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ABF L12

amesfinch 13 questions

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  1. 1[blank_start]Cross[blank_end] [blank_start]protection[blank_end]: genetically engineer viruses. 1929 [blank_start]McKinney[blank_end] - mild strains of viruses inoculated onto plants to prevent more [blank_start]virulent[blank_end] strains from infecting.
    In [blank_start]tomatoes[blank_end] , ToMV causes small depression in yield ([blank_start]5[blank_end]%). This compares well with potential losses of [blank_start]50[blank_end]% for real infections.
    [blank_start]Citrus[blank_end] [blank_start]tristeza[blank_end] virus causes serious diseases in a number of [blank_start]citrus[blank_end] trees and is distributed worldwide.
    In Brazil, [blank_start]tens[blank_end] of [blank_start]millions[blank_end] of trees are now protected by cross protection worldwide.
    However, viruses [blank_start]mutate[blank_end] rapidly and mild viruses may not longer be mild.
    Maybe a single, [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]infectious[blank_end] part of a virus could generate protection. But this part would not multiply/spread, so protection would be limited. [blank_start]Transgenic[blank_end] means may be more effective.
    1. ACross
    2. Bprotection
    3. CMcKinney
    4. Dvirulent
    5. Etomatoes
    6. F5
    7. G50
    8. HCitrus
    9. Itristeza
    10. Jcitrus
    11. Ktens
    12. Lmillions
    13. Mmutate
    14. Nnon
    15. Oinfectious
    16. PTransgenic
  2. 2Possible targets for transgenic resistance:
    Viral entry - this is a [blank_start]passive[blank_end] process
    Uncoating - possible
    Translation - most drugs targeting this part would target the [blank_start]plant[blank_end] too
    Replication - quite virus [blank_start]specific[blank_end]
    Encapsidation - possibility
    Cell-to-cell movement - possibility
    Long distance movement - just a [blank_start]passive[blank_end] process in the plant
    1. Apassive
    2. Bplant
    3. Cspecific
    4. Dpassive
  3. 3Three candidates for anti-viral technology targeting: [blank_start]uncoating[blank_end], [blank_start]replication[blank_end], [blank_start]encapsidation[blank_end], [blank_start]cell[blank_end]-to-[blank_start]cell[blank_end] movement.
    1. Auncoating
    2. Breplication
    3. Cencapsidation
    4. Dcell
    5. Ecell
  4. 4Coat protein resistance:
    1.) Convert RNA for [blank_start]coat[blank_end] [blank_start]protein[blank_end] into [blank_start]dsRNA[blank_end].
    2.) Fuse to a [blank_start]CaMV[blank_end] [blank_start]35S[blank_end] promoter, to allow strong, [blank_start]constitutive[blank_end] plant expression.
    3.) Engineer into [blank_start]Agrobacterium[blank_end] along with selectable marker ([blank_start]Kanamycin[blank_end]).
    4.) [blank_start]Incubate[blank_end] Agrobacterium with plant cells to allow transfer of foreign gene into plant chromosomes.
    5.) [blank_start]Regenerate[blank_end] whole plant from single transformed cell.
    6.) Transformed plants had high resistance to TMV infection and a corresponding [blank_start]delay[blank_end] in symptom development in progeny of [blank_start]self[blank_end]-[blank_start]fertilised[blank_end] transgenic plants.
    However, protection was overcome when plants [blank_start]inoculated[blank_end] with TMV [blank_start]RNA[blank_end].
    The first results were published in [blank_start]Science[blank_end] in [blank_start]1986[blank_end].
    1. Acoat
    2. Bprotein
    3. CdsRNA
    4. DCaMV
    5. E35S
    6. Fconstitutive
    7. GAgrobacterium
    8. HKanamycin
    9. IIncubate
    10. JRegenerate
    11. Kdelay
    12. Lself
    13. Mfertilised
    14. Ninoculated
    15. ORNA
    16. PScience
    17. Q1986
  5. 5[blank_start]Coat[blank_end] [blank_start]protein[blank_end] mediated resistance has now been demonstrated for a wide range of different viruses in a whole range of crops, with [blank_start]commerical[blank_end] planting of these transgenic crops occurring in many areas of the world. Banned in [blank_start]UK[blank_end] and [blank_start]Europe[blank_end]. In [blank_start]USA[blank_end], every crop with significant virus losses now has a transgenic crop.
    1. ACoat
    2. Bprotein
    3. Ccommerical
    4. DUK
    5. EEurope
    6. FUSA
  6. 6Papaya: [blank_start]Papaya[blank_end] [blank_start]ringspot[blank_end] [blank_start]virus[blank_end] most [blank_start]destructive[blank_end] virus of papaya worldwide. Papaya in the UK is very [blank_start]expensive[blank_end] as GM crops are banned. Papaya has to be grown in [blank_start]special[blank_end] conditions and a lot of crop is [blank_start]lost[blank_end]. There is no [blank_start]natural[blank_end] resistance in papaya as a starting point for [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] breeding methods.
    1. APapaya
    2. Bringspot
    3. Cvirus
    4. Ddestructive
    5. Eexpensive
    6. Fspecial
    7. Glost
    8. Hnatural
    9. Iconventional
  7. 7Basic concept of [blank_start]CPMR[blank_end]: RNA must be [blank_start]naked[blank_end] in order for it to be [blank_start]translated[blank_end]. When [blank_start]coat[blank_end] proteins start coming off, if we already have an [blank_start]excess[blank_end] in the cell, these will begin to bind to the unravelling particle. No [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end] can bind to the RNA. The process is [blank_start]stalled[blank_end].
