Quiz
Human Memory Final
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Questions in this quiz (159)
1Images of Clive Wearing's brain shows:
- ADamage that primarily involves the hippocampus
- BDamage that primarily involves the amygdala
- CDamage primarily to the frontal lobe
- DDiffuse damage to many areas of the brain including the hippocampus, surrounding areas in the temporal lobe, corpus callosum, and fronal lobe.
2Introspection refers to the capacity to do which of the following
- ASelect a random sample
- Brecord from an individual neuron
- Creflect and report on ongoing thoughts
- Drepress unwanted thoughts
- Eformulate an animal model of memory
3Which is NOT true about Ebbinghaus?
- Ahe developed a methodology to study memory experimentally
- Bhe used "savings" to measure memory
- Chis major findings have been found to replicate with larger samples
- Dhe developed the first influential theory of memory
4The phase of a memory experiment in which a person is first exposed to information that is to be remembered is called:
- AConsolidation
- BRetention
- CEpisodic
- DEncoding
5According to Sperling (1960), how many items could people keep in sensory memory?
- ATwo or three
- BFour or five
- CFive or six
- DSix or seven
- EEight or nine
6In the 1950's, Hull attempted to develop a general theory of memory built on the assumption that:
- AMemory relies heavily on schemas
- BMemory cannot be studied empirically
- CLearning mechanisms are similar across humans and rats
- DActive exploration is the basis for forming mental representations
7The forgetting curve shows that
- AForgetting occurs at a steady rate over time
- BForgetting occurs slowly at first, and then speeds up.
- CForgetting occurs quickly at first, and then slows down
- DForgetting depends on the type of stimuli that is being tested
8When given a list of words, subjects tend to recall items from distinct categories together. This phenomenon is called ____________ and shows that recall is __________.
- Agrouping; random
- Bclustering; random
- Cclustering; not random
- Dgrouping; not random
9The online demonstration that you did as an assignment used what type of memory test?
- AFree Recall
- BCued-Recall
- CRecognition
- DIntrospection
- ENone of the above
10The brief storage of information within a specific modality is called:
- AEpisodic Memory
- BSemantic Memory
- CDeclarative Memory
- DSensory Memory
11The memory system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events, such as the name of your professor or what you ate for breakfast yesterday morning:
- ASemantic Memory
- BShort term Memory
- CSensory Memory
- DEchoic Memory
- EEpisodic Memory
12The view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis is called:
- AReductionism
- BEmpiricism
- CPhysiology
- DIntrospection
13"Savings" is essentially a measure of
- ARecall
- BRecognition
- CPriming
- DRelearning Speed
14Clive Wearing's diary entries primarily involve:
- AHis feeling that he has just woken up.
- BMusical Composition
- CHis last meals.
- DWondering how long he has been ill
15Studying for an exam is an example of ______________ encoding:
- ADirect
- BIndirect
- CIncidental
- DIntentional
16A demonstration in class, words were flashed very briefly (17ms) and your task was to write them down as they appeared. This is an example of a:
- ARecognition memory task
- BLetter span task
- CSensory memory task
- DPerceptual identification task
17The forgetting curve appears to be:
- AThe same for all kinds of memory
- BMuch flatter for implicit memory
- CMuch flatter for explicit memory
- DDepends on the person
18The online demonstration that you completed as an assignment presented:
- AWords that sounded similar to each other.
- BWords that were semantically similar to each other (synonyms)
- CBoth A and B
- DNeither A and B
19It has been hypothesized that letter span is more difficult than digit span because:
- AGreater acoustic similarity among letters compared to digits
- BChunking is more difficult for letters compared to digits
- CWe have less experience remembering letters compared to digits
- DLetter span is NOT more difficult than digit span
20Which effect, seen in free recall, involves a tendency for items from the beginning and end of the list to be recalled best
- Amirror
- Bserial position
- Cphonological similarity
- Dword length
- Elist length
21Memory span tends to be better when ________ words are used as stimuli:
- Ashorter
- Blonger
- Csimilar sounding
- Dunfamiliar
22On a letter span task, if participants are presented with the letter "B", which of the following is the most likely error:
- Aa visually similar letter such as R
- Ba letter that is near it in the alphabet, such as A
- CA letter that sounds similar, such as V
- DAll of the above are equally prevalent
23Digit span is a test of
- ASensory memory
- BShort term memory
- CImplicit memory
- DLong term memory
24The "ratio rule" was used to explain:
- APrimacy effects
- BRecency effects
- CModality effects in sensory memory
- Dthe irrelevant sound effect in verbal short term memory
25Which component of Baddeley's working memory model is thought to be responsible for articulatory rehearsal?
