can enhance the testimony of children from both low and high SES backgrounds
- CDrawing does not protect children from the impact of misleading or suggestive questioning
- DWhen drawing is used for rehearsal before an interview, it increases the quality and quantity of a child's report at the interview
24Consider this statement: Yes/No questions are inherently suggestive because children implicitly assume that the correct answer is "yes". Overall, what does the research on a "yes-bias" in children show?
- AThere is no consistent evidence for a yes-bias (or no-bias) among young children
- BThere is ample evidence of a yes-bias among young children
- CThere is little research exploring the yes-bias (and no-bias) in young children
25Which of the following statements about juries are true? (You can select more than one).
- AJurors spend approximately 75% of time discussing the evidence and approximately 20% of the time discussing law
- BLegal scholars agree that the Magna Carta, Clause 39, is the basis for the institution of a trial by jury
- CThere have always been qualifications to serve on a jury
- DAn early example of a jury system existed in ancient Egypt
26When a jury takes a verdict-driven approach to deliberation, what do they tend to do?
- ADiscuss different verdict categories until the evidence is thoroughly reviewed and accounted for
- BFocus on the legal procedures and definitions of the verdict options without paying much attention to the evidence
- CTry to find the most compelling story that accounts for all the evidence that has been presented
- DAdvocate for one verdict at a time and take frequent polls to monitor other jurors' opinions
27Place the three stages of juror deliberation into the correct order:
[blank_start]1. ________[blank_end]
[blank_start]2. ________[blank_end]
[blank_start]3. ________[blank_end]- AOrientation
- BOpen conflict
- CReconciliation
28What does the leniency bias refer to in criminal trials?
- AThe tendency for criminal jurors to favour the prosecution
- BThe tendency for criminal jurors to favour the accused
- CThe tendency for judges to give defendants in criminal trials a sentence that is far from the maximum penalty
- DThe tendency for judges to think defendants in criminal trials are telling the truth
29What has the research on jury size and its effect on juror decision-making revealed?
- ASmaller juries have more thorough deliberations than longer juries
- BMinority views are more likely to be represented in smaller juries than longer juries
- CSmaller juries are more likely to hang than larger juries
- DSmaller juries have shorter deliberations than larger juries
30Which of the following statements about mathematical models of juror decision-making a true?
- AMathematical models assume that jurors use a "mental meter" that represents their belief that the defendant committed the act in question
- BJurors identify probative pieces of information within the evidence and assign a weight to that evidence
- CMathematical models incorporate the juror's unique experiences, knowledge and beliefs into the decision making process.
31According to the "Story Model" of juror decision making, what are the three certainty principles that jurors consider when evaluating a "story" (explanation) of the evidence?
- AConfidence | Probativeness | Coherence
- BPlausibility | Detail | Consistency
- CCoverage | Coherence | Uniqueness
- DNarrative | Coherence | Consistency
32According to reactance theory, why might jurors fail to ignore hearsay evidence even after the judge has instructed them to ignore it?
- AJurors view the judge's instructions to ignore hearsay evidence as a threat to their freedom to consider all of the evidence and to decide whether or not specific information is relevant to the case
- BJurors struggle to react accordingly to instructions to ignore hearsay evidence due to the complexity and volume of the evidence that is typically presented in a case
- CJurors attempt to consciously redirect their minds away from the hearsay evidence, but automatic and unconscious monitoring processes can thwart this effort by rendering the hearsay information even more accessible and salient in memory.
- DJurors place too much faith in the credibility of witness testimony and this extends to hearsay evidence which is essentially witness testimony that is provided by someone (a declarant) who is not present at court
33Approximately what proportion of women in Williams' (1994) study failed to recall the abuse they experienced 17 years earlier when asked about it?
- A18%
- B38%
- C58%
- D78%
34In the 1990s, some memory researchers drew an analogy between the misinformation effect paradigm and the (trauma-oriented) therapy context. In this analogy, what is the "event" phase of the misinformation procedure akin to in the therapy context?
- AComing to falsely recall a childhood that involved abuse
- BUndergoing multiple sessions of therapy
- CExperiencing a benign childhood
35Why might critics argue that the findings from misinformation research don't generalise well to therapeutic contexts?