    1. ACPMR
    2. Bnaked
    3. Ctranslated
    4. Dcoat
    5. Eexcess
    6. Fribosomes
    7. Gstalled
  8. 8TMV coat protein mediated resistance: Idea that CP expression in the cell was giving resistance was basically true for [blank_start]tobacco[blank_end] [blank_start]mosaic[blank_end] [blank_start]virus[blank_end]. CPMR requires CP [blank_start]accumulation[blank_end] and doesn't seem to involve the [blank_start]induction[blank_end] of plant [blank_start]defence[blank_end] mechanisms (no [blank_start]defence[blank_end] genes were found to be switched on).
    Resistance appears to be mainly based on [blank_start]virion[blank_end] [blank_start]disassembly[blank_end], though some later stages (e.g. [blank_start]long[blank_end] [blank_start]distance[blank_end] [blank_start]movement[blank_end]) can also be affected. This also requires virus particles.
    Accumulation of CP provides resistance to [blank_start]TMV[blank_end] and related [blank_start]tobamoviruses[blank_end] but the level of resistance is positively correlated with [blank_start]amino[blank_end] [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]homology[blank_end]. Close relatives of TMV were also effectively targeted.
    1. Atobacco
    2. Bmosaic
    3. Cvirus
    4. Daccumulation
    5. Einduction
    6. Fdefence
    7. Gdefence
    8. Hvirion
    9. Idisassembly
    10. Jlong
    11. Kdistance
    12. Lmovement
    13. MTMV
    14. Ntobamoviruses
    15. Ohomology
    16. Pamino
    17. Qacid
  9. 9Further points on TMV-CP-MR
    Different [blank_start]mutant[blank_end] CPs have been tested in transgenic plants, some of which have decreased ability to [blank_start]bind[blank_end] to other CPs and others have increased [blank_start]stability[blank_end].
    [blank_start]Less[blank_end] resistance was observed with mutant CPs that had decreased [blank_start]binding[blank_end] ability and [blank_start]more[blank_end] resistance observed with those that increased [blank_start]virion[blank_end] [blank_start]stability[blank_end].
    Suggests that transgenic CPs were inhibiting an [blank_start]early[blank_end] step of infection - the [blank_start]uncoating[blank_end] of the virus.
    A range of [blank_start]promoters[blank_end] were used to give expression in the [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]leaf[blank_end] [blank_start]epidermis[blank_end], the m[blank_start]esophyll[blank_end] or the p[blank_start]hloem[blank_end]. Only plants that accumulated CP in the [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]epidermis[blank_end], the site of initial [blank_start]infection[blank_end], showed resistance.
    1. Amutant
    2. Bbind
    3. Cstability
    4. DLess
    5. Ebinding
    6. Fmore
    7. Gvirion
    8. Hstability
    9. Iearly
    10. Juncoating
    11. Kpromoters
    12. Lupper
    13. Mleaf
    14. Nepidermis
    15. Oesophyll
    16. Phloem
    17. Qupper
    18. Repidermis
    19. Sinfection
  10. 10Dysfunctional movement proteins:
    Expression of [blank_start]wild[blank_end] [blank_start]type[blank_end] movement protein in transgenic plants did not generate [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] (it in fact [blank_start]accelerated[blank_end] the symptoms). This was [blank_start]facilitating[blank_end] the movement of virus between cells.
    However, deleting a few [blank_start]amino[blank_end] [blank_start]acids[blank_end] from the [blank_start]amino[blank_end] [blank_start]terminus[blank_end] of the movement protein caused it to no longer function. The MPs still bound to the [blank_start]plasmodesmata[blank_end], but blocked them rather than [blank_start]chaperoning[blank_end] proteins through.
    A study to corroborate this: WT MP - [blank_start]large[blank_end] [blank_start]dyes[blank_end] can move through plasmodesmata. Mutatnt MP - only [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]dyes[blank_end] move through.
    Transgenic plants expressing mutant MP were [blank_start]inoculated[blank_end] with TMV, and show to have some degree of [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] against TMV and a delay in [blank_start]symptoms[blank_end]. Also worked with viruses with a high degree of [blank_start]amino[blank_end] [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]homology[blank_end].
    Mutant MP may be interfering with functions [blank_start]common[blank_end] to all viral MPs across different virus types. If virus replicates even a bit, there is the opportunity for it to mutate. We must stop it replicating!
    1. Awild
    2. Btype
    3. Cresistance
    4. Daccelerated
    5. Efacilitating
    6. Famino
    7. Gacids
    8. Hamino
    9. Iterminus
    10. Jplasmodesmata
    11. Kchaperoning
    12. Llarge
    13. Mdyes
    14. Nsmall
    15. Odyes
    16. Pinoculated
    17. Qresistance
    18. Rsymptoms
    19. Samino
    20. Thomology
    21. Uacid
    22. Vcommon

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Description
Quiz on ABF L12, created by amesfinch on 07/05/2016.
Author
amesfinch
Language
English
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