- APhonological loop
- BCentral executive
- CVisuo-spatial sketchpad
- DEpisodic Buffer
- EPeripheral nervous system
26According to Squire's model of Memory, Classical Conditioning, Priming, and Skill Learning are all examples of:
- Anondeclarative memory
- Bdeclarative memory
- Csemantic memory
- Depisodic memory
27The modal model of memory and Squire's model of Long term Memory are examples of a unitary approach to memory:
- ATrue
- BFalse
28Excessive practice on a digit span task typically leads to gains on both digit span and letter span tasks
- ATrue
- BFalse
29According to Miller (1956)'s classic research, the capacity of STM is approximately ______ items. However, more recently, Cowan has argued that when chunking the mnemonic strategies are prevented, the capacity of STM is approximately _______ items
- A9;7
- B9;4
- C7;4
- D7;2
30Which of the following does best at predicting performance on reasoning tasks used to assess intelligence?
- AShort-term buffer size
- BDigit Span
- CWing Span
- DLife Span
- EWorking memory span
31Cattell's theory of intelligence makes a distinction between:
- Acrystallized and fluid intelligence
- Bgeneral and specific intelligence
- Cshort term memory and working memory
- Dsensory memory and short term memory
32Crystallized intelligence does NOT include:
- Avocabulary
- Bknowledge of social norms
- Cadapting to changing conditions
- Dgeneral world knowledge
33The Raven's progressive matrices is used to test:
- Acrystallized intelligence
- Bfluid intelligence
- Cshort term memory
- Dworking memory
34Across different studies, IQ has been found to:
- ABe uncorrelated with school achievement (accounting for <10% of the variance in school achievement)
- BCorrelate moderately with school achievement (accounting for 25%-60% of the variance in school achievement)
- CBe highly predictive of school achievement (accounting for ~80-90% of the variance in school achievement)
- DBe more predictive of high school grades than primary school grades
35Originally, data from the Brown-Peterson task suggested that forgetting from short term memory was due to _________; but later experiments by Waugh & Norman (1965) suggested that _______________ is the more likely mechanism.
- Adecay; interference
- Binterference; decay
- Cproactive interference; retroactive interference
- Dretroactive interference; proactive interference
36During the online interactive exercise that was assigned, you were asked to report:
- AThe first word of each sentence
- Bthe last word of each sentence
- Cthe first sentence
- Dthe last sentence
37Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood and then declines while crystallized intelligence generally increases across the life span
- ATrue
- BFalse
38In class, you were asked to think of numbers inserted into a 4 x 4 matrix to illustrate which component of working memory?
- APhonological loop
- BCentral Executive
- CEpisodic Buffer
- DVisuo-spatial sketchpad
39The results of Shepard & Metzler's (1971) Mental Rotation Study showed:
- AResponse times were fastest for objects requiring the least amount of mental rotation
- BResponse times were slowest for objects requiring the least amount of mental rotation
- CResponse times were uncorrelated with mental rotation
- DResponse times were positively accelerating
40After looking at an image of a ball on a steep hill, if you are later asked where that ball was located on the hill you are likely to report it as being lower than in the original image. This is an example of __________.
- AContext
- BRepresentational friction
- CRepresentational gravity
- DRepresentational momentum
41The idea that the amount learned directly corresponds to the time spent learning is called the:
- ALimitless learning hypothesis
- BLearning ratio theory
- CParabolic studying function
- DTotal time hypothesis
- EMatched practice theory
42What is gradually extended using the "expanding retrieval" technique?
