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Quiz

Microbial Pathogenesis

Paul Videau 10 questions

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Questions in this quiz (10)

  1. 1Virulence
    [blank_start]Virulence[blank_end]- the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
    [blank_start]Infectious dose[blank_end] (ID50)- number of organisms to colonize 50% of hosts
    -in general, the lower the [blank_start]ID50[blank_end], the MORE virulent the pathogen

    Virulence factors- anything made by the pathogen to help it cause disease
    1. Adherence factors
    2. Invasive Factors
    3. Colonization
    4. [blank_start]Cell surface[blank_end] structures
    5. Toxins

    1. Adherence Factors
    - help the pathogen [blank_start]attach[blank_end] to host cell
    ex. [blank_start]capsule[blank_end]
    -outer polysaccharide layer that aids in attachment & protects against phagocytosis

    2. [blank_start]Invasive[blank_end] factors
    -help pathogen to invade host [blank_start]tissue[blank_end] (penetrates the epithelium)
    ex. some Streptococcus & Staphylococcus sp. produce [blank_start]hyaluronidase[blank_end] (breaks down hyaluronic acid that holds cells together)
    ex. [blank_start]Clostridium[blank_end] sp. can produce [blank_start]collagenase[blank_end] (breaks down collagen)

    3. Colonization factors
    -help pathogen grow within host tissues
    ex. [blank_start]Vibrio cholerae[blank_end] secretes a protein TcpF (toxin coregulated pilus protein F)- which allows for colonization of the [blank_start]small[blank_end] intestine


    4. Cell surface structures
    -help pathogen avoid phagocytosis
    -Bacillus [blank_start]anthracis[blank_end]: encapsulated
    -[blank_start]Treponema pallidum[blank_end]: binds host fibronectin for disguise


    5. Toxins- (Exotoxins, Endotoxins)
    a. Exotoxins- soluble chemical excreted by viable pathogen
    -i) [blank_start]Cytolytic[blank_end] toxins
    -cause lysis of host cells
    -ex. [blank_start]Staphylococcal[blank_end] alpha-toxin
    -ii) A-B toxins
    -composed of two proteins covalently bound (B subunit binds to host cell and transfers the A subunit into the host cell to cause damage)
    -ex. Diphtheria toxin: produced by [blank_start]Corynebacterium diphtheria[blank_end]
    -iii) Enterotoxins
    -exotoxins that affect the small intestine causing changes in intestinal [blank_start]permeability[blank_end] that leads to diarrhea
    -ex. [blank_start]Vibrio cholera[blank_end]: (AB and enterotoxins)
    -[blank_start]B[blank_end] toxin: transports the A toxin subunit across the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells
    -[blank_start]A[blank_end] toxin: will stimulate adenylate cyclase (ATP=> cAMP)
    -cAMP: induces the secretion of [blank_start]Cl[blank_end]- into the lumen of the small intestine, attracting the Na+ ions
    -water will flow into the lumen leading to a massive loss of water ([blank_start]diarrhea[blank_end])

    b. Endotoxins
    -toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell death
    -ex. [blank_start]lipopolysaccharides[blank_end]: derived from the outer membrane Gram negative bacteria
    1. AVirulence
    2. BInfectious dose
    3. CID50
    4. DCell surface
    5. Eattach
    6. Fcapsule
    7. Gtissue
    8. HInvasive
    9. Ihyaluronidase
    10. JClostridium
    11. Kcollagenase
    12. LVibrio cholerae
    13. Msmall
    14. Nanthracis
    15. OTreponema pallidum
    16. PCytolytic
    17. QStaphylococcal
    18. RCorynebacterium diphtheria
    19. Spermeability
    20. TVibrio cholera
    21. UB
    22. VA
    23. WCl
    24. Xdiarrhea
    25. Ylipopolysaccharides
  2. 2Factors Increasing susceptibility to infection

    Age: very [blank_start]young[blank_end] and very [blank_start]old[blank_end]