- AOnly aspects of events, not entire events, are changed in people's memories in misinformation studies,
- BThe suggested event in misinformation studies typically isn't a personal, self-involving event. Rather, it's a detail about some witnessed event.
- CParticipants typically have no emotional involvement in the target event in misinformation studies
36Loftus and Pickrell's (1995) study was the first study to systematically demonstrate what?
- AThat people could come to misremember aspects of witnessed events
- BThat people could develop false memories of childhood experiences
- CThat people frequently have poor memories of their childhood shopping experiences
- DThat implausible events were relatively easy to implant in adult's memories
37What three conditions are thought to be needed for participants to develop false memories?
- AEvent acceptance > Memory construction > Source monitoring error
- BPlausibility > Belief > Memory construction
- CEvent acceptance > Imagination > Source monitoring error
38How did Braun et al. (2002) demonstrate that people could develop memories of impossible events?
- ABy suggesting to participants that they met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland
- BBy suggesting to participants that they were abducted by aliens
- CBy suggesting to participants that they experienced events that had happened before the participant was born
- DBy suggesting to participants that they had voted for a presidential candidate the participant would almost certainly never vote for
39Approximately what percentage of participants came to report false beliefs or memories of taking a hot air balloon ride in Wade et al.'s (2002) false memory study? [blank_start]____________[blank_end]
- A50
40If you were accused of a crime and your lawyer urged you to find an alibi witness to support your case, who would be the best alibi to use (assuming you don't want to go to prison)?
- AYour mum
- BYour cousin
- CThe convenience store owner
- DYour partner
- EYour neighbour, who happens to be your auntie
- FYour best friend
41What are the TWO key criticisms of forensic science outlined by Kassin, Dror, and Kukucka (2013)?
- A[1] In many forensic disciplines, forensic experts are making subjective judgements, [2] Forensic experts are "biasable" - they are influenced by psychological factors.
- B[1] In many forensic disciplines, forensic experts are not provided with sufficient training, [2] Forensic experts are "biasable" - they are influenced by psychological factors.
- C[1] In many forensic disciplines, forensic experts are not provided with sufficient training, [2] Forensic experts typically believe they are not prone to bias.
42"Forensic confirmation bias" is an overarching term for what?
- AThe ways in which an individual's exposure to fictitious forensic and crime programmes on TV can influence how they collect, perceive and interpret evidence.
- BThe class of effects through which an individual's personality characteristics can influence the extent to which they find forensic evidence to be credible.
- CThe class of effects through which an individuals' beliefs, expectations, motives and situational context can influence how they collect, perceive and interpret evidence.
- DThe ways in which an individual's understanding of the criminal justice system can influence the extent to which they find forensic evidence confirming.
43We know that photos can affect people's judgements about the truth or falsity of a claim, even if those photos do not provide any evidence about whether the claim is true. What is the well-studied cognitive mechanism that could account for the "truthiness" phenomenon?
- Arepeated retrieval
- Bimagination inflation
- Cunconscious transference
- Dprocessing fluency
44Which of following statements are true?
- AA small minority of court cases are resolved without trial
- BPsychological experts are often consulted early in the judicial process
- CPsychological experts can spend approximately 20-40 hours on a case before it goes to trial
- DMany studies have explored the process of psychological experts giving testimony during a trial but few studies have explored the processes that lead up to that point
45What is the most common way in which psychological experts provide expert testimony?
- ABy testifying in general about the results of psychological research
- BBy testifying about the appropriateness of the investigative process
- CBy offering the results of psychological assessments of individuals
46Which of the following statements could an expert psychological witness not say in court?
- A"A large body of research shows that a witness's confidence in their identification decision can become inflated over time."
- B"The witness has clearly been influenced by what the investigative officer said to him and he has made a faulty identification."
- C"The research on how the police should select foils for a lineup is fairly clear; selecting foils that match the witness's description of the perpetrator is the best approach."
- D"The research on the relationship between a witness's memory accuracy and their perceived confidence shows that the witness in this case is overly confident in their memory."
