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Research methods

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Quiz on Research methods, created by Cruz Martínez on 18/12/2016.
Cruz Martínez
Quiz by Cruz Martínez, updated more than 1 year ago
Cruz Martínez
Created by Cruz Martínez over 7 years ago
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Question 1

Question
Michele believes her boss is an extremely difficult person. To see if her belief has merit, she asks all of her co-workers who have also had problems with him in the past if they believe the same thing. Michele's conclusion may be erroneous because of what?
Answer
  • Overconfidence phenomenon
  • Focusing effect
  • Law of small numbers
  • Confirmation bias

Question 2

Question
Luke really likes the new sports car, but is undecided about whether to spend the money to buy one. He creates a lists of 15 reasons why he likes the car. Is this a good idea?
Answer
  • No. Listing so many reasons will probably be difficult and can actually make you like it less
  • No. If he really liked the car, he would not need a list.
  • Yes. Trying to generate 25 reasons will show him how much he likes the car
  • Yet. It shows that Luke is really putting a lot of thought

Question 3

Question
Even after having all of his arguments refuted by his girlfriend, Ryan proclaims that everyone is entitled to their own opinions and he isn't changing his. Ryan is exhibiting which flaw?
Answer
  • Overconfidence phenomenon
  • Belief perseverance
  • Hindsight bias
  • Better than average effect

Question 4

Question
Dr X attends a party where several people offer suggestions for things she could study in her search. One person suggest her to study if dogs have different personalities. Although she believes this is a silly idea, Dr X decides to conduct a study to see if it is true. Which characteristic of science is she exemplifying?
Answer
  • Humilty
  • Open-mindedness
  • Skepticism
  • Replication

Question 5

Question
When Samantha is told about an article that claims listening to music increases intelligence, she is full of questions. What characteristic of science demonstrate?
Answer
  • Humilty
  • Skepticism
  • Objectivity
  • Testability

Question 6

Question
The defining characteristic of empirical reasoning is that we use________ in order to evaluate our ideas.
Answer
  • Systematic observations
  • Introspection
  • Reliable anecdores
  • Replication

Question 7

Question
Tom is investigagting how different strategies for reducing anxiety can improve test performance, while Jerry is studying the impact of stress on memory recall. Tom's research would be considered _______, whereas Jerry's _________
Answer
  • pseudoscientific; scientific
  • objective; empirical
  • applied; basic
  • empirical; scientific

Question 8

Question
The president of your company has asked you to evaluate a proposal to buy a rival business. The president gives you the proposal, which includes past and projected sales of the company. Which of the following research skills do think will be least helpful in this task?
Answer
  • Analytical
  • Ability to interpret numerical information
  • Critical thinking
  • Problem-solving skills

Question 9

Question
Santiago is applying to be a resident assistant. He believes his leadership abilities are above those of typical applicants. Yet, when asked during his interview to provide examples of times he was a good leader, he cannot think of any. Which of the follow explains why he struggled to answer the questions?
Answer
  • Better than average effect
  • Overconfidence phenomenon
  • Hindsight bias
  • Belief perseverance

Question 10

Question
In a questionnaire, you discover you are an extravert. You then learn that extraverts are enthusastic, talkative, and assertive. You immediately question that research because you remember several times in the past when you were not at all assertive. What has most likely led your conclusion?
Answer
  • Relying on truthiness
  • Relying on self-reflection
  • Relying on scientific reasoning
  • Relying on anecdotal versus scientific evidence

Question 11

Question
When something happens that is the exception to the rule or distinct from the majority of other cases, it is called
Answer
  • an outlier
  • the law of small numbers
  • error
  • the false uniqueness effect

Question 12

Question
Tia wants to determine what people find offensive. She thinks about times that other people have offended her and concludes that what is offensive to her is probably offensive to most people. In this circumstance she is using which of the following to reach her conclusion about others?
Answer
  • Introspection
  • Focusing effect
  • Hindsight bias
  • The law of small numbers

Question 13

Question
Which of the following is based on casual observations rather than rigorous or scientific analysis?
Answer
  • Skepticism
  • Anecdotes
  • Humility
  • Focusing effect

Question 14

Question
A car salesperson tells Rudy that a particular model of car is the safest in its class. Rudy does not accept such claims at face value and demands to see the latest safety report. What characteristic of science is Rudy displaying?
Answer
  • Skepticism
  • Open-mindeness
  • Objectivity
  • Creativity