- AThe practice-test interval
- BThe size of the font in which the item is presented
- CThe time the item is visible on the screen during any one presentation
- DThe time participants are permitted to take before responding
- EThe instructional detail given to participants
43According to Baddeley and Longman (1978), postal workers who spent a single one-hour session learning to type pe day on a distributed practice schedule showed which of the following pattern of results compared to postal workers using massed learning?
- AThey were least contented with their training schedule
- BThey learned the keyboard in fewer training hours
- CThey improved their performance more rapidly
- DThey retained their skills better over the long term
- EAll of these
44In which condition(s) did Karpicke and Roediger's (2008) participants show the best recall AFTER a week-long delay?
- AUnstudied
- BContinued presentation without testing
- CContinued testing
- DSingle presentation
- EAll of these conditions performed equally well
45As defined by Muller and Pilzecker (1990) the process of hardening or making more robust the memory of an association just learned is called:
- AConsolidation
- BMyelination
- CTransference
- DDecay
- ECondensation
46According to the levels of processing view:
- AMemory performance is determined by the number of times information is rehearsed
- BMemory performance is determined by the type of processing that is carried out during encoding
- CMemory performance is determined by the type of processing that is carried out during retrieval
- DMemory performance is determined by the extent to which cues/processing carried out during encoding matches the cues/processing that is required at the time of retrieval
47The deepest level of processing, according to the levels of processing approach is:
- APerceptual encoding
- BPhonological encoding
- CSemantic (meaning) encoding
- DImagery
48Cognitive training and physical activity appear to be equally effective in terms of their impact on cognitive function
- Atrue
- Bfalse
49In their study of memory consolidation, Gaskell and Dumay (2003) found that learning a word such as "cathedruke" only interfered with a near neighbor such as cathedral:
- Aprior to it being integrated into the language system
- Bbefore a night's sleep
- Cafter a night's sleep
- Don an immediate test
- Eif cathedral had no other neighbors
50The generation effe most directly suggests that memories are strongest when:
- ARecognition practice is used
- BThe correct answer is provided, making retrieval unnecessary
- CMaterials are studied passively
- DYou retrieve an item for yourself during encoding
- EContracting retrieval is used
51What is the process by which synaptic transmissions may become more effective and efficient after a cell's recent activation
- Along-term permeation
- Bshort-term potentiation
- Cback propagation
- Dspreading activation
- Elong-term potentiation
52Encoding for meaning improves memory:
- ATrue
- BFalse
- CIt depends
53Research on survival processing shows better memory for:
- Aonly words rated highly relevant to survival
- Ball words evaluated from the perspective of the grassland scenario
- Cany word evaluated from the perspective of any threatening scenario
- Dirrelevant survival words
54Which is NOT and example of how our cognitive processes have evolved over time?
- Aa fear of snakes and spiders
- Baversion to certain foods eaten before getting nauseous
- Caversion to a button that is proceeded by a shock
- Dthe non-random distribution of phobias
55According to the transfer appropriate processing view:
- AMemory performance is determined by the number of times information is rehearsed
- BMemory performance is determined by the type of processing that is carried out during encoding
- CMemory performance is determined by the type of processing that is carried out during retrieval
- DMemory performance is determined by the extent to which the cues/processing carried out during encoding matches the cues/processing that is required at the time of retrieval
56State dependent memory is more likely to be found in _________ than in ____________.
- Aexplicit tasks; implicit
- Bcued recall; free recall
- Cimplicit; explicit tasks
- Dfree recall; recognition
57Levels of processing effects are best observed when the test involves _____________.