47What was the key finding of Murrie et al.'s (2008) study exploring adversarial allegiance and expert opinions? Recall the researchers explored pairs of forensic psychologists who provided evaluations of the same individual in a sexual assault case.
- AThe forensic psychologists were more likely, than was reasonably expected, to provide assessments that supported the case of the party that retained them.
- BThe forensic psychologists were more likely, than was reasonably expected, to provide assessments that were highly similar.
- CThe forensic psychologists were highly likely to agree on the extent to which various psychological phenomena in their field were reliable enough to present in court.
- DThe forensic psychologists were more likely, than was reasonably expected, to provide assessments that supported the case of the party that did not retain them.
48Complete the following statement: The effects of expert testimony on jurors' decision making are [blank_start]______[blank_end] and dependent on the [blank_start]______[blank_end] of the testimony.
- Aconsistent
- Bclear
- Cmixed
- Dunknown
- Eclarity
- Fdomain
49Expert testimony on eyewitness identification evidence is likely to have what sort of an effect on jurors?
- AIt probably sensitizes jurors to the factors that affect identification evidence or makes them more sceptical of identification evidence in general
- BIt probably serves to sensitize jurors to the factors that affect identification evidence
- CIt probably serves to make jurors more sceptical of identification evidence
- DIt probably has no effect at all on jurors' decision making
50In the US, a judge might invite a team of experts to provide an expert report. What is the name of this type of report?
- AArmicus Curaie
- BAbicus Curee
- CAmican Curaie
- DAmicus Curiae
51What was the second highest contributing cause of wrongful convictions in the Innocence Project’s analysis of the first 225 DNA exoneration cases?
- AUnvalidated/Improper forensics
- BFalse confessions
- CJudicial bias
- DMisleading police investigative work
52A researcher in New Zealand tested whether the accent of the misinformation messenger—the person delivering the misleading information—affected the likelihood of subjects being misled in a misinformation study. She took a group of New Zealanders, used the typical misinformation paradigm to mislead subjects, but manipulated the misinformation messenger’s accent: Subjects heard the misleading post event information in a New Zealand accent or a British Received Pronunciation accent.
The results of the memory test are shown in the figures. The left panel shows subjects’ performance on the memory test when they received misinformation and when they did not. The right panel shows subjects’ confidence in their responses to the control and misled items.
Which of the following conclusions would be the best one to draw from these results?
- ANone of the conclusions listed is supported by the data
- BAccent influenced the misinformation effect
- CSubjects were more confident that their responses to control items were correct than they were about their responses to misled items
- DThere was no misinformation effect
53Fisher and colleagues' (1987) analysis of how experienced officers conducted investigative interviews revealed what?
- AOfficers made perfunctory or token efforts to establish rapport
- BOfficers frequently interrupted a witness's narrative response
- COfficers often asked leading and suggestive questions
- DNone of the detectives had received formal training in interviewing techniques
54Which mnemonic instruction in the Cognitive Interview carries the risk of being interpreted as an invitation to fabricate an answer?
- AChange perspective
- BReverse order
- CMental context reinstatement
- DReport everything
55Arrange the 7 phases of the Cognitive Interview into the correct order:
1. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]
7. [blank_start]__________[blank_end]- AGreet and establish rapport
- BExplain the aims of the interview
- CInitiate a free report
- DQuestioning
- EVaried and extensive retrieval
- FSummary
- GClosure
56Which of the following is NOT a known benefit of using the Self Administered Interview to elicit information from witnesses?
- AReduces the influence of stereotypes and biases on reporting
- BMinimises forgetting over a delay
- CPreserves fine-grain details
- DEnhances performance in a subsequent cognitive interview
- EMaintains high accuracy rates
57Investigative interviewing protocols often contain several core elements. Which of the follow elements are common to many popular interviewing protocols (e.g., Cognitive Interview, Conversation Management, the Step-wise method)?
- ADeveloping rapport with the witness
- BAsking open-ended questions primarily
- CUsing mnemonics (e.g., context reinstatement and change perspective)
- DFunneling the interview
- EAsking neutral questions and avoiding leading questions
58Select the lineup which is most likely to thwart the relationship between a witness's identification accuracy and their confidence in their identification decision?