Question 15

Question
A psychologist is interested in studying memory in the context of eyewitness testimony. What type of research is this?
Answer
  • Experimental
  • Nonexperimental
  • Basic
  • Applied

Question 16

Question
You have just taken a job as a peer tutor. You notice that many of the students believe that they are doing better than other students in the course and that they will have no problem at all catching up. Which two flawas in thinking are these students expressing?
Answer
  • Overconfidence; hindsight bias
  • Better than average effect; overconfidence
  • Hindsight bias; overconfidence
  • Better than average effect; confirmation bias

Question 17

Question
After graduate school, you begin your career as a counselor for clients who have an eating disorder. You want to be sure to provide your clients with the best possible treatment, but are unsure wheter treatment a or b is better. To test this, you collect data that will allow you to compare the two treatment types. Which type of skills will be most important for determining the superior treatment?
Answer
  • Analytical skills
  • Communidcation skills
  • Critical thinking skills
  • Problem solving skills

Question 18

Question
Replication within the research community leads to:
Answer
  • competition
  • animosity
  • confidence
  • doubt

Question 19

Question
Basic research is research:
Answer
  • A. that uses minimal design or materials to explore a phenomenon.
  • B. designed to help people by improving their quality of life.
  • C. focused on solving a problem.
  • D. dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic.

Question 20

Question
Of the following industries, which has the largest number of full-time employees with a psychology major?
Answer
  • A. public administration
  • B. health services
  • C. financial services
  • D. education

Question 21

Question
According to the _____, the there is a tendency for more extreme outcomes to occur when considering a small sample as compared to a large sample.
Answer
  • A. law of large numbers
  • B. law of odd numbers
  • C. law of small numbers
  • D. law of even numbers

Question 22

Question
The law of small numbers states:
Answer
  • A. as a sample grows, its average will get further away from the average of the population.
  • B. as a sample grows, its average will get closer to the average of the entire population.
  • C. extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases.
  • D. extreme outcomes are less likely when considering a small number of cases.

Question 23

Question
Galileo once said, “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.” This is best representative of the:
Answer
  • A. “what you see is all there is” phenomenon.
  • B. confirmation bias.
  • C. hindsight bias.
  • D. representativeness heuristic.

Question 24

Question
Which of the following is the reason that good leaders often employ someone to play the role of devil's advocate before making an important decision?
Answer
  • A. confirmation bias
  • B. belief perseverance
  • C. “what you see is all there is” bias
  • D. hindsight bias

Question 25

Question
Which of the following means a willingness to test ideas using the scientific method to draw conclusions?
Answer
  • creativity
  • skepticism
  • open-mindedness
  • empiricism

Question 26

Question
Which of the following would be a creative approach to measuring aggression?
Answer
  • A. using a self-report measure of participants' average level of felt aggression
  • B. allowing participants to use air horns to blast sound at confederates believed to have given them negative feedback
  • C. using informant reports of participants' aggression on a daily basis
  • D. videotaping participants as they discussed a recent aggressive encounter

Question 27

Question
You know that people are often more generous when donating to a cause after seeing a moving photograph than hearing impersonal statistics. In this case, research on the _____ confirms that a picture is worth a thousand words.
Answer
  • A. hindsight bias
  • B. availability heuristic
  • C. better-than-average effect
  • D. representativeness heuristic

Question 28

Question
Imagine that you are a fundraiser for the Susan G. Koman cancer foundation. When planning for an upcoming speech you remember the availability heuristic and decide to devote the majority of time to a _____ rather than _____.
Answer
  • A. moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; pictures of cancer survivors
  • B. charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; pictures of cancer survivors
  • C. moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; charts and statistics about cancer risks factors
  • D. charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; moving testimonial from a cancer survivor

Question 29

Question
_____ is a bias in which people only look for evidence that agrees with what they already believe to be true.
Answer
  • A. Confirmation bias
  • B. Belief perseverance
  • C. Hindsight bias
  • D. “What you see is all there is” bias

Question 30

Question
The “what you see is all there is” phenomenon is:
Answer
  • A. the tendency to look for evidence that confirms what we already believe.
  • B. a sense that one “knew it all along.”
  • C. the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of one's judgments.
  • D. a failure to see the limitations of one's immediate experience.