- Aimplicit measures
- Bexplicit measures
- Can interval between encoding and retrieval
- Dthe same type of processing that was used during encoding
58Based on Roediger's talk (assigned video), using the "dropout method" with flashcards is an effective study method:
- Atrue
- Bfalse
59Survival processing is thought to produce a large benefit in retrieval because of:
- Aour evolutionary history
- Belaborative encoding
- Cdeep level of processing
- Dtransfer appropriate processing
60The Roediger article that was assigned identified a number of different principals or 'laws' of memory
- ATrue
- BFalse
61When a variable has a different effect on different types of memory tasks, this is called:
- AEncoding Specificity
- BA dissociation
- Ca parallel effect
- Da context effect
62When describing pictures as a part of an incidental encoding phase, describing physical features provides better recall than describing semantic features of the image
- ATrue
- BFalse
63Spacing out study trials relative to massed studying typically aids retrieval unless:
- Athere is strong semantic link among the to be remembered items
- Btesting is immediate or has very short retention interval
- Cthe encoding of the information was particularly difficult
- Dthe encoding of the information was particularly easy
64Repetition may produce better memory because:
- Aadditional exposure provides additional study time
- Bchance for additional subjective organization
- Cit allows for additional practice on the encoding task
- Dall of these
65Another name for Encoding Specificity is:
- ALevels of processing
- BEncoding manipulation
- CState dependent learning
- DTransfer Appropriate Processing
66A study by Goodwin (1969) studied the effects of alcohol consumption on memory. The results showed:
- AFewer memory errors for material that was studied while sober
- BFewer memory errors for material that was studied and tested in the same physiological state
- CFewer mistakes when material was tested while intoxicated
- DBoth A and B
67The passive theory of memory consolidation during sleep states that
- Athere is better memory for things encoded right before sleep because there is less interference during sleep
- BREM cycle fires neurons that help consolidate memories better
- Cthere isn't a significant advantage for memories learning right before sleep
- Dslow wave sleep helps consolidate memories better
68In the videoclip we saw in class, Edward Lighthart, the man who was found in Seattle with no memory of his past had:
- Aanterograde amnesia
- Bpsychogenic amnesia
- Corganic amnesia
- Dglobal amnesia
69The patient H.M.
- Awas a not able to encode at all
- Bessentially had no memory
- Ccouldn't retrieve information on explicit tests
- Dcouldn't retrieve information on implicit tests
70Electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT) results in:
- AAnterograde amnesia
- BPsychogenic amnesia
- CConfabulation
- DRetrograde amnesia
71Ribot's law describes:
- Athe temporally graded pattern of retrograde amnesia
- Bthe relative strength of old and new memories
- Cthe pattern of dissociations between implicit and explicit memory found with amnesia
- Dthe inability to remember things that happened before the age of 4
72In addition to severe amnesia, H.M. had changes in:
- AIQ
- BPersonality
- CBoth A & B
- DNeither A or B
73Anterograde amnesia may be observed after damage to:
- Ahippocampus
- Btemporal lobes
- Cdiencephalon
- Dany of these
74People with anterograde amnesia can learn new skills, such as a mirror tracing task at a rate comparable to people without amnesia
- Atrue
- Bfalse
75Psychogenic amnesia is produced by:
- Aphysical trauma
- Bneurological disease
- Cheritability
- Dpsychological trauma
76In a dissociative fugue a person most commonly loses:
- Amotor memory
- Bsemantic memory
- Cdeclarative memory
- Dfundamental aspects of their identity
77Jost's law describes:
- Athe temporally graded pattern of retrograde amnesia
- Bthe relative strength of old and new memories
- Cthe pattern of dissociations between implicit and explicit memory found with amnesia
- Dthe inability to remember things that happened before the age of 4
78The "active theory of sleep and memory suggests that
- Aslow wave sleep serves as a type of rehearsal period
- BREM sleep is critical for declarative memory
- Cthe relative low amount of interference during sleep promote memory
- Dnondeclarative memories are enhanced during sleep
79An example of retrograde facilitation is:
- Aless forgetting of events that occur before drinking
- Bless forgetting of events that occur before taking Benzodiazepines
- Cless forgetting of events that occur before sleep
- DAll of the above are examples
80Transient global amnesia typically lasts:
- Aa few minutes
- Ba few hours
- Ca few months
- Da few years
81Which of the following have been linked to transient global amnesia?
- Aepilepsy
- Btraumatic brain injuries
- Chypoxia
- Dsexual activity
82According to Larry Squire (in class video), lesions limited solely to the hippocampus impair habituation memory.