    Stress: [blank_start]high[blank_end] (less aware of the surrounding)

    Diet: low calories, low [blank_start]protein[blank_end]

    [blank_start]Lifestyle[blank_end]: smoking, excess alcohol consumption, intravenous drug use

    General health: lack of [blank_start]sleep[blank_end], prior/ concurrent disease, [blank_start]genetic[blank_end] conditions
    1. Ayoung
    2. Bold
    3. Chigh
    4. Dprotein
    5. ELifestyle
    6. Fsleep
    7. Ggenetic
  3. 3Microbial Diseases: Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
    1. [blank_start]Streptococcus[blank_end] aureus
    2. Streptococcus pyogenes
    3. Chicken Pox
    4. Measles (rubeola)
    5. Mump
    6. Rubella


    1. [blank_start]Streptococcus aureus[blank_end]
    resident flora
    yellow pigmented, produces coagulase (causes plasma clot)
    boils, pimples, impetigo (skin infection)

    -can produce hemolysin, [blank_start]leukocidin[blank_end] and [blank_start]superantigen[blank_end] (toxic shock syndrome)

    -Some can be treated with the use of (penicillin)
    -Exception: MRSA ([blank_start]methicillin[blank_end] resistant S. aureus)
    ------------->obtain antibiotic resistant genes through [blank_start]horizontal gene transfer[blank_end]
    -------------> arise in environment with high levels of antibiotics (ex. [blank_start]hospital[blank_end])
    --------------> resistant to most antibiotics except [blank_start]vancomycin[blank_end]


    2. [blank_start]Streptococcus pyogenes[blank_end]
    resident flora
    Produces streptokinase (breaks down fibrin clots)

    -Strep throat ([blank_start]pharyngitis[blank_end])
    responsible for 5-10% of sore throats
    -----------------> 2 ways to diagnose strep throat
    1. blood agar- slow
    2. [blank_start]antibody[blank_end] test- fast

    -Scarlet fever:
    caused by the [blank_start]erythrogenic[blank_end] toxin
    ----------------> damages the plasma membranes of blood capillaries
    -----------------> symptoms: pink rash and "strawberry tongue"

    -[blank_start]Rheumatic[blank_end] fever:
    autoimmune disease; antibodies against S. progenies cause damage to [blank_start]heart valves[blank_end] & if left untreated can be fatal

    -Necrotizing fascitis:
    [blank_start]flesh eating[blank_end]

    -Can also cause infections of the inner ear and skin
    ex. [blank_start]impetigo[blank_end]


    -Several viruses can also cause skin rashes
    3. Chicken pox
    caused by Varicella-zoster virus (VZR) which is a herpes virus
    VZR can stay dormant in nerve cells for many years
    -[blank_start]Shingles[blank_end]: when the virus reactivates, they migrate to the skin, causing painful blisters

    Both Measles and Mumps are caused by [blank_start]Paramyxovirus[blank_end] ([blank_start]negative[blank_end] strand RNA virus)

    4. Measles ([blank_start]rubeola[blank_end])
    virus enters the nose and throat via [blank_start]airborne[blank_end] transmission
    symptoms: fever, cough, severe rash

    5. Mumps
    inflammation of the [blank_start]salivary glands[blank_end]

    6. Rubella
    caused by a [blank_start]toga[blank_end] virus ([blank_start]positive[blank_end] strand RNA virus)
    symptoms: resemble measles but are generally milder & less contagious

    Measles, Mumps, and Rubella can all be prevented with the [blank_start]MMR[blank_end] vaccine