Question 31

Question
The _____ skeptical one is, the _____ likely they are to believe pseudoscience claims.
Answer
  • more, more
  • more, less
  • less, less
  • less, more

Question 32

Question
Juries may be more lenient when determining the innocence or guilt of individuals who appear attractive, sharply dressed, and well-mannered, because of the:
Answer
  • A. availability heuristic.
  • B. representativeness heuristic.
  • C. confirmation bias.
  • D. better-than-average effect.

Question 33

Question
People are more likely to generate “yeah, but” examples for research claims that _____ their personal experience.
Answer
  • are in line with
  • are unrelated to
  • support
  • contradict

Question 34

Question
A case that is the exception to the rule would be known as the:
Answer
  • mean
  • outlier
  • average
  • norm

Question 35

Question
Which of the following is NOT an example of the better-than-average effect?
Answer
  • A. Most people think they are smarter than others.
  • B. Most people think they drive better than others.
  • C. Most people think they are angrier than others.
  • D. Most people think they are funnier than others.

Question 36

Question
An outlier is:
Answer
  • A. a case that is distinct from the majority of other cases.
  • B. an example of the availability heuristic.
  • C. an example of the representativeness heuristic.
  • D. a case that is similar to the majority of other cases.

Question 37

Question
_____ is most likely responsible for endorsement of the better-than-average effect.
Answer
  • A. Hindsight bias
  • B. The representativeness heuristic
  • C. The availability heuristic
  • D. The overconfidence phenomenon

Question 38

Question
Lili is developing a research question for the study she is conducting this semester. She sttles on, What is the meaning of life? The primary reason that the scientif method cannot be used to answer this question is
Answer
  • it is not very interesting to most people
  • direct observation would be difficult
  • a quick search in google indicates over 1000 entries on this topic already
  • there are no peer-reviewed journal articles on this topic

Question 39

Question
The key distinction between scientific and nonscientific questions is whether or not
Answer
  • the question can be empirically tested
  • others have published articles on the topic
  • the question is of inherent interest to the researcher
  • the question concerns a real-world phenomenon

Question 40

Question
Who are the peers in the peer-review process?
Answer
  • Scientists in general
  • People who read the journal articles
  • The publishers of the journal articles
  • Experts in the field

Question 41

Question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
Answer
  • Vagueness
  • Correspondence to reality
  • Falsiability
  • Parsimony

Question 42

Question
Which of the followig characteristics of good hypotheses is important for minimizing our natural flaws in thinking?
Answer
  • Specificity
  • Correspondece to reality
  • Falsiability
  • Parsimony

Question 43

Question
A marker researcher collects reactions to a new cookie before it hits the marketplace. The researcher tells some participants the cookie is low in calories, while othes don't receive this information. next, each participants each 3 cookies and then completes a questionaire. What is the independent variable?
Answer
  • The participants
  • The number of cookies eaten
  • The type of information provided about the cookie
  • The opinions of the participants

Question 44

Question
A teacher has some of her students learn the words using a studying strategy she read about in a jorunal. She has the rest using the traditional approach. The teacher then administers the vocabulary test and compare the results. What type of research?
Answer
  • Longitudinal
  • Within subjects
  • Nonexperimental
  • Between-subjects

Question 45

Question
Which of the following is probably not very effective in helping the results contribute to the scientific knowledge of psychology?
Answer
  • Writing an APA style paper for your psychology class
  • Submitting a paper to a peer-reviewed journal
  • Giving a paper presentation at a national research conference
  • Presenting a research poster at a local research conference

Question 46

Question
Which of the following questions is outside of the scope of science?
Answer
  • How do parents influence their children's confidence levels?
  • What is love?
  • What do dreams tell us about a person?
  • Are our lives predestined or predetermined?

Question 47

Question
Billy Ray is having a problem with weeds in his vegetable garden. He wants to determine the best way to control the weeds, but wants to approach it empirically. Which of the following is the best example of an empirical approach?
Answer
  • He could go to the local home improvement store and buy whatever is most expensive because if it is expensive, it must be good
  • He could ask his neighbor what works best in her garden
  • He could try out several different solutions one by one to see what works best for him
  • He could simply go out and pick the weeds by hand.