- Atrue
- Bfalse
83Fried's study (2008) using clips of familiar scenes and TV shows discovered that:
- Aneurons that were activated during encoding were reactivated just before and as the clip was being recalled
- Bdifferent neurons in the hippocampus fire during encoding and recall
- Cepilepsy affects retrieval
- Dthe neurons surrounding the hippocampus is involved in encoding, but not retrieval
84The word frequency effect states that there is better memory for
- Ahigh frequency words in recall and high frequency words in recognition
- Blow frequency words in recall and high frequency words in recognition
- Chigh frequency words in recognition only
- Dhigh frequency words in recall and recognition
85__________ during encoding is particularly beneficial for recall and ___________ during encoding is particularly beneficial for recognition.
- Aelaboration; repetition
- Bitem-specific processing relational processing
- Crelational processing; item-specific processing
- Ddistinctiveness; elaboration
86The online demonstration of TOT states used what as stimuli:
- Ageneral knowledge questions
- BUS presidents
- CNames of TV shows
- DCapitals of foreign countries
87The variable internal state of a memory trace that contributes to its accessibility at a given point is called:
- Asignal detection
- Brecognition
- Cfamiliarity
- Dactivation level
88What is assessed in the process of source monitoring?
- Acontextual origins of information
- Binternal mood state
- Cinternal cognitive state
- Dexternal relevance
89Which of the following is not a direct type of memory retrieval?
- Arecall
- Byes/no recognition
- Csource monitoring
- Dforce-choice recognition
- Eall of the above are direct retrieval tasks
90The process in which memory gaps are filled using logic and previous experience is termed:
- Arationalization
- Bdegeneration
- Ccontextualization
- Dreconstruction
- Esuppression
91According to a study described in your text, frontal lobe damage is associated with what pattern of memory performance:
- AImpairment on free recall and cued recall. Recognition is not impaired.
- BImpairment on free recall, cued-recall, and recognition.
- CImpairment on priming and other indirect tasks
- DImpairment on recognition tests only
92The idea that the amount of activation that is transmitted from the cue to other items in memory is proportional to the associative strength between the cue and those related memories is called:
- Alatent facilitation
- Btemporal gradient
- Cspreading activation
- Dsource monitoring
93Part-list cuing illustrates that providing items from the to-be-remembered list to serve as retrieval improves memory of the remaining items
- Atrue
- Bfalse
94Which one of the following has not been proposed as a mechanism that contributes to forgetting?
- Ainformation was not consolidated
- Bresponse competition
- Csimilarity based interference (i.e., cue overload)
- Dloss of effective retrieval cues
- Enone of the above, they are all theories of forgetting
95The term used to describe the drift in context over time, which makes retrieval more difficult
- ADistal forgetting
- BPart set cuing
- CContextual fluctuation
- DDecay
96The inverse relationship between the number of items subsumed under a cue and the effectiveness of the cue is called
- Aresponse competition
- Bretroactive interference
- Cthe cue overload principle
- Dretrieval inhibition
97The finding that having an experimenter provide a few items from the to-be-remembered list can impair a person's ability to recall the remaining items is called:
- Aretroactive interference
- Bproactive interference
- Cdirected forgetting
- Dpart-set cuing
98The primary mechanism that is thought to be responsible for retroactive interference is:
- Aunlearning
- Bconsolidation failure
- Cresponse competition
- Ddecay
99The online exercise involved learning ________ lists of ___________.
- Atwo; word pairs
- Bthree; word pairs
- Ctwo; items from the same categories (e.g. vegetables, professions)
- Dthree; items from the same categories (e.g. vegetables, professions)
100Barrack (1984) found that forgetting of a foreign language occurred quickly, but reached asymptote (a relative plateau in forgetting) after about 2 years:
- Atrue
- Bfalse
101Based on the work of Wickens (1972), which of the following conditions would lead to the greatest amount of release from proactive interference (PI):
- Awhen categories of to-be remembered stimuli change slightly (e.g. from fruits to vegetables)
- Bwhen categories of to-be remembered stimuli change dramatically (e.g., from fruits to numbers)
- Cwhen categories of not change (e.g., only lists of different types of fruits are given)
- Dall of the above should produce similar levels of release from PI
102The idea that storing similar races in memory impedes memory is called:
- Acontextual fluctuation
- Bdecay
- Cconsolidation
- Dinterference
103Acoustic similarities cause the most interference in _______________ tasks, while semantic similarities cause the most interference in ___________ tasks.