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
59You could liken the all-suspect model of lineup to:
- AA short-answer question that requires few cognitive resources
- BAn extremely challenging source-monitoring test
- CA simple memory task that requires recognition but not recall
- DA multiple-choice question with no wrong answer
60This ROC plot comes from a study in which children from young-, middle-, and late-childhood watched a person in a video and then identified that person from a police lineup. The children were also asked to provide a confidence rating for their identification decision. Which is the most appropriate conclusion based on the ROC data?
- AChildren's ability to discriminate between guilty and innocent suspects improves across childhood
- BChildren are less likely to make a positive identification as they get older
- CLate-childhood participants show higher levels of confidence than middle- and young-childhood participants
- DChildren of all ages performed close to chance when trying to discriminate between guilty and innocent suspects
61Which of the following factors could be considered both a system variable and an estimator variable?
- AThe delay period between when a crime occurs and when a witness makes an identification
- BThe number of fillers in a lineup
- CThe visibility of the perpetrator during a crime
- DThe type of feedback that a police officer gives to a witness who has just made an identification
62Which type of identification decisions can a witness make in a target-absent lineup?
- AFoil identification
- BNo identification
- CTarget identification
63What is the purpose of a blank lineup control?
- ATo see if mock witnesses spread their guesses in relatively equal frequency across lineup images
- BTo see if a witness can insert images that resemble a suspect into a blank lineup
- CTo see if a witness is prone to selecting a person from a lineup even if the actual perpetrator isn't there
- DTo see if mock witnesses can provide reliable confidence judgements before making a selection from the actual lineup
64If a police officer asked you what strategy she should use to select foils for a lineup, what would you suggest?
- ASelecting people who look like the suspect
- BSelecting people who each look like the suspect on one aspect, but are different on other aspects
- CSelecting people who look like the culprit
- DSelecting people who match the witness's description of the culprit
65Early studies on the relationship between a witness's identification accuracy and their confidence in their identification decision suggested what?
- AConfidence and accuracy was closely aligned
- BConfidence was a fairly poor predictor of a witness's accuracy
- CThe confidence-accuracy relationship is stronger when witnesses who do not make a selection are analysed
- DThere are good theoretical reasons to predict that accuracy and confidence should be closely related
66Memories of [blank_start]______[blank_end] events, on average, contain more perceptual and contextual information than do memories of [blank_start]_____[blank_end] events.
- Aimagined
- Bdreams
- Cthoughts
- Dperceived
- Eperceived.
- Fimagined.
- Gdreams.
- Hthoughts.
67In general, central information is better remembered in [blank_start]_____[blank_end] events than in [blank_start]______[blank_end] events.
- Aemotional
- Bneutral
- Cdistant
- Drecent
- Eemotional.
- Fneutral.
- Grecent.
- Hdistant.
68Roughly what proportion of wrongful convictions are thought to contain false confession evidence?
[blank_start]______________[blank_end]- A25%
69Which is not a way in which psychological experts provide expert testimony?
- AOffering the results of psychological assessment
- BTestify in general about results of psychological research
- COffering the appropriateness of investigative procedures used
- DThe effectiveness of the investigation in catching the perpetrator
70Who are the most commonly appointed psychological experts for providing testimony in court cases?
- AClinical psychologists
- BSocial psychologists
- CEducational psychologists
- DForensic psychologists
71Which scenarios might a clinical psychologist provide expert testimony on?
- ACivil/family case to assess whether a parent is fit enough
- BIf an insanity defence is raised
- CIn a workplace injury case to assess the risk of malingering
- DConduct risk assessment to advise on the potential dangerousness of an individual
72What is a distinguishing characteristic of the content of testimony provided by psychologists who are not clinical psychologists?
- AThey primarily focus on offering opinions about the facts of the case
- BThey conduct psychological assessments of individuals involved in the case
- CThey typically educate legal decision makers on general psychological topics
- DTheir testimony is highly specific and case-dependent
73Which type of psychologist might testify about factors affecting the reliability of witness memory or the risk of coercive interrogation methods?
