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Media Law memory help
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1Hate speech – speech intended to [blank_start]insult,[blank_end] [blank_start]offend[blank_end], or [blank_start]intimidate[blank_end] a person because of some [blank_start]trait[blank_end] (such as race, [blank_start]religion[blank_end], sexual orientation, [blank_start]national origin[blank_end], or [blank_start]disability[blank_end])
- Ainsult,
- Boffend
- Cintimidate
- Dtrait
- Enational origin
- Freligion
- Gdisability
2SG [blank_start]Penal Code provisions[blank_end] (20[blank_start]07[blank_end]) – Uttering words, etc., with [blank_start]deliberate[blank_end] intent to wound the [blank_start]religious or racial feelings[blank_end] of any person
- APenal Code provisions
- B07
- Cdeliberate
- Dreligious or racial feelings
3[blank_start]298.[blank_end] Whoever,
• with [blank_start]deliberate intention[blank_end] of wounding the religious or racial feelings of any person,
• utters any [blank_start]word[blank_end] or
• [blank_start]makes any sound[blank_end] in the hearing of that person, or
• makes any [blank_start]gesture[blank_end] in the sight of that person, or
• places any [blank_start]object[blank_end] in the sight of that person, or
• causes [blank_start]any matter however represented[blank_end] to be seen or heard by that person, shall
• be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to [blank_start]3 years[blank_end], or with fine, [blank_start]or with both[blank_end].- A298.
- Bdeliberate intention
- Cword
- Dmakes any sound
- Egesture
- Fobject
- Gany matter however represented
- H3 years
- Ior with both
4[blank_start]298A.[blank_end] Whoever –
• (a) By words, [blank_start]either spoken or written[blank_end], or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise,
• [blank_start]knowingly promotes or attempts[blank_end] to promote, on grounds of religion or race,
• [blank_start]disharmony[blank_end] or feelings of [blank_start]enmity[blank_end], [blank_start]hatred[blank_end] or [blank_start]ill-will[blank_end] between
• different religious or racial groups; or
o (b) Commits any act which he knows is [blank_start]prejudicial[blank_end] to the [blank_start]maintenance of harmony[blank_end] between
o different religious or racial groups and which disturbs or is likely to [blank_start]disturb the public tranquillity[blank_end], shall
be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 years, or with fine, or with both- A298A.
- Beither spoken or written
- Cknowingly promotes or attempts
- Ddisharmony
- Eenmity
- Fhatred
- Gill-will
- Hprejudicial
- Imaintenance of harmony
- Jdisturb the public tranquillity
5SG Constitution: [blank_start]Article 14[blank_end]
(1) Subject to clause (2)…
(a) every citizen of Singapore has the right to freedom of speech and expression
(2) Parliament may by law impose
(a) On the rights conferred by clause (1)(a),
• such [blank_start]restrictions[blank_end] as it considers [blank_start]necessary[blank_end] or [blank_start]expedient[blank_end] in
• the interest of the [blank_start]security[blank_end] of Singapore, [blank_start]friendly relations[blank_end] with other countries, [blank_start]public order or morality[blank_end] and
• restrictions designed to protect the [blank_start]privileges of Parliament[blank_end] or to provide against
• [blank_start]contempt[blank_end] of court, defamation or [blank_start]incitement[blank_end] to any offence- AArticle 14
- Brestrictions
- Cnecessary
- Dexpedient
- Esecurity
- Ffriendly relations
- Gpublic order or morality
- Hprivileges of Parliament
- Icontempt
- Jincitement
6• [blank_start]Art. 4[blank_end].:
“This Constitution is the [blank_start]supreme law[blank_end] of the Republic of Singapore and
any law enacted by the Legislature after the commencement of this Constitution (9 August 1965 aka National Day) which is [blank_start]inconsistent[blank_end] with this constitution shall,
to the extent of the inconsistency, be [blank_start]void[blank_end].”- AArticle 4
- Bsupreme law
- Cinconsistent
- Dvoid
7[blank_start]Singapore’s Sedition Act (1948)[blank_end]
• Acts, words, publications with seditious [blank_start]tendency[blank_end]:
Traditional definition - “to bring into hatred or contempt or [blank_start]to excite disaffection[blank_end] against the Government.” Or
Local definition- “to raise discontent or disaffection [blank_start]amongst the citizens[blank_end]…[blank_start]or the residents in Singapore[blank_end]” or “to promote feelings of [blank_start]ill-will[blank_end] and hostility between different races or classes of the population
• Penalties :
First time: Fine [blank_start]≤ S$5000[blank_end], and/or jail ≤ 3 years- ASingapore’s Sedition Act (1948)
- Btendency
- Cto excite disaffection
- Damongst the citizens
- Eor the residents in Singapore
- Fill-will
- G≤ S$5000
8Arguments for Freedom of Expression and hate speech destabilizing society:
• If it is permitted, hate speech:
May weaken [blank_start]societal bonds[blank_end] May reinforce hate
May allow [blank_start]racist people to find each other[blank_end]- Asocietal bonds
- Bracist people to find each other
9• Free expression may be a “[blank_start]safety[blank_end] valve”:
Bigots may discharge their anger [blank_start]without violence[blank_end]
A “channeling of resistance into courses more [blank_start]consistent with law and order[blank_end]” (Thomas Emerson, 1970)
Open dialogue leads to more [blank_start]tolerant attitudes[blank_end], as we:
- Develop [blank_start]immunity[blank_end] to hate speech
- Communities become stronger by [blank_start]confronting[blank_end] or [blank_start]ignoring[blank_end] hate speech- Awithout violence
- Bsafety
- Cconsistent with law and order
- Dtolerant attitudes
- Eimmunity
- Fconfronting
- Gignoring
10[blank_start]First Amendment (1A)[blank_end] to the Constitution (1791) :
• “Congress shall make no law…abridging the [blank_start]freedom of speech[blank_end], or of the press”
o But there are limited exceptions created by judges
• Courts enforce constitutional provisions
- [blank_start]Strike down[blank_end] laws that violate them
- Deem [blank_start]illegal[blank_end] authorities’ actions that violate them- AFirst Amendment (1A)
- Bfreedom of speech
- CStrike down
- Dillegal
11US hate speech law:
• Incitement (IIIPLA)
- [blank_start]Intentional[blank_end]
- Incitement of
- [blank_start]Imminent[blank_end] and
- Probable (likely to occur)
- [blank_start]Lawless Action[blank_end] (breaking the law)- AIntentional
- BImminent
- CLawless Action
12• Fighting Words
- “The test is what [blank_start]men of common intelligence[blank_end] would understand would be words likely to cause an [blank_start]average addressee[blank_end] to fight.”
- “…Those which, by their very utterance, [blank_start]inflict injury[blank_end] or tend to incite an immediate [blank_start]breach of the peace[blank_end]”- Amen of common intelligence
- Baverage addressee
- Cinflict injury
- Dbreach of the peace
13Criminal Law:
• [blank_start]State[blank_end] prosecutes
• Penalty: [blank_start]Fine[blank_end] (paid to state), prison, [blank_start]death[blank_end], caning
• Involves crimes against:
- Person
Eg. murder
- [blank_start]Property[blank_end]
Eg. theft
- [blank_start]Morality[blank_end]
Eg. obscenity- AState
- BFine
- Cdeath
- DProperty
- EMorality
14Civil law:
• Injured party (plaintiff) sues another (defendant)
• Penalty: [blank_start]Monetary damages[blank_end] (paid to plaintiff) or legal order (Eg. [blank_start]Injunction[blank_end])
• Involves:
- [blank_start]Tort[blank_end] law: wrongful acts
Eg. Libel
- [blank_start]Contract[blank_end] law
Eg. Breaking a contract
- Property law
Eg. Wills- AMonetary damages
- BInjunction
- CTort
- DContract
15• Statutory law: [blank_start]Legislatures[blank_end] pass statutes
Eg. Sedition Act
• Common law: Judges create principles based on [blank_start]cases[blank_end]
Eg. Truth is a defence to defamation- ALegislatures
- Bcases
16Defamation - The act of [blank_start]making statements[blank_end] about another person that has the effect of damaging said person’s (the plaintiff’s) [blank_start]reputation[blank_end]. Falls under [blank_start]tort law[blank_end].
- Amaking statements
- Breputation
- Ctort law
17In order for it to be considered defamation, the act has to occur in the presence of a [blank_start]third party[blank_end]. And needs to:
• affect the [blank_start]opinion[blank_end] of said third party
• [blank_start]alter the image[blank_end] of the plaintiff in said party’s eyes.- Athird party
- Bopinion
- Calter the image
18 Criminal defamation: Whoever, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation ([blank_start]accusation[blank_end]) concerning any person, [blank_start]intending to harm[blank_end], or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will [blank_start]harm the reputation[blank_end] of such person, is said to defame that person.
- Aaccusation
- Bintending to harm
- Charm the reputation
19If plaintiff wins, Defendant may [blank_start]pay damages[blank_end] to P or D may get an [blank_start]injunction[blank_end], which is a [blank_start]legal order[blank_end] to remove defamation.
- Apay damages
- Blegal order
- Cinjunction
20[blank_start]Special damage rule[blank_end]:
Onus is on the plaintiff to prove to the court that ‘special damage’ has been done in the form of actual [blank_start]monetary loss[blank_end]
People with hurt feelings from verbal abuse cannot bring an action to court without any [blank_start]proof[blank_end] of special damage.- ASpecial damage rule
- Bmonetary loss
- Cproof
21[blank_start]Libel[blank_end] is defamation effected in a [blank_start]permanent[blank_end] form, while [blank_start]slander[blank_end] is defamation effected by way of [blank_start]spoken[blank_end] words or gesture.
