Quiz
ZOOL 435 Lecture Final
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Questions in this quiz (41)
1[blank_start]Taphonomy[blank_end] = the study of how insects fossilized
[blank_start]Impressions[blank_end]:
- 3D structure
- don't show detail or colouration
[blank_start]Compressions[blank_end]:
-preserve remains of cuticle and colour too
-best detail from fine grained sediments
-sclerites ("hard parts") and wings
[blank_start]Ichnofossils[blank_end]:
-"trace" fossils
-indicate the presence of an organism
[blank_start]Amber Inclusions[blank_end]:
-specimen embedded in ancient tree resins
-best preservation
-requires protection from anoxic sediments
-most common= Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera- ATaphonomy
- BImpressions
- CCompressions
- DIchnofossils
- EAmber Inclusions
2In the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian the O2 levels were as much as _____% higher, which may have allowed insects to grow to much larger sizes than they do today.
- A25
- B50
- C75
- D100
3In insects it is always the most important for an individual to be first to mate with a female because then they have the highest chance to be the one fertilizing most of the offspring.
- ATrue
- BFalse
4[blank_start]Insemination[blank_end] :
-sperm inserted or enters female reproductive tract
[blank_start]Fertilization[blank_end] :
-egg fertilized by sperm
[blank_start]Reproduction[blank_end] :
-mounting/mating- AInsemination
- BFertilization
- CReproduction
5Sperm in the female reproductive tract :
Sperm [blank_start]discharge[blank_end] - flushed by female
Sperm [blank_start]displacement[blank_end] - removal and replacement of sperm by a subsequent male
Sperm [blank_start]inactivation[blank_end] - chemicals added by subsequent males- Adischarge
- Bdisplacement
- Cinactivation
6It is a benefit to the male to be the most recent male to mate because of the positional sperm priority. This is because the sperm nearest to the exit of the bursa gets used first.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7What does parthenogenesis refer to?
- AParting with offspring prematurely
- BThe ability to breathe under water
- CReproducing asexually
- DMating with a member of the same family
8[blank_start]Direct[blank_end] Fertilization:
-sperm placed by the male inside the females reproductive tract
-"naked" sperm in some [blank_start]Hymenoptera[blank_end], [blank_start]Coleoptera[blank_end], [blank_start]Diptera[blank_end], and [blank_start]Hemiptera[blank_end]
-spermatophore (package) in some [blank_start]Lepidoptera[blank_end] and Coleoptera
[blank_start]Indirect[blank_end] Fertilization:
-sperm placed in environment
-female picks it up
-most prevalent in ancient ancestral groups (apterygotes)
-[blank_start]NEVER[blank_end] in pterygote species- ADirect
- BIndirect
- CHymenoptera
- DColeoptera
- EDiptera
- FHemiptera
- GLepidoptera
- HNEVER
9"Strategic male allocation of sperm" is facilitated using direct and indirect measures of the probability that a female has already mated. Which correctly match the method and explanation?
- ADirect - presence of sperm/semen
- BDirect - density of males
- CIndirect - presence of sperm/semen
- DIndirect - density of males
10What three factors can effect whether or not a males sperm could be successful in fertilizing the females eggs?
- AThe time of day of the mating
- BThe intervals in between matings
- CThe use of short term anti-aphrodisiacs
- DHow long the male remains with the female
- ETemperature
11Nuptial gifts are usually a spermatophore or prey item presented to females be males in order for a mating opportunity. The size of the gift doesn't however correlate to whether or not the female will mate with him.
- ATrue
- BFalse
12A theory was presented that the physical shape of genitalia may play a role in the mechanism of avoiding crossing with closely related species. This theory was not well supported, because lack of fit didn't seem to matter. Sexual selection was a more widely supported theory. What was the title of the first theory?
- ALinear Fit Hypothesis
- BAngular Hypothesis
- CLock and Key Hypothesis
- DSize and Shape Hypothesis
13Which of these options is NOT a feature or function of an insect egg?
