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P6 Quiz
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Questions in this quiz (25)
1The protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by a strong force which balances the repulsive electrostatic force between the protons.
- ATrue
- BFalse
2Radioactive elements give out [blank_start]ionising[blank_end] radiation from their [blank_start]nuclei[blank_end]. This happens all the time, whatever is done to the substance. For example, radiation is still given out if the substance is [blank_start]cooled[blank_end] in a freezer or involved in a [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] reaction.
Radioactive [blank_start]elements[blank_end] are found [blank_start]naturally[blank_end] in the environment. The radiation they give off is called [blank_start]background[blank_end] radiation.- Aionising
- Bnuclei
- Ccooled
- Dchemical
- Eelements
- Fnaturally
- Gbackground
3We can predict exactly when an element will decay.
- ATrue
- BFalse
4Atoms of an element that have different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus are called...
- Aisotopes
- Ballotropes
- Calloys
5Label the image with the name of each type of ionising radiation.
- AAlpha
- BBeta
- CGamma
6What is an alpha particle?
- ATwo protons and two neutrons – the same as a helium nucleus
- BFast-moving electron
- CHigh energy electromagnetic radiation
7When an [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] particle is emitted from the nucleus, the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons. This means the atomic mass number decreases by [blank_start]four[blank_end] and the atomic number decreases by [blank_start]two[blank_end]. A new element is formed that is two places lower in the Periodic Table than the [blank_start]original[blank_end] element.
Example:
Radon decays into [blank_start]polonium[blank_end] when it emits an alpha particle.
- Aalpha
- Bfour
- Ctwo
- Doriginal
- Epolonium
8In [blank_start]Beta[blank_end] decay a neutron changes into a proton plus an [blank_start]electron[blank_end]. The proton stays in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] and the electron leaves the atom with high [blank_start]energy[blank_end], and we call it a beta particle.
When a beta particle is emitted from the nucleus, the nucleus has one more [blank_start]proton[blank_end] and one less neutron. This means the atomic mass number remains unchanged and the atomic number [blank_start]increases[blank_end] by 1.
Example:
Carbon-14 is a radioactive [blank_start]isotope[blank_end] of carbon. (It's a carbon atom with 8 neutrons instead of the usual 6.)
- ABeta
- Belectron
- Cnucleus
- Denergy
- Eproton
- Fincreases
- Gisotope
9What do the results of the Rutherford scattering experiment suggest about the structure of atoms?
- AThe atom is mostly empty space - many of the alpha particles passed straight through the fine layer of gold foil.
- BThe mass of the atom is concentrated in the centre - a few of the alpha particles bounced back from the foil
- CThis mass must be positively charged as any passing alpha particles were deflected through a small angle as like charges repel
- DAll of the above!
10Irradiation means that something has come into direct contact with a radioactive material. Contamination is exposure to ionising radiation. The risk to health is usually insignificant.
- ATrue
- BFalse
11Choose the artificial sources of background radiation.
- ARadon in air
- BRocks and buildings
- CCosmic rays
- DFood and drink
- EMedical treatments
- FNuclear industry
12Radioactive materials, such as the radioactive [blank_start]waste[blank_end] from power stations, can be a real health hazard because [blank_start]ionising[blank_end] radiation can break [blank_start]molecules[blank_end] into bits called ions. These ions can then take part in other [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] reactions in the living cells, resulting in the cells dying or becoming [blank_start]cancerous[blank_end].
However, they do not stay [blank_start]radioactive[blank_end] forever. Each radioactive material has a [blank_start]half-life[blank_end], and after this time it will have only half the [blank_start]activity[blank_end] it had before. Another half-life, and it's down to a quarter. Eventually, the activity will be similar to [blank_start]background[blank_end] radiation, and the material will be safe. For some sources, this could be [blank_start]thousands[blank_end] of years.- Awaste
- Bionising
- Cmolecules
- Dchemical
- Ecancerous
- Fradioactive
- Ghalf-life
- Hactivity
- Ibackground
- Jthousands
13The half life of a radioactive isotope is 12 hours. It has an activity of 800 counts/second. What is the activity after 48 hours?