- Aslander
- BLibel
- Cpermanent
- Dspoken
22Exceptions to special damage rule:
• Criminality
• Loathsome, [blank_start]contagious disease[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Unfit[blank_end] for business, profession, trade, office
• [blank_start]Female[blank_end] is [blank_start]unchaste[blank_end]- Acontagious disease
- BUnfit
- Cunchaste
- DFemale
23Elements of defamatory sting:
• [blank_start]Tends[blank_end] to lower another’s reputation, or makes others [blank_start]shun[blank_end] (avoid) him
• Exposes to [blank_start]hatred[blank_end], [blank_start]contempt[blank_end], [blank_start]ridicule[blank_end] – causes loss of good will and [blank_start]confidence[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Objective[blank_end], not subjective:
- Doesn’t depend only on P’s feelings and interpretation
- To ordinary, [blank_start]reasonable[blank_end], right-thinking person in audience
o Unnecessary for [blank_start]majority[blank_end] to find it defamatory, might be just a certain group (Eg. Minorities, slang only some people understand)
• Intention to defame [blank_start]not required[blank_end]
• May be indirect:
- [blank_start]Courts[blank_end] read between the lines
- Can be based on:
Innuendo (indirect meaning)
Slang
[blank_start]Inferences[blank_end] from context (aside from literal meaning)
[blank_start]Extrinsic[blank_end] facts known to some in the audience
Implication (comparison)- Ashun
- BTends
- Chatred
- Dcontempt
- Eridicule
- Fconfidence
- GObjective
- Hreasonable
- Imajority
- JCourts
- Knot required
- LInferences
- MExtrinsic
24Elements for Identification of Plaintiff:
• Any identifiable [blank_start]characteristics[blank_end] sufficient for identification of P
Eg. Name, photo/illustration, description, etc.
• Material understood by [blank_start]reasonable[blank_end] people to refer to P
o Unnecessary for majority to identify
o Cannot escape by using [blank_start]fictitious names[blank_end]/asterisks- Acharacteristics
- Breasonable
- Cfictitious names
25Elements of Publication:
• [blank_start]another person[blank_end] or persons were exposed to the statement
• statement or words must be in a [blank_start]language understood by the third party[blank_end]
• plaintiff must [blank_start]identify[blank_end] the third party that the words were published to; and
• plaintiff must pinpoint the [blank_start]exact words[blank_end] that he claims are defamatory.
• Yet again, another ‘reasonable’ standard will have to be applied by the court: if it is reasonable to expect the defamatory statements to [blank_start]come to the attention[blank_end] of a third party- Aanother person
- Blanguage understood by the third party
- Cidentify
- Dexact words
- Ecome to the attention
26ISP held liable if:
• the ISP has, to a large extent:
- knowledge of themselves [blank_start]hosting[blank_end] the defamatory words,
- knowledge of the [blank_start]illegality[blank_end] or [blank_start]potential[blank_end] illegality of the words they have been hosting; and/or
• has significant [blank_start]control[blank_end] over publication- Ahosting
- Billegality
- Cpotential
- Dcontrol
27Defenses:
Justification, fair comment, [blank_start]privilege[blank_end], unintentional defamation ([blank_start]partial defense[blank_end])- Aprivilege
- Bpartial defense
28[blank_start]Apologies[blank_end] are also used in settlements, to [blank_start]mitigate[blank_end] damages and in the unintentional defamation defense
- Amitigate
- BApologies
29Justification:
• A form of “Absolute” defense – [blank_start]ends the case[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Content[blank_end] of the statement must be proved true
o Prefacing defamatory words with “Rumor is”, “Allegedly”, “I think”, “In my opinion”, doesn’t help much
• D must prove the statement to the court, based on [blank_start]evidence[blank_end]- Aends the case
- BContent
- Cevidence
30Fair comment:
• D honestly holds [blank_start]opinion[blank_end] based on [blank_start]evidence[blank_end]
- Opinion :
Not a factual statement that can be [blank_start]proved true or false[blank_end]
On matters of some [blank_start]legitimate public interest[blank_end] (not purely a private matter)
• Must have some [blank_start]factual[blank_end] basis
Context, nature of words, circumstances of publication
Able to rely on common or public knowledge
o Not fair comment if there is evidence that D was motivated by [blank_start]malice[blank_end] (spite towards P)- Aopinion
- Bevidence
- Cproved true or false
- Dlegitimate public interest
- Efactual
- Fmalice
31[blank_start]Absolute[blank_end] privilege protects defamatory statements made in these settings:
• Legislature (parliament in Sg, UK)
• Court proceedings
• Communication among high officers of state- AAbsolute
32Absolute privilege protects even malicious, false words.
- ATrue
- BFalse
33[blank_start]Absolute[blank_end] privilege applies if the news reporting on court proceedings is fair, accurate and contemporaneous unless the reports are only [blank_start]one-sided[blank_end].
- AAbsolute
- Bone-sided
34Qualified privilege applies if:
• Publisher lacked [blank_start]malice[blank_end]
no [blank_start]ulterior motive[blank_end], spite
info was true to the best of [blank_start]publisher’s knowledge[blank_end]
• Publisher had (legal, moral, social) [blank_start]duty[blank_end] to publish it
• Intended recipients had legitimate [blank_start]interest[blank_end] in receiving it- Amalice
- Bulterior motive
- Cinterest
- Dpublisher’s knowledge
- Eduty
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- Description
- Quiz on Media Law memory help, created by Cheryl Lim on 30/08/2016.
- Author
- Cheryl Lim
- Language
- English
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