- ASelective entry of sperm
- BElastic in nature
- CProtection
- DExpulsion
- EAllows gas exchange
- FLots of yolk
14The composition of an insect eggs shell depends on the environment it is placed in:
[blank_start]Internal[blank_end]:
-immune system lacking
-little wax layer
-max shell flexibility
[blank_start]External[blank_end]:
-wax layer
-Wax layer thicker in small eggs (increase SA:V)- AExternal
- BInternal
15[blank_start]Instar[blank_end]:
-adult stage
[blank_start]Apolysis[blank_end]:
-epidermis separates from old cuticle
[blank_start]Pharate[blank_end]:
-with secretion of new cuticle under the old one
[blank_start]Ecdysis[blank_end]:
-loss of old cuticle- AInstar
- BApolysis
- CPharate
- DEcdysis
16Hormones:
JH [blank_start]High[blank_end] -> Stay larva
JH [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] -> Change to pupa
JH [blank_start]Absent[blank_end] -> Change to adult
No Ecdysone -> [blank_start]No moult[blank_end]
No JH -> [blank_start]Small adult[blank_end]
Extra JH -> [blank_start]Giant larva[blank_end]- AHigh
- BLower
- CAbsent
- DNo moult
- ESmall adult
- FGiant larva
17Adenotrophic viviparity means a gland-fed live birth
- ATrue
- BFalse
18Which term correctly identifies the extent to which parental care of an individual offspring reduces the parents residual reproductive value?
- AParental learning
- BParental investment
- CParental attendance
- DParental nourishment
19What is the term for any less strongly developed social habits falling short of extensive cooperation and reproductive partitioning? For example aggregation.
- ASociality
- BGregarious
- CEusociality
- DSubsocial behaviour
20Which of these are benefits of aggregations?
- Asynchronized moulting
- Bfaster development
- Clower mortality
21Parasite vs. Parasitoid
- [blank_start]Parasite[blank_end]: develops in or on a host, but do not kill the host
- [blank_start]Parasitoid[blank_end]: kill their host, and lay eggs in or on host- AParasitoid
- BParasite
22The construction of nests is one of the most important advances in complex forms of social behaviour
- ATrue
- BFalse
23Provisioning:
[blank_start]Mass[blank_end] provisioning
-all food for offspring gathered and cell closed
-no contact between mother and offspring
[blank_start]Progressive[blank_end] provisioning
-transition necessary for development of true social behaviour
-bring prey when required/continuously after egg hatches
-care for developing offspring- AMass
- BProgressive
24Social insects make up [blank_start]2%[blank_end] of the described insect species but they constitute greater than [blank_start]50%[blank_end] of the total insect biomass
- A2%
- B5%
- C10%
- D50%
- E20%
- F30%
25Which insects are considered social?
- ATermites
- BCaddisflies
- CAnts
- DSome wasps
- EBees
- FButterflies
26Which traits are those that indicate "true social behaviour" or Eusociality?
- AMore than one generation of females in the nest
- BForaging shifts
- CCooperative provisioning/brood care
- DReproductive division of labour
- EThe ability to communicate through "dance" language
27Which group of insects exhibits the most complex social organizations, and has the greatest morphological variation?
- AWasps
- BTermites
- CBees
- DAnts
28Routes to eusocial behaviour:
-[blank_start]Subsocial[blank_end] behaviour: females and offspring present in overlapping generations
-[blank_start]Semisocial[blank_end] behaviour: unrelated individuals nest communally and raise their own young
-[blank_start]Communal[blank_end] group: related individuals where several of them are reproducing- ASubsocial
- BSemisocial
- CCommunal
29The reason why eusocial individuals work to raise the offspring of their sisters rather than producing offspring themselves is because the degree of relatedness among sisters is 3/4 (of the same genes) and the relatedness they would have to their own offspring is 1/2. Therefore, by raising their sisters offspring more of their genes have the ability to be passed to the next generation (higher inclusive fitness). This only holds of one male is the father.
- ATrue
- BFalse
30Does haplodiploidy need to occur in order to be successfully eusocial? [blank_start]No[blank_end]
-haplodiploidy = [blank_start]intrinsic[blank_end] factor
-energy saving in nest construction = [blank_start]extrinsic[blank_end] factor- Aintrinsic
- Bextrinsic
- CNo
- DYes
31What are two groups that are considered almost eusocial?
- AThrips
- BDobson flies
- CLacewings
- DAphids
32What are the two mechanisms in which plant fluid feeders may acquire fluid from a plant?
- Adrill a hole and let phloem fluid pour out
- Bsaliva forming hardened sheath around stylets or at entry point
- Cborrowing into the plant themselves (full body)
- DUse stylets and saliva to mash tissues and use pharyngeal pump/cibarium to pump fluid up - "macerate and flush"
33What are some downfalls of being fluid feeling?