- ACognitive psychologists
- BSocial psychologists
- CClinical psychologists
- DDevelopmental psychologists
74Typically the prosecution will call for an expert testimony from a psychologist:
- ATrue
- BFalse
75In a criminal investigation, a forensic psychologist is asked to provide expert testimony regarding the potential influence of confirmation bias on fingerprint examiners. What might be an example of confirmation bias in this context?
- AThe fingerprint examiner matches a suspect's fingerprint to the crime scene print based on objective analysis
- BThe fingerprint examiner refuses to consider any evidence that contradicts their initial assessment of a match
- CThe fingerprint examiner uses standardized procedures to ensure unbiased analysis of the fingerprints
- DThe fingerprint examiner, after being briefed on the details of the case, becomes more likely to interpret ambiguous evidence as a match to the suspect's fingerprint
76What did the research conducted by Kassin, Ellsworth, & Smith (1989) reveal about consensus among psychological experts regarding eyewitness research findings?
- AThere was unanimous agreement among experts on all findings
- BExperts disagreed on the reliability of all findings
- CThere was a high degree of consensus on some findings but lower levels of consensus on others
- DThere was no consensus among experts on any of the findings
77In the study by Kassin et al. (2001), what trend did they observe regarding consensus among experts compared to the 1989 sample?
- AConsensus among experts decreased for all findings
- BConsensus among experts increased for all findings
- CConsensus among experts increased for some findings and decreased for others
- DThere was no change in consesus
- EConsensus was similar but increased for some findings
78In the context of expert testimony, what does "adversarial allegiance" refer to?
- AThe expert's impartiality and neutrality in providing testimony
- BThe alignment of the expert's opinion with the objective facts of the case
- CThe tendency of the expert's evaluation to favour the party that retained them, potentially compromising objectivity
- DThe process of cross-examination during courtroom proceedings
79What conclusion can be drawn from Murrie et al.'s (2008) findings regarding expert witness evaluations?
- AExperts' evaluations were completely objective and unaffected by the party retaining them
- BExperts' evaluations tended to align with the interests of the party that retained them, indicating potential adversarial allegiance
- CExperts' evaluations were consistently in opposition to the interests of the party that retained them
- DExperts' evaluations were influenced by factors unrelated to the case
80What effect did expert testimony have on mock jurors' decisions in the study by Blandón-Gitlin et al. (2011)?
- AIt led to an increase in the percentage of mock jurors who convicted the defendant.
- BIt had no impact on the decisions of mock jurors
- CIt led to a decrease in the percentage of mock jurors who convicted the defendant
- DIt caused confusion among mock jurors, resulting in inconsistent decisions
81According to Jones and Penrod (2016), how did expert testimony on interrogation tactics influence jurors' perceptions of the voluntariness of the defendant's confession and their verdicts?
- AIt significantly influenced jurors' perceptions of voluntariness and their verdicts
- BIt had no effect on jurors' perceptions of voluntariness or their verdicts
- CIt led to a decrease in the perceived voluntariness of the confession but did not impact verdicts
- DIt increased jurors' perceptions of voluntariness but did not impact verdicts
82What was the impact of expert testimony on battered women in the study by Schuller and Hastings (1996)?
- AJurors who heard expert testimony from the defence were more likely to convict the defendant
- BJurors who heard expert testimony from the defence were more likely to give lenient verdicts
- CJurors who did not hear expert testimony were more likely to give defence-favourable evaluations
- DExpert testimony had no impact on jurors' verdicts or evaluations
83What percentage of wrongful convictions are due to faulty eyewitness testimony?
[blank_start]_________[blank_end]- A75%
84According to Otgaar and colleagues, what is the modern name for repression?
- ADissociative amnesia
- BSuppression
- CRetroactive amnesia
- DFugue state
85Subjects in lie detection studies tend to judge statements as "true" more often than "false".
What is the name of this well-established phenomenon?- ATruth bias
- BLiberal responding
- CBeliever bias
- DTruth prevails hypothesis
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- Quiz on Law Exam, created by Nicha Smith on 30/01/2024.
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