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Questions in this quiz (52)
1What is a schedule of reinforcement?
- AA list of behaviors a subject must perform
- BA rule determining when and how often reinforcement is delivered for a behavior
- CA method of removing reinforcment
- DA plan for punishment delivery
2On a fixed-ration schedule of reinforcement, operant responding typically shows
- ARapid responding with a post-reinforcement pause
- BSlow, steady responding
- CA scalloped pattern of responding
- DNo change in response rate
3On a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement, responding typically shows
- AConstant rapid responding
- BA scalloped pattern with acceleration as the interval ends
- CA high steady rate with no pauses
- DNo relation to time
4Shaping a rat to press a bar involves
- APunishing behaviors that are incorrect
- BReinforcing successive approximations toward the target behavior
- CReinforcing only perfect performance
- DIgnoring all behavior until the final response occurs
5Once the rat has learned to press the bar how can it be extinguished?
- AReinforce only stronger bar presses
- BRemove reinforcement completely
- CPunish every bar press
- DIncrease reinforcement frequency
6What is required for determining the effect of an IV on operant responding?
- AA single observation
- BStability of baseline
- CA very large sample
- DUse of inferential statistics only
7In a Reversal Design (ABA), what is the purpose of the second A phase?
- AIntroduce a new variable
- BRule out alternative explanations by returning to baseline
- CCollect demographic date
- DTest long-term memory
8Why is an ABA design inadequate?
- AIt uses too many phases
- Bit does not rule out alternative explanations
- CIt cannot measure behavior
- DIt requires too many participants
9When is a Multiple Baseline Design required instead of a Reversal Design?
- AWhen behaviors cannot be reversed
- BWhen sample size is large
- CWhen behavior is simple
- DWhen baseline is unstable
10What differentiates a quasi-experiment from a true experiment?
- AQuasi-experiments measure no variables
- BQuasi-experiments lack true random assignment or manipulation
- CTrue experiments collect more data
- DTrue experiments need more participants
11What is the major problem with a one-shot study design (one-group posttest)?
- AToo much data
- BHistory and current behavior confounds
- CToo many measurements points
- DDifficulty scoring the test
12When is a solution to the one-group posttest only design a problem?
- AUse fewer participants
- BAdd a pretest or equivalent control group
- CRemove the DV
- DAdd more posttest only
13A one-group pretest-posttest (natural treatment) design is threatened by
- AIncreased random assignment
- BMaturation and history effects
- CToo many control groups
- DExcessive counterbalancing
14A solution to maturation and history confounds in natural treatment design is
- AEliminate pretests
- BUse an equivalent control group
- CRandomize only the posttest
- DRemove the treatment
15What characterizes an Interrupted Time Series design?
- AOnly one observation is used
- BMultiple observations before and after treatment
- CNo pre-treatment data
- DOnly group comparisions
16A confound in an Interrupted Time Series design might be
- AToo much randomization
- BA third variable causing changes over time
- CLack of measurement tools
- DToo many participants
17How can internal validity be increased in an Interrupted Time Series design?
- ARemoving the baseline
- BUsing a nonequivalent control group
- CReducing number of observations
- DChanging treatment midway
18What is a subject variable?
- AA manipulated IV
- BA characteristic of participants (e.g., age)
- CA DV
- DA random factor
19How do subject variables differ from true IV?
- AThey cannot be manipulated
- BThey always cause the DV
- CThey require no control
- DThey are measured only after the study
20What is a common method to control confounds in subject-variable design?
- ARandom assignment to subject categories
- BHolding other factors constant
- CEliminating DV
- DChanging ages of participants artificially
21What is a problem with trying to control subject-variable confounds?
- AVariables may be unknown or impossible to hold constant
- BToo much randomization
- CParticipants refuse testing
- DLack of measurement tools
22What is an advantage of a cross-sequential design?
- ANo need for a control group
- BIt combines strengths of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
- CIt requires only one testing session
- DIt eliminates all confounds
23Why combine age and an IV in the same experiment?
- ATo learn whether age interacts with the treatment
- BTo reduce subject number
- CTo eliminate the IV
- DTo increase random error
24Which of the following is a scale attenuation effect?
- AStandard deviation
- BCeiling or floor effects
- CParticipant attrition
- DMeasurement reliability
25What can cause scale attenuation effects?
- AAn overly broad measurement scale
- BA task that is too easy or too hard
- CToo many items
- DUnclear wording
26Regression to the mean is likely to occur when
- AParticipants are selected because of extreme scores
- BNo baseline is taken
- CParticipants are randomly assigned
- DThey study is very short
27How can regression to the mean be avoided?