    1. AStreptococcus aureus
    2. Bleukocidin
    3. Csuperantigen
    4. Dmethicillin
    5. Ehorizontal gene transfer
    6. Fhospital
    7. Gvancomycin
    8. HStreptococcus pyogenes
    9. Ipharyngitis
    10. Jantibody
    11. Kerythrogenic
    12. Lheart valves
    13. MRheumatic
    14. Nflesh eating
    15. Oimpetigo
    16. PShingles
    17. QParamyxovirus
    18. Rnegative
    19. Srubeola
    20. Tairborne
    21. Usalivary glands
    22. Vtoga
    23. Wpositive
    24. XMMR
    25. YStaphylococcus
  4. 4Microbial diseases: Respiratory Tract Infections
    1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
    2. Corynebacterium diphtheria
    3. Bordetella pertussis
    4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    -most respiratory pathogens are transferred from person to person via respiratory [blank_start]aerosols[blank_end] (coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing)

    -transmission usually occurs over short distances because microorganisms survive poorly in [blank_start]air[blank_end]
    --------------> pathogens that can survive [blank_start]dry[blank_end] conditions are much easier to transmit via the air


    1. [blank_start]Streptococcus pneumoniae[blank_end]
    causes pneumonia
    -[blank_start]lower[blank_end] respiratory disease
    Inflammatory reaction in the alveoli
    ---------alveoli become filled with blood, bacteria and phagocytic cells
    ---------around [blank_start]30[blank_end]% mortality rate if left untreated
    --------- symptoms: sudden onset of [blank_start]chills[blank_end], labored breathing & chest pain

    -[blank_start]capsule[blank_end] protects S. pneumonia from phagocytosis
    ------------>non capsulated strain does not cause illness because they are destroyed by phagocytes


    2. [blank_start]Corynebacterium diphtheria[blank_end]
    causes diphtheria: childhood [blank_start]upper[blank_end] respiratory infection

    --pathogenic strains of C.diphtheriae produce [blank_start]exotoxin[blank_end] that leads to tissue death

    -Formation of [blank_start]pseudomembrane[blank_end]: damaged host cells and bacterial cells
    *May cause constriction of throat leading to possible death by suffocation

    -Previous infection or immunization ([blank_start]toxoid[blank_end]) provides resistance
    ----------> this toxoid is part of the [blank_start]DTaP[blank_end] vaccine (designed to target 3 diff. pathogens)


    3. [blank_start]Bordetella pertussis[blank_end]
    causes pertussis "whooping cough"
    -childhood/ [blank_start]adult[blank_end] upper respiratory infection

    -pertussis toxin causes tissue damage and cough that is violent and lasts for multiple weeks
    ----------> pathogen binds to [blank_start]ciliated epithelial[blank_end] cells of bronchi & trachea

    -early childhood immunization with 1 or both of:
    proteins
    inactive pertussis toxin ([blank_start]acellular pertussis[blank_end])
    ---------------------------> both derived from B. pertussis (part of DTaP) is very effective


    4. [blank_start]Mycobacterium tuberculosis[blank_end]
    causes tuberculosis (worldwide infectious disease of humans)
    -transmitted via airborne droplets

    -possess [blank_start]cord[blank_end] factor (a glycoprotein)
    -------------prevents fusion of [blank_start]lysosome[blank_end] & phagosome

    *Primary infection (initial) or Postprimary infection (reinfection)

    1. Primary infection (initial)
    Inhalation of M. tuberculosis
    Bacteria settle in lungs
    host immune response unable to destroy the pathogens----> aggregates of [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end]
    ------formation of [blank_start]tubercles[blank_end]: masses of fibrin, bacterial cells, and macrophages
    Bacteria will grow slowly & multiply within the macrophages

    *In most cases, infection remains [blank_start]localized[blank_end]


    2. Reinfection or Postprimary infection
    uncommon in individuals with a normal [blank_start]immune[blank_end] system
    reinfection from outside sources or reactivation of dormant bacteria
    ---------aging, malnutrition, overcrowding & stress can reduce effective immunity & allow reactivation of dormant bacteria

    *[blank_start]Chronic[blank_end] tuberculosis often results in a gradual spread of tubercular lesions in the lungs