Question 48

Question
Dyala is planning her thesis and needs to generate a hypothesis. Because most people seem to think facebook is bad for college students, she decides to study how the use of fb can help students' transition to college. Which of the following strategies did dyala use to generate her hypothesis?
Answer
  • introspection
  • find the exception
  • a matter of degree
  • change the directionality

Question 49

Question
While surffing the internet, you come across a personality test that can determine your personality based on a combination of your favorite color, your favorite food and your favorite hobby. Upon taking the test, you are impressed by how accurate it is. Which of the following likely explains the test's accuracy?
Answer
  • Correspondence with reality
  • Occam's razor
  • Falsifiability
  • Barnum effect

Question 50

Question
The owner of a coffehouse wants to know if her customers will drink more coffe depending on the smell of the room. To test this, she hires a psychologist who sets up three similar rooms, each with its own smell then arranges to have thirty students spend an afternoon in each room while being allowed to drink all the coffe they like. The amount each participant drinks is recorded for each of the three scents. What is the dependent variable?
Answer
  • Amount of coffe consumed
  • Coffe, cinammon buns, bacon and eggs
  • Room scent
  • Time spent in each room

Question 51

Question
Andrea and Ben are doing a study to see if puppies and sunshine make people happy. To test this, they randomly assign 500 male and female participants to one of the following conditions: exposure to puppies and sunshine or no exposure to puppies and sunshine. Both conditions take place out on the college's quad. Participants complete measure of life satisfaction and general happiness. What is the IV?
Answer
  • Sitting out on the quad
  • Life satisfaction
  • Happiness
  • Puppies and sunshine

Question 52

Question
In a study of first college students, 56 men and 88 women examined the influence of relaxation techniques on relieving anxiety associated with starting college. All students received a pamphlet containing information about good sleep habits. Next, half of the participants were taught a breathing exercise while the other half did nothing. What is the constant?
Answer
  • The sleep-habit pamphlet
  • The breathing exercise
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Anxiety

Question 53

Question
In an experimental design, the researcher manipulates the _____ and measures the _____
Answer
  • criterion variable; predictor variable
  • dependent variable; independent variable
  • independent variable; dependent variable
  • experimental variable; nonexperimental variable

Question 54

Question
You see a video on the web where a prominent bunisesswoman explains that her experience in a specialized kindergarten class that focused on creativity and individuality is the reason for her success. You decide to test this by following a group of children from age 5 until age 25 to see if their educational experiences correspond with their career sucess. What type of design would be the best way to study this?
Answer
  • Experimental
  • Longitudinal
  • Between subjects
  • Cross-sectional

Question 55

Question
A psychologist was hired by a local winery to conduct a taste test of four new wines. For the taste test, the psychologist had 100 participants come into the lab, take a small sip of each wine, and rate the taste on several characteristics. Between each wine, participants ate a small cracker. What type of design did the psychologist use?
Answer
  • Nonexperimental
  • Longitudinal
  • Between subjects
  • Within subjects

Question 56

Question
Each of the following is a part of the informed consent EXCEPT:
Answer
  • A. anticipated benefits.
  • B. potential risks.
  • C. agreement to participate.
  • D. detail of all deception used in the study.

Question 57

Question
In an experiment designed to assess whether weight loss causes increased self-esteem, an acceptable operational definition for the dependent variable would be:
Answer
  • A. how much weight in pounds participants lost.
  • B. objective raters' evaluations of the participants' confidence.
  • C. objective raters' evaluations of the participants' weight loss.
  • D. participants' self-reported levels of esteem.

Question 58

Question
Which step in the research process is akin to a “fact-checker”?
Answer
  • draw conclusions
  • recruit participants
  • peer review
  • analyze data

Question 59

Question
A longitudinal study uses a(n) _____ design.
Answer
  • experimental
  • within subjects
  • nonexperimental
  • between subjects

Question 60

Question
Which approach for generating a hypothesis would ask, “What would I do?”
Answer
  • A. introspection
  • B. change the directionality
  • C. find the exception to the rule
  • D. think about variables in terms of amount or degrees

Question 61

Question
Ali is a graduate student who is designing a study to examine the impact of weather on mood. Which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of her dependent variable?
Answer
  • A. participants' ratings on a self-report mood scale
  • B. a background measure of how happy participants are prior to participation
  • C. number of rainy days compared with number of sunny days across the study period
  • D. average daily temperature measured in Fahrenheit

Question 62

Question
Statistics are necessary because:
Answer
  • A. qualitative research is not scientific.
  • B. accurately detecting patterns in data is easy.
  • C. they help scientists to overcome biases in human processing.
  • D. they enhance the likelihood of making errors.