- ALTM, STM
- Bdirect, indirect
- CSTM, LTM
- Dindirect, direct
104Repeated retrieval of memories slows forgetting:
- Atrue
- Bfalse
105Assuming that one first learned "SHOE-LEMON" and then studied "SHOE-POOL," forgetting which of the following items would be the best evidence of the consequences of PROACTIVE interference ?
- ASHINE
- BPOOL
- CSHOE
- DCITRUS
- ELEMON
106_____________________ refers to the finding that selective retrieval of some memories associated with a cue can impair the ability to recall other items associated with that cue.
- Apair-set cuing
- Bresponse competition
- Ccue-overload hypothesis
- Dretrieval-induced forgetting
107If you were given a list of 10 words to remember and then were given a cued recall test with 8 of the 10 words provided as cues, the probability of recalling the remaining two words is _______ than if you had not been given the cues
- Ahigher
- Blower
108The results of Neisser and Harsh's study of the Challenger explosion provide more information about the accuracy of flashbulb memories than the work of Brown and Kulick because:
- ANeisser and Harsh studied many different events that led to flashbulb memories
- BNeisser and Harsh first question students about the flashbulb event immediately after the event happened
- CBrown and Kulick used leading questions when interviewing their subjects
- DA and C
109In studying students' memory for the Challenger explosion, Neisser and Harsh found that:
- Aflashbulb memories are confidently held
- Bflashbulb memories are highly accurate
- Cthe accuracy of peoples memory was strongly correlated with the vividness of the memory
- DA and C
110Children under the age of 3 cannot remember events for longer than a few weeks
- Atrue
- Bfalse
111Humans are the only species that shows signs of infantile amnesia
- Atrue
- Bfalse
112When infants are presented with two objects to look at, and one is familiar and one is novel, they tend to spend more time looking at the _____________ object
- Afamiliar
- Bnovel
113Which of these definitions best describes autobiographical memory?
- Amemory that cannot be stated explicitly
- Bmemory consisting of generalized knowledge about the world
- Cmemory of specific events located at a specific point in time
- Dmemory for how to perform a certain task
- Ememory consisting of information about ourselves and our interactions
114What is the main difficulty related to studying autobiographical memory?
- Aa lack of control over the test environment
- Ba lack of real-world situations
- Cparticipants are not always honest about themselves
- Da lack of control over the learning environment
115To what period does infantile amnesia typically apply, according to your text
- Athe first 2 years
- Bthe first 4-5 years
- Cthe first 5-6 years
- Dthe first 7 years
116What is the age range (in years) typically thought to fall within the reminiscence bump?
- A10-25
- B12-27
- C15-30
- D20-35
117Which of the following has been proposed as an interpretation of infantile amnesia, according to your text?