    -Diagnosis: tuberculin [blank_start]skin[blank_end] test for Hypersensitivity
    -------patient is injected with the tuberculin [blank_start]purified[blank_end] protein derivative (PPD)
    ------- If positive, an induration of particular size (palpable, raised, hardened area or swelling) will develop at the site of injection within 2 days

    -Treatment: combination of Isoniazid & Rifampin for 9 months or more
    [blank_start]Isoniazid[blank_end] (block formation of mycelia acid)
    [blank_start]Rifampin[blank_end] (inhibits RNA polymerase)

    -Vaccination: using an attenuated strain of M. bovis ([blank_start]BCG[blank_end]) can effectually prevent tuberculosis
    1. Aaerosols
    2. Bair
    3. Cdry
    4. DStreptococcus pneumoniae
    5. Elower
    6. F30
    7. Gchills
    8. Hcapsule
    9. ICorynebacterium diphtheria
    10. Jupper
    11. Kexotoxin
    12. Lpseudomembrane
    13. Mtoxoid
    14. NDTaP
    15. OBordetella pertussis
    16. Padult
    17. Qciliated epithelial
    18. Racellular pertussis
    19. SMycobacterium tuberculosis
    20. Tcord
    21. Ulysosome
    22. Vmacrophages
    23. Wtubercles
    24. Xlocalized
    25. Yimmune
    26. ZChronic
    27. AAskin
    28. ABpurified
    29. ACIsoniazid
    30. ADRifampin
    31. AEBCG
  5. 5Microbial Diseases: Colds & Flu
    1. The Common Cold ( the most [blank_start]common[blank_end] of infectious diseases)
    -caused by the rhinovirus (many different strains)
    -------------[blank_start]postive[blank_end] strand, [blank_start]single[blank_end] stranded RNA virus

    -viral infections transmitted via [blank_start]airborne droplets[blank_end]
    ------------ infections are usually of short duration

    -common cold symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, and [blank_start]malaise[blank_end]
    ----------usually milder than respiratory diseases

    -most antiviral drugs are [blank_start]ineffective[blank_end] against the common cold

    -each cold infection induces a specific, protective immunity, but the large numbers of viral cold pathogens precludes complete protective immunity or vaccines (basically there are so many strains that one vaccine can cover all of them)


    2. Influenza
    -caused by RNA virus of the orthomyxovirus group (don't need to know)

    -flu symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, fatigues
    ------------> are much more [blank_start]severe[blank_end] than the common cold and last from one to a couple of weeks

    -3 different types of Influenza (A,B,C)
    ----------Influenza [blank_start]A[blank_end]- most important Influenza human pathogen

    -Flu Treatment: early treatment includes drugs that inhibit viral replication like [blank_start]Tamiflu[blank_end] (blocks the activity of [blank_start]neuraminidase[blank_end] which is needed for liberation of the virus from the host's cell)

    *Immunization is effective, however, the choices of vaccines is complicated by the number of Influenza strains

    *A new flu shot is needed every year because of....
    ---------antigenic drift: [blank_start]minor[blank_end] change in influenza virus antigens due to [blank_start]gene mutation[blank_end]
    ---------antigenic shift: MAJOR change in influenza virus antigens due to [blank_start]reassortment[blank_end]


    1. Acommon
    2. Bpostive
    3. Csingle
    4. Dairborne droplets
    5. Emalaise
    6. Fineffective
    7. Gsevere
    8. HA
    9. ITamiflu
    10. Jneuraminidase
    11. Kgene mutation
    12. Lreassortment
    13. Mminor
  6. 6Microbial Diseases: Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
    1. Helicobacter pylori
    2. Salmonella sp.
    3. Vibrio cholerae
    4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli
    5. Campylobacter jejuni


    1. [blank_start]Helicobacter pylori[blank_end]
    Gram [blank_start]negative[blank_end]
    Highly motile
    Spiral shaped bacterium