Question 63

Question
Surveys and interviews are examples of:
Answer
  • within subjects
  • between subjects
  • nonexperimental
  • experimental

Question 64

Question
Where would someone look to find the most cutting edge empirical findings?
Answer
  • infomercials
  • academic journal
  • research conference
  • book

Question 65

Question
Statistical tests provide researchers with:
Answer
  • A. probabilistic conclusions about the relationship between variables.
  • B. universal truths.
  • C. absolute certainty.
  • D. unreliable conclusions about the relationship between variables.

Question 66

Question
Savannah is a psychologist interested in finding empirically verified information to guide the development of her research hypothesis. Which of the following should she use?
Answer
  • A. personal websites and blogs
  • B. an Internet search engine
  • C. peer-reviewed journal articles
  • D. nonfiction books

Question 67

Question
Sunny is interested in testing the hypothesis that accidents are a matter of repressed desires. To test this, she asks participants about recent accidents and their corresponding causes. Just as she suspected, her participants are unaware of the connection between their accidents and unconscious desires. She interprets her findings as support for her hypothesis that people are unaware that their own desires are causing their accidents. What is wrong with her research
Answer
  • A. Sunny does not use a longitudinal design.
  • B. There is no criterion variable in her study.
  • C. Sunny's hypothesis cannot be disproved.
  • D. Sunny does not adequately manipulate the independent variable.

Question 68

Question
Lucy believes that halogen light bulbs lead to better visual acuity than incandescent light bulbs. How would she operationally define the independent variable in her study?
Answer
  • A. self-report of visual acuity
  • B. participants' natural eyesight
  • C. behavioral measure of participants' visual acuity
  • D. type of light bulb

Question 69

Question
How does a researcher know if he/she has picked a good research question?
Answer
  • A. Others are also investigating the same phenomenon.
  • B. It interests him/her.
  • C. No one is investigating that topic.
  • D. It is culturally relevant.

Question 70

Question
When is the ethical review of a study by the IRB conducted?
Answer
  • after data collection
  • before data collection
  • after data analysis
  • during data analysis

Question 71

Question
In an experiment there are always different levels of the:
Answer
  • DV
  • predictor variable
  • IV
  • criterion variable

Question 72

Question
A _____ is an element that the experimenter expects to change, vary, or that can have several different values, whereas a _____ is a factor that does not change and remains consistent.
Answer
  • constant; variable
  • variable; level
  • constant; script
  • variable; constant

Question 73

Question
Between-subjects design is to within-subject design as:
Answer
  • A. subjective is to objective.
  • B. independent is to dependent.
  • C. difficult is to simple.
  • D. single is to multiple.

Question 74

Question
Why might a researcher consider it easier to publish a book than a journal article?
Answer
  • A. research articles are not peer-reviewed
  • B. books are not peer-reviewed
  • C. books are shorter
  • D. research articles are subjective

Question 75

Question
To create statistics. researchers need to transform information into:
Answer
  • letters
  • numbers
  • words
  • scripts

Question 76

Question
Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
Answer
  • Obeying the speed limit
  • Determining whether to tell on your manager at work for stealing from the register
  • Deciding whether to adhere to your woekplace's dresss code
  • Cheating on your income taxes

Question 77

Question
As a financially challenged college student, you see a flyer on campus about a research study on the impact of sunburns. The advertisement says you will be paid 500 to have a 1 inch by 1 inch square of skin on your forearm severely burned with ultraviolet light. You know that sunburns can have long term consequences. However, you desperetely need the money, so you seriously consider participating. What ethical line has this research study violated?
Answer
  • The defilement of justice
  • The failure to determine assent
  • The coercion of voluntary participation
  • The failure to provide informed consent

Question 78

Question
Cyrus is reading an article and believes that he cannot say something better than the researcher already has. However, his professor said students could not use quotes in their APA style introductions. iNSTEAD OF USING QUOTES, cYRUS takes the researcher's sentence and changes one word of it by replacing the word with a synonim. Which of the following is true?
Answer
  • Because one word is changed, this is not a case of plagiarism
  • As long as Cyrus cites the researcher, this is not a case of plagiarism
  • The only way for this to not be plagiarism is for him to paraphrase instead
  • The only way for this to not be a cse of plagiarism is for Cyrus to replace at least 2 words with a synonim.