- Achanges in the nervous systems
- Bunderdeveloped nature of coherent self in infancy
- Cmore life experiences and language are required to contextualize autobiographical memories
- Dlarge changes in development may cause early memories to be state dependent
- Eall of these
118The reminiscence bump occurs ________
- Afor positive events
- Bfor negative events
- Cfor all events
- Dfor recent events
119Which term is applied to a sudden loss of autobiographical memory which is often accompanied by wandering
- Aprosopagnosia
- Bfocal amnesia
- Csubstance-induced amnesia
- Dmultiple personality
- Efugue
120People with depression tend to have autobiographical memories that are ___________ than are those of their non depressed counterparts
- Amore general
- Bmore specific
- Cmore recent
- Dless recent
121Eye witness confidence tends to decrease with time
- Atrue
- Bfalse
122In eyewitness memory, accuracy and confidence are strongly positively correlated
- Atrue
- Bfalse
123eyewitnesses tend to be more accurate when identifying someone:
- Aof the same race
- Bof the same age group
- Cof the same sex
- Dboth A and B
- Eboth A and C
124Analysis of many eyewitness identification experiments shows that eyewitness identification is:
- Ahighly accurate
- Bhighly variable
- Chighly inaccurate
- Dhighly correlated with confidence
125High levels of arousal:
- Aenhances memory for both central events and details
- Benhances memory for central events, but decreases memory for details
- Cdecreases memory for central events, but enhances memory for details
- Ddecreases memory for both central events and details
126The relative judgment process is a particular problem in:
- Asimultaneous line-ups
- Bsequential line-ups
- Cidentifying a face from a police sketch
- Drecognizing a phase that has been described earlier
127In the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study, subjects watch a film of a car accident and then later gave the subjects information about the accident in which the "strength" of the verb used to describe the accident was varied. Sometime later, subjects were asked to
- Aestimate the speed of the cars in the film
- Bestimate the number of people hurt in the accident
- Csay whether they saw broken glass in the video
- DA and C
128Zaragoza argued for an interpretation of the "misinformation effect" that was in favor of a biased-guessing explanation of the misinformation effect. what was the key result that supported her argument?
- AForced choice recognition test with original items (e.g., stop sign) and new item (e.g., children at play sign)
- BForced choice recognition with misled items (yield sign) and new items (children at play sign)
- Cfree recall performance of the misled subjects
- Dimplicit memory tests for both stop sign and yield sign
129The Thomas and Loftus (2002) study on "imagination inflation" tested the effect of imagining bizarre and common actions. They found that people sometimes claimed to have performed acts that had only been imagined. Which of the following best describes when this happened
- Aonly for bizarre acts
- Bonly for common acts
- Cfor both common and bizarre acts equally
- Dfor both common and bizarre acts, but more so for bizarre acts
- Efor both common and bizarre acts, but more so for common acts
130The finding that post-event misinformation can impair memory for an earlier event is an example of ______________
- Aretroactive interference
- Bproactive interference
- Cbiased guessing
- Dimagination inflation
131There have been several studies that have tried to "implant" memories for events that did not occur. For instance, experimenters will read events to participants, some did happen during a person's childhood, others did not. The findings of these studies show:
- AApproximately 75% of the participants accepted the false memories n first hearing them
- BApproximately 75% all of the participants accepted the false memories, after hearing them three times
- CApproximately 25% of the participants accepted the false memories after hearing the memories two or three times
- DThe rate of false acceptance of false memories was highly variable, ranging from 5-90% across studies.
132The video on face blindness showed that people with this condition can recognize the faces of family members and co-workers that they work with closely.
- Atrue
- Bfalse
133The video on face blindness cited a study that estimated that the prevalence of the condition is
- AOne in every 5 people
- BOne in every 50 people
- COne in every 100 people
- DOne in every 1000 people
- EOne in every one-hundred thousand people
134To reduce false-identifications, when conducting a lineup, investigators should:
- Ainclude multiple suspects in the line-up
- Binclude only people who fit the general description of the suspect
- Chave witnesses first write down a description of the suspect before the identification
- Dhave witness first work with a sketch-artist to create a likeness of the suspect.
- Eboth C and D
135When eyewitnesses made mistaken identification, they were much more confident in the correctness of their choice when duds were present:
- Atrue
- Bfalse
136According to the Buckner & Carroll article, the general term for shifting one’s perspective from the present to the past, future, or adopting the perspective of another person is called:
- AMeta-memory
- BMeta-cognition
- CSelf-projection
- DRetrospection
137Theory of mind refers to the process of:
- AConceiving the viewpoint of another person
- BThinking of your own cognitive processes
- CRetrospection
- DMental time-travel
138The frontal and medial temporal-parietal lobe systems seem to be involved in:
- Anavigation
- Bepisodic memory
- Cprospection
- Dtheory of the mind
- Eall of the above
139The frontal lobe system has primarily been associated with:
- Aplanning
- Bepisodic memory
- Csemantic memory
- Dautobiographical memory
140The content of simulated events (what you think of when imagining events) seems to depend on:
- AThe medial temporal-parietal lobe
- Bthe frontal lobe
- Cthe default network
- Dthe occipital lobe
141The neuropsychological patients mentioned in the video and in the Buckner & Carroll reading (patients H.M., K.C. and D.B.), showed which pattern:
- ADeficits in both memory and planning
- BDeficits in memory but not planning
- CDeficits in planning but not memory
- DDeficits in neither memory nor planning
142Data reviewed by Buckner & Carroll suggest that the brain areas/networks that are involved in remembering the past and imagining the future are also involved in any task that require complex problem solving and imagination.