    -causes [blank_start]gastritis[blank_end], ulcers, and gastric cancers

    -colonizes the [blank_start]non-acid[blank_end]-secreting mucosa of the stomach & upper intestinal tract
    -------------->Neutralizes stomach acid by producing [blank_start]urease[blank_end]: (converts urea to ammonia)

    -Burrows deep into mucous layers & prevents it from being flushed out
    ----------> antibody immune response is [blank_start]NOT[blank_end] sufficient bc of where this organism lives

    -can be transmitted via person to person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water

    -Helicobacter pylori Treatment: combination of multiple antibiotics



    2. [blank_start]Salmonella[blank_end] sp.
    causes salmonellosis (gastrointestinal illness)

    -Transmitted by ingesting contaminated food or water or handling Salmonella infected animals

    -Salmonellosis Symptoms: diarrhea & vomiting

    -Onset of disease occurs ([blank_start]8[blank_end]-48) hours after ingestion
    -------------> disease normally resolves in a few [blank_start]days[blank_end]

    - In more sever cases of Salmonella, typhoid fever can occur if the pathogens spread beyond the intestinal tract


    3. [blank_start]Vibrio cholerae[blank_end]
    causes cholera

    -V. cholerae is Transmitted via ingestion of contaminated [blank_start]water[blank_end]

    -Pathogenesis: V. cholerae attaches to the [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] cells in the small intestine, where it grows and releases cholera
    ------------------> end result: [blank_start]massive[blank_end] water loss (diarrhea) & can result in death if left untreated

    -antibiotics are usually [blank_start]not[blank_end] very effective against V. cholerae
    --------------> oral rehydration & electrolyte replacement are used in treatment


    4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli
    *most E.coli are not pathogenic & only a few strains are food borne pathogens
    -> pathogenic strain is caused by horizontal gene transfer

    -Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: [blank_start]EHEC[blank_end] (0157:H7)
    --------> produces toxin that causes [blank_start]bloody[blank_end] diarrhea & kidney failure
    -(0157): is a type of [blank_start]lipopolysaccharide[blank_end]
    -(H7): is a type of [blank_start]flagella[blank_end]


    5. [blank_start]Campylobacter jejuni[blank_end]
    curved, helical shaped
    non-spore forming
    Gram [blank_start]negative[blank_end] bacterium

    *most frequent causative agent for [blank_start]diarrhea[blank_end]


    *both pathogenic E.coli & C. jejuni can be transmitted via ingesting contaminated food or water
    1. AHelicobacter pylori
    2. Bnegative
    3. Cgastritis
    4. Dnon-acid
    5. Eurease
    6. FNOT
    7. GSalmonella
    8. H8
    9. Idays
    10. JVibrio cholerae
    11. Kwater
    12. Lepithelial
    13. Mnot
    14. Nmassive
    15. OEHEC
    16. Pbloody
    17. Qlipopolysaccharide
    18. Rflagella
    19. SCampylobacter jejuni
    20. Tnegative
    21. Udiarrhea
  7. 7Microbial Diseases: Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    2. Treponema pallidum
    3. Chlamydia trachomatis
    4. Trichomonas vaginalis
    5. Herpes simplex virus
    6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

    -most sexually transmitted infections occur due to [blank_start]unprotected sex[blank_end]
    ------> most are curable or controllable with timely, appropriate, medical intervention

    -Prevention: by abstinence or barriers


    1. [blank_start]Neisseria gonorrhoeae[blank_end]
    -causes gonorrhea
    -------------> many can have it without noticing it, therefore, can transmit it to others
    *curable disease

    Symptoms:
    -Male: [blank_start]painful[blank_end] urethral canal
    -Female: mild [blank_start]vaginitis[blank_end], pelvic inflammatory disease

    *Infants can also be affected (as the baby passes through the birth canal)
    -----------> causes eye infections during birth (ex. pinkeye)

    -If left untreated: sterility, damage heart valves and joints


    2. Treponema pallidum
    causes [blank_start]syphilis[blank_end]
    Gram negative spirochete that cannot be cultured (very fragile)