Question 79

Question
If a psychologist studies learning in pigeons, which of the following oversight groups would ethically approve the research?
Answer
  • IRB
  • IACUC
  • PEC
  • PETA

Question 80

Question
Some participants overhear another participant, who is actually a confederate, say something negative about them. Whith ethical principle should Chauncey be most cocnerned about?
Answer
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
  • Respect for persons
  • Privacy

Question 81

Question
Deidra needs just one more participant to complete her data colelction for her undergraduate thesis. The last participant signs the cosnent form, but halfway through the study, the participant wants to leave. Deidra tells her that she must stay and finish the study, and the participant complies. What ethical principle has Deidra violated?
Answer
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
  • Respect for person
  • Privacy

Question 82

Question
If a study you conduct involves the purposeful misleading or misdirection of participants, when and how do you notify participants of the description?
Answer
  • You explain the nature and necessity of the deception in the debriefing at the end of the study
  • You notify participants of the deception in the consent form before each participant agrees to participate.
  • As long as the participants leave the study happy, you never have to tell them
  • You only tell participants about deception if it involves confederates

Question 83

Question
Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
Answer
  • Cheating on an exam
  • Not paying a parking ticket
  • Reporting one's professor to the head of the department for cancelling too many classes due personal reasons
  • Downloading pirated music from the Internet

Question 84

Question
Marc wants to do a study on the influence of energy drinks on motivation. After conducting a literature search on PsycInfor for published research on this topic, Marc cannot find any research and concludes that this topic has never been studied. However, what else could explain this?
Answer
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Lack of reliability
  • The use of poor sources
  • File drawer problem

Question 85

Question
Teagan finishes up her thesis, but finds that her hypothesis was not supported. She looks at the data and finds that if she omits the data from 3 participants, her results work out as she predicted. Which unethical practice has she engaged in?
Answer
  • Stappeling the data
  • Massaging the data
  • Plagiarism
  • Analysis falsifiability

Question 86

Question
All of the following are forms of deception except
Answer
  • false feedback
  • cover story
  • confederates
  • imprecise informed consent

Question 87

Question
With regard to participants' emotional responses to the research study, the debriefing tells participants that:
Answer
  • A. they underreacted as a result of the research lab being an unnatural setting.
  • B. their emotional responses were unusual and merit further investigation.
  • C. any feelings they had during the study were natural.
  • D. they overreacted to a hypothetical situation.

Question 88

Question
In an experiment, the cover story is:
Answer
  • A. is developed based on information obtained from the literature search.
  • B. a mixture of truth and deception.
  • C. completely true.
  • D. totally false.

Question 89

Question
The biggest harm caused by participants who behave unethically is:
Answer
  • A. hurting science through the publication of potentially inaccurate results.
  • B. frustrating other research participants.
  • C. not finding statistically significant results when a variable actually has an effect.
  • D. wasting the researcher’s time and resources.

Question 90

Question
Which of the following is a cost of NOT conducting research?
Answer
  • A. psychological harm of the research
  • B. egoism
  • C. loss of confidentiality of participants
  • D. failing to find important information that will improve the human condition

Question 91

Question
Imagine that you are designing a study to investigate a sensitive topic. Which of the following study designs would cause the most unnecessary harm?
Answer
  • A. having participants read secondhand accounts of the phenomenon rather than experiencing it themselves
  • B. randomly assigning half of the participants to personally encounter the sensitive phenomenon
  • C. studying the phenomenon in its natural habitat without interfering
  • D. having participants write about a past experience with the phenomenon rather than subjecting them re-experience it for the study

Question 92

Question
The file drawer problem is:
Answer
  • A. the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support research hypotheses.
  • B. when researchers summarize others' ideas in their own words.
  • C. when a researcher exposes the identity of participant.
  • D. representing the work of others as your own.