- ANeed large amounts (heavy)
- BToo nutricious
- CIf fluid from animals -> cause ectotherms to overheat
- DUse of a stylet
- ENitrogen deficiency
34With regards to galls, the individual who creates the gall is called the primary gall former. An individual who lives off the gall tissue but doesn't cause gall is called an...
- AParatitoid
- BIndependent
- CInquiline
- DForager
35In order to use plants as a food source, an insect must be able to digest cellulose. Where do insects get the cellulase enzyme to digest cellulase from?
- ASome just have it
- BFrom the plants themselves
- CFrom internal symbionts (protists)
- DFrom their other colony members
- EFrom External cellulase producers (fungal gardens)
36Parasitoids:
[blank_start]Superparasitism[blank_end]= involve more than one individual laying in a host (the same species)
[blank_start]Multiparasitism[blank_end]= involved more than one species of individual laying in a host
[blank_start]Hyperparasitism[blank_end]= Two individuals lay eggs in the same host, but one develops inside the other (a host in a host)- ASuperparasitism
- BMultiparasitism
- CHyperparasitism
37Parasitoids:
[blank_start]Koinobiont[blank_end]
-Hosts=larvae
-Continue to grow with a parasitoid inside
-Endoparasitoids
-Hosts in enviro
[blank_start]Idiobiont[blank_end]
-Hosts= eggs, pupae, adults, somtime larvae (killed) - immobilized
-Hosts usually already concealed
-Ectoparasites
-No additional resources after the egg is laid- AKoinobiont
- BIdiobiont
38What term identifies the asexual division of eggs once implanted in a host?
- APolyovi
- BPolyparoty
- CPolyembryony
- DPolypedia
39Which of these strategies do parasitoids employ in order to remain conspicuous to their host?
- ARemain outside the host - with only their mandibles inside
- BUse stage with no response - egg
- CRemain in rogans where response not elicited (ex. brain)
- DUse of a protein coat
- EUse of a host derived membrane
- FRapid development - too fast for a response
40In some cases individuals will inject their hosts with viruses or virus-like substances that prevent the host immune system from encapsulating and destroying the egg they have deposited. They are called polyDNA viruses or PDVs
- ATrue
- BFalse
41Examples from lecture:
- 2nd male fertilizes 80% of the eggs - [blank_start]Dung flies[blank_end]
-Male assesses volume of sperm and adjusts ejaculate volume accordingly - [blank_start]Mealworm beetle[blank_end]
- Nuptial gifts: [blank_start]Danceflies[blank_end], [blank_start]Orthoptera[blank_end], [blank_start]Scorpionflies[blank_end]
- Sexual Cannibalism - [blank_start]Mantids[blank_end]
- Live births - [blank_start]Tsetse[blank_end]
- Aggregations - [blank_start]Sawflies[blank_end], [blank_start]Tent Caterpillars[blank_end] - Diapause - [blank_start]Lady Beetles[blank_end], [blank_start]Monarchs[blank_end]
- Egg guarding - [blank_start]Colombian Stink Bug[blank_end], [blank_start]Earwigs[blank_end], [blank_start]Giant Water Bugs[blank_end], [blank_start]Hemiptera[blank_end], Sawflies
- Dance Language - [blank_start]Apis (honey bees)[blank_end]
- Moulting manipulation - [blank_start]Swallow Tail Larvae[blank_end]
- Male dimorphism by food as larva and JH - [blank_start]Dung Beeltes[blank_end]
- Agriculturalists - [blank_start]Ants[blank_end], [blank_start]Termites[blank_end]
- Parasitoids/polyembrony - [blank_start]Copidosoma floridanum[blank_end]
- Fossil (earliest winged fossil) ~320mya - [blank_start]Rhyniognatha hirsti[blank_end]
- Fossil (72cm wingspan) - [blank_start]Meganisoptera[blank_end]- ADung flies
- BMealworm beetle
- CDanceflies
- DOrthoptera
- EScorpionflies
- FMantids
- GTsetse
- HSawflies
- ITent Caterpillars
- JLady Beetles
- KMonarchs
- LColombian Stink Bug
- MEarwigs
- NGiant Water Bugs
- OHemiptera
- PApis (honey bees)
- QSwallow Tail Larvae
- RDung Beeltes
- SAnts
- TTermites
- UCopidosoma floridanum
- VRhyniognatha hirsti
- WMeganisoptera
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- 2 Biological Sciences Quiz on ZOOL 435 Lecture Final, created by Grace Georgopoulos on 05/12/2016.
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- Grace Georgopoulos
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