    -Involves 3 stages (primary, secondary, tertiary)
    Primary stage: initial site of infection is usually [blank_start]genitals[blank_end]
    -------->Painless lesion called [blank_start]Chancre[blank_end] forms
    --------> [blank_start]Chancre[blank_end] will often heal but the bacteria will spread

    Secondary stage: bacteria move to diff. parts of the body
    --------> generalized [blank_start]rash[blank_end] occurs

    Tertiary stage: infections of the skin, bone, and central nervous system (can be [blank_start]fatal[blank_end])

    -Gonorrhea Treatment: [blank_start]penicillin[blank_end] (very effective for primary & secondary stages)


    3. Chlamydia [blank_start]trachomatis[blank_end]
    causes chlamydia (the most common STD)
    -obligate intracellular parasites of animals with little metabolic capacity & NO [blank_start]peptidoglycan[blank_end]

    -Symptoms: in most cases, no symptoms
    ---------> if symptoms occur, they closely resemble [blank_start]gonorrhea[blank_end] (but milder)

    *can cause nongonococcal [blank_start]urethritis[blank_end] & lymphogranuloma venereum (enlargement of the [blank_start]lymph node[blank_end])

    -Chlamydia Treatment: various antibiotics such as azrithromycin (blocks translation)


    4. Trichomonas vaginalis
    [blank_start]Protozoan[blank_end] which causes trichomoniasis

    -can survive up to [blank_start]24[blank_end] hours in urine or semen outside of the body

    Symptoms: [blank_start]asymptomatic[blank_end] in males, inflammation of vaginal mucosa, & painful urination in females

    -Diagnosis by microscope observation of protozoan in discharge


    5. Herpes Simplex Virus
    Type I:
    -infects the [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] cells around the mouth and lips
    -causes cold sores ([blank_start]fever blisters[blank_end]) but the lesions heal in 2-3 weeks
    -spread via direct contact or through [blank_start]saliva[blank_end]

    Type II:
    -transmitted through sexual contact and most easily transmitted when active blisters are present
    -infections are associated primarily with anogenital region (blisters are [blank_start]painful[blank_end])
    -genital herpes are currently [blank_start]incurable[blank_end]
    -a number of drugs are successful in controlling the infectious blister stage


    6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    -retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
    -attack the immune system by infecting [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end] & T-helper cells
    -------------> gradually weaken the immune systems

    -opportunistic pathogens kill the immune- compromised host

    *no true cure

    -Treatment: highly active antiretroviral therapy ([blank_start]HAART[blank_end]) where multiple drugs (cocktail) are given at once

    Stages of Infection (HIV=>AIDS)
    -acute infection: flu-like symptoms (headache, fever, rash)

    -chronic infection: multiplication of HIV

    -progression to AIDS
    1. destruction of the [blank_start]immune[blank_end] system
    2. opportunistic infections

    1. Aunprotected sex
    2. BNeisseria gonorrhoeae
    3. Cpainful
    4. Dvaginitis
    5. Esyphilis
    6. Fgenitals
    7. GChancre
    8. HChancre
    9. Irash
    10. Jfatal
    11. Kpenicillin
    12. Ltrachomatis
    13. Mpeptidoglycan
    14. Ngonorrhea
    15. Olymph node
    16. Purethritis
    17. QProtozoan
    18. R24
    19. Sasymptomatic
    20. Tepithelial
    21. Ufever blisters
    22. Vsaliva
    23. Wpainful
    24. Xincurable
    25. Ymacrophages
    26. ZHAART
    27. AAimmune
  8. 8Microbial Diseases: Central Nervous System Infections
    1.West Nile Virus
    2. Neisseria meningitidis
    3. Clostridium botulinum
    4. Clostridium tetani
    5. Rhabdovirus family

    1. West Nile Virus
    -causes West Nile fever

    -vector: mosquito
    ----------> transmitted by mosquito from [blank_start]birds[blank_end] to humans