Question 93

Question
Nabil is examining whether taking the medicine, Lactaid, will make people more tolerant of lactose in dairy products. In order to do this, he assigns the participants in the control condition to eat dairy, knowing that they will not receive medication to help their digestive systems handle the lactose. In this case, which of the following should be of greatest concern to Nabil?
Answer
  • A. psychological harm
  • B. economic harm
  • C. legal harm
  • D. physical harm

Question 94

Question
Margie received a marginally significant finding to her correlational study examining the relationship between wall color and participant mood. When writing up her results for publication she summarizes her efforts to say that certain colors cause better moods and other colors cause worse moods. What ethical violation has Margie committed?
Answer
  • nonmaleficence
  • omitting data points
  • misrepresenting
  • plagiarism

Question 95

Question
Scientific integrity is
Answer
  • A. a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research.
  • B. an ethical principle of research in which a researcher weighs the benefits and risks before conducting a study.
  • C. the tendency to actively promote the welfare of others.
  • D. the physical or psychological harm that occurs as the result of participation in a research study.

Question 96

Question
Imagine that you are a participant in a research study. Which of the following would you have the right to expect?
Answer
  • confidentiality
  • anonymity
  • compensation
  • deception

Question 97

Question
Minimal risk is to expedited review as:
Answer
  • A. greater than minimal risk is to advanced review.
  • B. greater than minimal risk is to exempt review.
  • C. less than minimal risk is to exempt review.
  • D. less than minimal risk is to full review.

Question 98

Question
Dr. Lavoy is the chair of her university's IRB committee. She receives a protocol that describes a study on aggression. As part of the planned study, apes will receive electrical shocks until they exhibit some form of aggressive behavior. What is likely her first concern?
Answer
  • A. that animal research is not governed by the IRB
  • B. that costs and rewards of the study are not divided fairly
  • C. a violation of the principle of respect
  • D. the researcher's failure to maintain scientific integrity

Question 99

Question
Which of the following ethical principles is the most central to the utilitarian perspective of ethical understanding?
Answer
  • justice
  • respect
  • integrity
  • beneficience

Question 100

Question
Malcolm is a researcher who wants to ensure that he protects the confidentiality of his participants. Which of the following would increase the confidentiality of his study?
Answer
  • A. separating the debriefing forms from the data
  • B. storing the debriefing forms with the data
  • C. storing the signed informed consent forms with the data
  • D. separating the signed informed consent forms from the data

Question 101

Question
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles outlined in the Belmont Report?
Answer
  • justice
  • beneficence
  • respect
  • integrity

Question 102

Question
What is the Belmont Report?
Answer
  • A. a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving prisoners
  • B. a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans
  • C. a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving animals
  • D. a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving children

Question 103

Question
If a research question requires the researcher to induce stress in participants:
Answer
  • A. at the end of the study, the researcher must return participants to same or better physical and psychological state.
  • B. the research cannot be conducted.
  • C. it is fine as long as the researcher believes the benefits outweigh the costs.
  • D. researchers must ensure the presence of residual stress after the research study.

Question 104

Question
Random assignment of participants to conditions help to establish:
Answer
  • informed cosnent
  • respect
  • justice
  • beneficence

Question 105

Question
What is plagiarism?
Answer
  • A. summarizing others' ideas in your own words
  • B. the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support research hypotheses
  • C. when a researcher exposes the identity of participant
  • D. representing the work of others as your own

Question 106

Question
Selecting only homeless to participate in a study although we have no real theoretical reason to use the homeless violates which ethical principle?
Answer
  • Beneficence
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Justice
  • Autonomy

Question 107

Question
An informed consent should address all of the following except:
Answer
  • Any foreseeable risks
  • that the participant¡'s participation is voluntary
  • that the participant cannot quit after signing the informed consent
  • that the responses will be confidential

Question 108

Question
A marriage counselor wants to evaluate the efficacy of a new approach to help couples communicate better. Before this study can be conducted, approval is needed from all of the following groups except:
Answer
  • the female participants in the study
  • IRB
  • IACUC
  • male participants in the study

Question 109

Question
If you are a professore, which of the following strategies would be best for ensuring that you are preserving your students' autonomy while recruiting them for a study?
Answer
  • Offer research participation as one of the options for fulfilling a course requirement
  • Require your students to participate as part of their educational experience
  • Suggest them that they may not do as well in your course if they fail to participate in your study
  • Offer to exempt any students who participate in your study fromt he final exam

Question 110

Question
To ensure confidentiality, the researcher would do all of the following except:
Answer
  • Assign code numbers to the data
  • keep the participant's informed consent separate from the data
  • have participants submit completed surveys in a sealed envelope
  • highlighting an individual's responses by name in a conference presentation

