Quiz
Cell-Cell Communication
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Questions in this quiz (16)
1Cells are able to express different versions of proteins by...
- AAlternative Splicing
- BAlternative First Exon
- CAlternative Promotor
- DAlternative Intron
- EDuplicate genes containing mutations within regulatory elements.
2In humans there are [blank_start]4[blank_end] types of trypomyosin protein.
- A4
3In some cells transcription of mRNA starts at a certain point, to control this there are a number of molecules used.
XENOPUS - [blank_start]Maskin[blank_end] binds to [blank_start]CPEB[blank_end] before [blank_start]fertilisation[blank_end] and blocks translation of mRNA. On fertilisation CPEB is [blank_start]phosphorylated[blank_end] so maskin can no longer bind, this allows other proteins to bind and eventually the [blank_start]ribosome[blank_end].- AMaskin
- BCPEB
- Cfertilisation
- Dphosphorylated
- Eribosome
4In Drosophila [blank_start]bicoid[blank_end] which is produced in the anterior binds to [blank_start]caudal[blank_end] mRNA and prevents translation so caudal is only expressed in [blank_start]anterior[blank_end].
- Abicoid
- Bcaudal
- Canterior
5[blank_start]microRNA[blank_end] blocks translation and degrades mRNA. It blocks translation by directing [blank_start]RISC[blank_end] complex and degrades mRNA by recruiting endonuclease degrading [blank_start]polyA tail[blank_end] and making less stable.
- AmicroRNA
- BRISC
- CpolyA tail
6Cells are made different before cell division by distributing [blank_start]maternal[blank_end] molecules different, for example if maternal molecules located anteriorally when cell divides will only be present in one cell. If the same protein is in both cells it can be regulated differently by other [blank_start]proteins[blank_end].
- Amaternal
- Bproteins
7[blank_start]Inducer[blank_end] - Releases the signal
[blank_start]Responder[blank_end] - Creates receptors to respond.
[blank_start]Paracrine[blank_end] - Secreted to extracellular matrix and diffuse
[blank_start]Endocrine[blank_end] - Released and moves in blood.
[blank_start]Juxtacrine[blank_end] - Signals from neighbouring cells.
[blank_start]Autocrine[blank_end] - Cell produces signal and expresses receptor.- AInducer
- BParacrine
- CJuxtacrine
- DEndocrine
- EAutocrine
- FResponder
8Instructive signal...
- ASignal from inducer is necessary to initiate gene expression in new cell.
- BResponding tissue is specified but requires environment for trait expression.
9Permissive Signal
- ASignal from inducer is necessary to initiate gene expression in new cell.
- BResponding tissue is specified but requires environment for trait expression.
10INDUCTION
1 - Unknown signal in head [blank_start]ectoderm[blank_end] during late [blank_start]gastrulation[blank_end] stage causes production of [blank_start]Otx2[blank_end] a transcription factor.
2- A neural fold develops, and inducers from anterior neural plate cause synthesis of [blank_start]Pax6[blank_end] in the anterior ectoderm so lens tissue forms.
3 - The optic vessel secretes [blank_start]BMP4[blank_end] and [blank_start]FGF[blank_end] inducing [blank_start]Sox[blank_end] which is a transcription factor causing lens formation.- Aectoderm
- Bgastrulation
- COtx2
- DPax6
- EBMP4
- FFGF
- GSox
11[blank_start]Morphogens[blank_end] are diffusable biochemicals that determine cell fate by [blank_start]concentration[blank_end]. Cells at a high concentrate activate different genes to those at a low concentration.
XENOPUS - [blank_start]Activin[blank_end] it secreted in head at high concentration is activates [blank_start]goosecold[blank_end] which creates dorsal, at a lower concentration activates Xbra which creates [blank_start]muscle[blank_end]. At a low concentration no gene is activated and the default gene is expressed resulting in [blank_start]heart[blank_end] developing.- AMorphogens
- Bconcentration
- CActivin
- Dgoosecold
- Emuscle
- Fheart
12[blank_start]Differential adhesion[blank_end] hypothesis - small clusters of cells move when separated out into respective areas of embryo. The interactions form a [blank_start]heirarchery[blank_end], arrange themselves so have smallest interfacial free energy, this creates the most [blank_start]thermodynamically[blank_end] stable structure.
- ADifferential adhesion
- Bheirarchery
- Cthermodynamically
13[blank_start]Cadherins[blank_end] are important in boundary formation, they are calcium dependent adhesion molecules. Cells with the most cadherins move to the [blank_start]inside[blank_end], they are very important in [blank_start]neural[blank_end] tube formation.
- ACadherins
- Binside
- Cneural
14Cells become polarised by rearrangement of [blank_start]cytoskeleton[blank_end], the cell can then form protrusions due to action [blank_start]microfilaments[blank_end]. The cell is then able to bind to ECM by adhesions at [blank_start]rear[blank_end] when released the cell moves forward.
- Acytoskeleton
- Bmicrofilaments
- Crear
15DROSOPHILA FURROW FORMATION - cuboid [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] cells express the transcription factors, [blank_start]twist[blank_end] and [blank_start]snail[blank_end] making the cell wedge shaped. Actin -myosin accumulates and leads to [blank_start]shape[blank_end] change.
- Aventral
- Btwist
- Csnail
- Dshape
16Cells can change between epithelial and mesenchymal by polarised epithelium cell losing conntections with [blank_start]basement membrane[blank_end] and downregulation of [blank_start]cadherins[blank_end].
- Acadherins
- Bbasement membrane
Information
- Description
- Developmental Biology
- Author
- jessicabeckett84
- Language
- English
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- 4
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