    -Symptoms: [blank_start]No[blank_end] symptoms in (80%)
    -common symptoms: fever, headache, rash, swollen lymph nodes ([blank_start]20[blank_end]%)
    -rare symptoms: encephalitis or meningitis (<[blank_start]1[blank_end]%)

    -Treatment: no specific treatment or vaccine at this point

    -Prevention: [blank_start]mosquito[blank_end] control


    2. [blank_start]Neisseria meningitidis[blank_end]
    -causes bacterial meningococcal meningitis
    *not the only pathogen that can cause [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end]

    -Symptoms: inflammation of [blank_start]meninges[blank_end] (meninges that cover the brain & the spinal chord)
    ----------> begins with stiff [blank_start]neck[blank_end], fever and rashes followed by swelling of meninges (damage the central nervous system)

    -Transmission is typically via [blank_start]airborne[blank_end] routes
    -------> occur in epidemics, usually in closed populations (dorms, military)

    Treatment: Penicillin [blank_start]G[blank_end] is effective
    -------> vaccination using a [blank_start]polysaccharide[blank_end] can also decrease the number of occurrence


    3. [blank_start]Clostridium botulinum[blank_end]
    -causes botulism (severe and often fatal food poisoning)
    -------> caused by the botulinum toxin ([blank_start]neurotoxin[blank_end]) produced by the pathogen
    ----------------------> this toxin blocks the release of [blank_start]acetylcholine[blank_end]/ prevents muscle movement)

    -Produces [blank_start]endospores[blank_end] that may not be killed during cooking & canning process

    *most cases are infant while others are associated with an open wound or food borne

    - Treatment: [blank_start]antitoxin[blank_end] which neutralizes the neurotoxin


    4. [blank_start]Clostridium tetani[blank_end]
    -causes tetanus "[blank_start]lock jaw[blank_end]" & paralysis spreads to the rest of the body
    -------> caused by the release of the tetanus [blank_start]toxin[blank_end]
    ---------------> tetanus toxin blocks the release of inhibitory transmitter called [blank_start]glycine[blank_end]
    -----------------------> muscles contract uncontrollably (causing lethal spasms)

    -Grows in puncture wounds (often associated with rusty nails)

    -Immunization: with tetanus toxic ([blank_start]DTap[blank_end]) is effective for prevention


    5. [blank_start]Rhabdovirus[blank_end] family
    -causes rabies

    -Transmission: from infected animal (raccoon, skunk, etc.) to human through infected [blank_start]saliva[blank_end]

    -Infects central nervous system causing fever, excessive salivation, anxiety, muscle spasms & death due to respiratory paralysis

    -Treatment: with rabies immune [blank_start]globulin[blank_end]
    -------> effective immunization for domestic animals & high risk humans

    *very rare in developed countries

    1. Abirds
    2. BNo
    3. C20
    4. D1
    5. Emosquito
    6. FNeisseria meningitidis
    7. Gmeningitis
    8. Hmeninges
    9. Ineck
    10. Jairborne
    11. KG
    12. Lpolysaccharide
    13. MClostridium botulinum
    14. Nneurotoxin
    15. Oacetylcholine
    16. Pendospores
    17. Qantitoxin
    18. RClostridium tetani
    19. Slock jaw
    20. Ttoxin
    21. Uglycine
    22. VDTap
    23. WRhabdovirus
    24. Xsaliva
    25. Yglobulin
  9. 9Microbial Diseases: Cardiovascular System Infections
    1. Plasmodium sp.
    2. Yersinia pestis
    3. Borrelia burgdorferi

    1. Plasmodium sp.
    -causes malaria
    *Plasmodium [blank_start]falciparium[blank_end] is the most severe

    -A [blank_start]protozoan[blank_end] that is spread by mosquitos (vector)