- A267 counts/second
- B50 counts/second
- C100 counts/second
14Gamma radiation can damage living cells. Doctors sometimes inject patients with radioactive material which emits gamma radiation, in order to perform a scan. What can we say about this?
- AThe benefits from having the scan outweigh the risk from the injected material
- BGamma radiation from the injection has no risk as it passes straight out of the body to the scanner.
- CThere is no benefit from the gamma scan
15Although ionising radiation can cause cancer, [blank_start]high[blank_end] doses can be directed at cancerous cells to kill them. This is called [blank_start]radiotherapy[blank_end].
Radioactive molecules of an [blank_start]atom[blank_end] can be used as radioactive [blank_start]tracers[blank_end]. These tracers emit [blank_start]gamma[blank_end] radiation that will almost all penetrate out of the body to be detected by a gamma [blank_start]camera[blank_end]. This camera traces where the [blank_start]radioactive[blank_end] molecule goes in the body. Images can then be [blank_start]formed[blank_end] to allow doctors to see areas of [blank_start]damage[blank_end] to assess what treatment is needed.
Surgical instruments are [blank_start]sterilised[blank_end] using high doses of gamma radiation from radioactive cobalt. Food can also be sterilised by gamma radiation in the same way. The radiation kills [blank_start]microorganisms[blank_end], preserving the food for longer.- Ahigh
- Bradiotherapy
- Catom
- Dtracers
- Egamma
- Fcamera
- Gradioactive
- Hformed
- Idamage
- Jsterilised
- Kmicroorganisms
16The ALARA principle is a radiation safety principle for minimising exposure to As Low As Reasonably Achievable
- ATrue
- BFalse
17Which is an advantage of using nuclear power to generate electricity?
- AIt produces no carbon dioxide
- BIt is renewable
- CIt does not produce any waste
18Which level of radioactive waste is disposed of by being mixed with concrete, then put in a stainless steel drum in a purpose-built store.
- ALow
- BIntermediate
- CHigh
19Used nuclear fuel and chemicals from reprocessing fuels is considered which level of radioactive waste?
- ALow
- BIntermediate
- CHigh
20Which part of this nuclear power station is the turbine?
- AA
- BB
- CC
21A chain reaction is a series of reactions which, once started, will continue, with a greater amount of reactions occurring at each stage.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22In a nuclear reactor, it is sometimes neccesary to reduce the amount of energy released. How is this done?
- ABy using less coolant
- BBy removing fuel rods
- CBy inserting boron control rods
23A nuclear fuel is one in which changes in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] release a lot of energy. For the same mass of fuel, a nuclear fission reaction produces [blank_start]more[blank_end] energy than a [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] reaction. This is transferred to the [blank_start]coolant[blank_end] around the fuel rods, so they [blank_start]heat up[blank_end]. In the boiler the coolant heats up the water to make [blank_start]steam[blank_end]. The water to the power station is kept [blank_start]separate[blank_end] to the reactor so that it doesn't become [blank_start]contaminated[blank_end]. The shield around the reactor is to stop [blank_start]irradiation[blank_end].
- Anucleus
- Bmore
- Cchemical
- Dcoolant
- Eheat up
- Fsteam
- Gseparate
- Hcontaminated
- Iirradiation
24If hydrogen nuclei are brought close enough together then they have the ability to fuse. This is called...
- ANuclear fusion
- BNuclear fission
- CCovalent bonding
25What is Einstein's equation that says mass can be converted into energy?
- AE=mc^2
- Bm=cE^2
- Cd=m/v
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- Description
- GCSE Physics (P6 - Radioactive Materials) Quiz on P6 Quiz, created by Leah Firmstone on 27/11/2015.
- Author
- Leah Firmstone
- Language
- English
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