- ATesting only extreme groups
- BRandom assignment to groups
- CUsing no control group
- DEliminating pretests
28A direct replication involves
- AChanging the IV
- BRepeating the experiment as closely as possible
- CUsing a new operational definition
- DIncreasing the sample size only
29A conceptual replication involves
- AExact duplication of conditions
- BReplicating the phenomenon using different operational definitions
- CRepeating the experiment with the same measures
- DEliminating DV
30A set of operations that eliminates alternative explanations of results is called
- AReliability
- BConstancy of measurement
- CAn explanatory concept
- DOperationalization
31The perceptual inhibition theory of the Stroop effect suggests
- AResponse names compete
- BReading automatically inhibits color perception
- CNaming is unaffected by reading
- DColor and word processes occur independently
32The response competition theory of the Stroop effects suggest
- ANo interference occurs
- BTwo responses are elicited that compete with each other
- CPerception overrides reading
- DColor naming has priority over word reading
33Which schedule of reinforcement typically produces the highest rate of responding?
- AFixed interval
- BVariable interval
- CFixed ratio
- DVariable ratio
34A post-reinforcement pause is most commonly associated with which schedule?
- AVR
- BFI
- CFR
- DVI
35In shaping a rat to press a bar, reinforcement is delivered
- AOnly when the final target behavior is performed
- BFor any behavior the participant performs
- CFor gradual steps closer to the desired behavior
- DOnly after extinction
36Extinction occurs when
- AReinforcement is reduced but not removed
- BPunishment is added to reduce behavior
- CReinforcement is withheld following the behavior
- DReinforcement changes schedules
37In an ABA design, the second "A" phase is used to
- AProve the baseline was incorrect
- BDemonstrate behavior returns toward baseline levels
- CIntroduce a new IV
- DMeasure long-term retention
38A key strength of a multiple baseline design is
- AIt requires only one measurement
- BIt does not require withdrawal of treatment
- CIt eliminates all confounding variables
- DIt requires no baseline data
39Which of the following is a major threat to internal validity in a one-group pretest-posttest design?
- ARandom assignment
- BHistory
- CMatching participants
- DLarge sample size
40What is the best way to control for history effects?
- AAdd additional posttests
- BUse a nonequivalent control group
- CRandomly eliminate participants
- DChange the DV
41An Interrupted Time Series Design helps researchers see
- AWhether changes follow the introduction of treatment
- BWhether groups differ in demographic variables
- CIf participants respond to demand characteristics
- DIf random assignment was effective
42A subject variable is limited because
- AIt cannot be measured
- BIt cannot be manipulated experimentally
- CIt requires elimination of DV
- DIt always confounds results
43A major advantage of a longitudinal design is
- AIt avoids participant dropout
- BIt studies the same individuals over time
- CIt is quicker than cross-sectional design
- DIt eliminates maturation effects
44In a cross-sectional design, one primary weakness is
- AExperimenter bias
- BAge-cohort effects
- CToo many observations
- DLack of DV
45A cross-sequential design allows researcher to
- AAvoid all dropout issues
- BSeparate age effects from cohort effects
- CUse only one testing session
- DStudy only subject variables
46A ceiling effect occurs when
- AScores cluster at the low end of a scale
- BA scale is too difficult
- CScores cluster at the high end of a scale
- DThe task is too time consuming
47Which replication type changes the operational definitions but aims to replicate the same phenomenon?
- ADirect
- BSystematic
- CConceptual
- DReverse
48Which threat to internal validity involves participants changing simply because they have been tested before?
- AMortality
- BTesting effects
- CInstrumentation
- DSelection bias
49Instrumentation effects occur when
- AParticipants drop out of the study
- BThe measurement tool or scoring changes during the study
- CParticipants are randomly assigned
- DThe IV is too weak
50Which statement best describes the purpose of controlling extraneous variables?
- ATo increase the difficulty of the experiment
- BTo ensure alternative explanations for the results are eliminated
- CTo decrease the reliability of the dependent measure
- DTo make replication impossible
51Which statement best describes the main differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
- AClassical conditioning involves consequences; operant conditioning involves associations between stimuli
- BClassical conditioning pairs two stimuli; operant conditioning uses reinforcement or punishment to modify behavior
- COperant conditioning is passive; classical conditioning requires active behavior
- DOperant conditioning only occurs in animals; classical conditioning only occurs in humans
52In operant conditioning, reinforcement affects behavior by
- APairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
- BIncreasing the likelihood of a behavior through consequences
- CCreating involuntary emotional reactions
- DAutomatically eliciting reflexive responses
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- Quiz on Untitled, created by Emily Kogan on 08/12/2025.
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- Emily Kogan
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