    Symptoms
    -infects [blank_start]liver[blank_end] cells & [blank_start]RBCs[blank_end]
    -in mosquitos: maturation of gametes=> fertilization=> [blank_start]sporozoites[blank_end]
    -in humans: sporozoites enter liver cells=> mature into [blank_start]schizont[blank_end]=> release merozoites
    ---------> "[blank_start]daughter[blank_end] parasites" every 48-72 hours=> lysis of RBCs & very high fever

    *organism remains in liver & can cause [blank_start]relapses[blank_end] years later

    -Treatment: [blank_start]chloroquine[blank_end] (promotes lysis of infected RBCs by disrupting membrane function)

    -Several vaccines are currently in development as organisms develop resistance

    -Prevention: mosquito extermination


    2. [blank_start]Yersinia pestis[blank_end]
    -cause the plague
    ---->rod shaped
    ----> gram [blank_start]negative[blank_end] bacterium

    -Vector: fleas transmitted from rodents (rats) to humans

    Types differ based on site of infection
    -[blank_start]bubonic[blank_end] plaque: lymph node swelling "[blank_start]buboes[blank_end]"
    -[blank_start]pneumonic[blank_end] plague: spread via inhalation=> pathogen reaches the lungs=> shores of breath, chest pain, cough=> death within 2 days
    -[blank_start]septicemic[blank_end] plague=> rapid spread throughout the bloodstream
    -----------> formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels

    -Prevention: rodant population control


    3. [blank_start]Borrelia burgdorferi[blank_end]
    -causes lyme disease

    Vector: deer tick bites (deer is the primary reservoir)
    ------> transmitted to human while tick is obtaining blood meal

    Symptoms
    -a large rash which occurs at the site of the tick bite
    -headache, backache, chills, and fatigue

    *during the initial stage, the disease [blank_start]can[blank_end] be treated with antibiotics

    -[blank_start]chronic[blank_end] stage: develops in weeks to months=> arthritis, neurological problems, and heart damage

    *No toxin or virulence factors have been identified

    1. Afalciparium
    2. Bprotozoan
    3. Cliver
    4. DRBCs
    5. Esporozoites
    6. Fschizont
    7. Gdaughter
    8. Hrelapses
    9. Ichloroquine
    10. JYersinia pestis
    11. Knegative
    12. Lbubonic
    13. Mbuboes
    14. Npneumonic
    15. Osepticemic
    16. PBorrelia burgdorferi
    17. Qcan
    18. Rchronic
  10. 10Microbial diseases: Other infections
    1. Hepatitis viruses
    2. Rickettsia rickettsia

    1. Hepatitis viruses
    -cause [blank_start]liver[blank_end] inflammation
    ---------> can lead to [blank_start]cirrhosis[blank_end] (destruction of liver anatomy & cells)

    -Very diverse with 3 different Types
    Hepatitis A virus (via food & water)
    Hepatitis B virus (via [blank_start]body fluids[blank_end])
    Hepatitis C virus (via [blank_start]blood[blank_end])

    -Symptoms: fever, [blank_start]jaundice[blank_end] (yellow skin due to an excess amount of [blank_start]bilirubin[blank_end] because of liver damage), liver failure

    -Immunization (for Hepatitis [blank_start]A[blank_end]/[blank_start]B[blank_end]) is very effective & is given at a young age


    2. Rickettsia rickettsia
    -causes [blank_start]Rocky Mountain[blank_end] Spotted Fever

    -Symptoms: headache, fever, & rash

    -Transmitted by dog & wood [blank_start]ticks[blank_end]

    *parasites grow in [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end] & cytoplasm of host

    -Very small, have strict [blank_start]intracellular[blank_end] existence in vertebrates
    *contain minimal sets of genes required for intracellular dependency

    1. Aliver
    2. Bcirrhosis
    3. Cbody fluids
    4. Dblood
    5. Ejaundice
    6. Fbilirubin
    7. GB
    8. HA
    9. IRocky Mountain
    10. Jticks
    11. Knucleus
    12. Lintracellular

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Description
Quiz on Microbial Pathogenesis , created by Paul Videau on 05/12/2015.
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