- ATrue
- BFalse
143The default network refers to the brain regions most active when engaged in active, goal-directed task
- Atrue
- Bfalse
144Which of these is an example of "theory of mind":
- AThinking about your upcoming thanksgiving dinner from your own perspective.
- BThinking about a past thanksgiving dinner
- CImagining Thanksgiving dinner from another diner's perspective (e.g., another family member).
- DThinking about your thinking about Thanksgiving dinner
145The tendency, increasing over the lifespan, to recall more pleasant memories than either neutral or
unpleasant memories is called:- Areminiscence
- Bnostalgia
- Cspontaneous recovery
- Dpositivity bias
146According to the selective rehearsal account of directed forgetting, individuals exert more of what after a remember instruction, compared to a forget instruction?
- Acontextual shift
- Bactive inhibition
- Ccognitive effort
- Ddaydreaming
- Emental time travel
147How frequently are participants instructed whether to remember or forget the stimuli they had just seen in the LIST-method directed forgetting procedure?
- Aafter the very last item
- Bafter each item
- CAfter half the stimulus set has been presented
- Dbefore each item
- Eat the beginning of the experiment
148Which theory argues that items from a “forget” list are temporarily rendered less accessible through a reduction in activation?
- ATrace inhibition theory
- BCue retention hypothesis
- CRetrieval inhibition hypothesis
- DLevels of processing principle
- EContext-dependent hypothesis
149What term is given to remembering previously forgotten conditioned responses and declarative memories after a delay?
- AFalse memory syndrome
- BSpontaneous recovery
- CPsychogenic memory
- DMotivated remembering
- ELatrogenic memory
150The Context Shift Account is a theory used to explain:
- AThe list-method of directed forgetting
- BThe item-method of directed forgetting
- CSpontaneous recovery
- DRecovered memories
151The study by McKinnon et al (2015) that followed up on airline passengers on a flight that nearly crashed found:
- AThe majority of passengers developed PTSD as a results of the incident.
- BMost passengers had poor memory for the events
- CThe passengers who developed PTSD had more detailed memories
- DNone of the above were found
152Generally speaking, highly negative emotional events are not remembered well
- ATrue
- BFalse
153Which of the following is NOT a symptom of PTSD
- ADissociation
- BStrong memories
- CFalse memories
- DFragmented memories
154According to psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism is believed to unconsciously banish memories that may cause pain and conflict?
- ARegression
- BSublimation
- CDenial
- DRepression
- EProjection
155Avoidance of retrieval cues, preventing the reactivation of traces, and environmental changes fall under the umbrella term:
- AProactive interference
- BMotivated context shifts
- CRepression
- DUnintentional context shifts
- EConfabulation
156The positivity bias in memory is stronger for older adults than younger adults
- Atrue
- Bfalse
157Improvement in recall performance arising from repeated testing sessions on the same material is called:
- ASpontaneous recovery
- BHypermnesia
- CThe learning curve
- DHabituation
158Neuroimaging experiments find that attempts to suppress retrieval are associated with reduced neural activity in the
- Amotor cortex
- Bfrontal lobe
- Chippocampus
- Ddiffuse areas of the cortex
159Research suggests that memories that are forgotten (or repressed) for so many years and then are recovered are highly accurate
- Atrue
- Bfalse
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- Description
- Quiz on Human Memory Final, created by Nicole Pagano on 21/12/2015.
- Author
- Nicole Pagano
- Language
- English
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