Question 111

Question
A researcher notices that several participants do not appear to be carefully reading the questions on her survey. She decides not to include these participant' data in her study so that she has a better test of her search hypothesis. This behavior is problematic because of its
Answer
  • unethical treatment of the participants
  • unethical treatment of the data
  • unethical treatment of the results
  • unethical treatment of the findings

Question 112

Question
A researcher demonstrating scientific integrity would do all of the following except:
Answer
  • share only significant findings in the write-ups of their studies
  • determine criteria for terminating data collection prior to starting the study
  • properly label the y axis on figures and charts
  • carefully describe findings such that correlation would not imply cause and effect

Question 113

Question
A journal editor decides to accept for publication only research in which the results are significant. All of the following are potential ethical problems resulting from this decision except
Answer
  • there is an increased potential for a file-drawer problem
  • researchers may be more likely to alter their data
  • authors are more likely to plagiarize from other statistically significant studies
  • authors may take more liberties in how they present the results to make them appear more impressive

Question 114

Question
Audrey is interested in whether moving homes a lot as a child influences trust as an adult. She has participants self-identify whether they moved as a child or not and then complete some questionnaires about trust. What type of design is she using?
Answer
  • Nonexperimental
  • True experimental
  • Quasi experimental
  • Qualitative research

Question 115

Question
A researcher wants to codnuct a study on college student's conscientiousness and study habits. To measure conscientiousness the researcher examines students' dorm rooms to see how organized the rooms are, bklabla. What type of measure is the researcher using?
Answer
  • Behavioral traces
  • Self-reports
  • Behavioral observations
  • Behavioral choices

Question 116

Question
You notice that the participants are agreeing with everything that you ask them on a questionnaire even if the answer they give is unflattering. Which of the following biases may be a potential problem?
Answer
  • Restrospective bias
  • Participant reactivity
  • Demand characteristics
  • Social desirability

Question 117

Question
Marcus plans on measuring life stress and splitting participants into two groups: high and low. Lilja plans on manipulating stress by exposing one group to a snake and the other to guinea pig. Marcus' design is a ______ a Lilja's design is a ____
Answer
  • quasi experiment; quasi experiment
  • true experiment; true experiment
  • true experiment; quasi experiment
  • quasi experiment; true experiment

Question 118

Question
Corrin works at a clothing store in the mall. After a staff meeting where the employees learn sales are declining, she notices that some days the music in the store is really loud, while other days it is impossible to hear. She decides that the store manager is changing the music to see if it influences sales, and decides to try harder to sell clothes on days the music is loud. What problem does this exemplify?
Answer
  • social desirability
  • demand characteristics
  • false consensus effect
  • retrospective bias

Question 119

Question
In high school, Raul was involved in a terrible car accident when his friend fell asleep at the wheel. Despite the fact that Raul was in the hospital for a month in a full-body cast due to a broken back, when talking about the experiene, Raul recalles that time very foundly and says that it wasn't so bad. What problem does this exemplify?
Answer
  • Social desirability
  • Demand characteristics
  • False cosnensus effect
  • Retrospective bias

Question 120

Question
Darius wants to measures conscientiousness to determine whether it varies depending on major. He decides to ask to look at each participants calendar and planner. What type of measurement?
Answer
  • Behavioral trace
  • Behavioral observation
  • Behavioral choice
  • Self-report

Question 121

Question
Norah wants to videotape her roomate for a a project on sleeping behaviors. However, because Joanne knows she is being videotaped, she has troubled sleeping. Which potential problem represents?
Answer
  • Participant reactivity
  • Retrospective bias
  • Social desirability
  • Demand characteristics

Question 122

Question
FELICIA WANTS TO MEASURE THE TRUE number of miles her car gets per gallon of gas. She determines that she gets 25 miles per gallon. During this trip, she had the air conditioned on most of the time. Which of the following may be contributing to the error?
Answer
  • The amount of gas she purchased
  • How se calculated the miles per gallon
  • The fact that she used the air conditioner
  • The number of miles

Question 123

Question
____ is a form of systematic error, while ____ is nonsystematic. Of these two, _____ is more problematic.
Answer
  • Random error, bias, bias
  • Bias, random error, random error
  • Random wrror, bias, random error
  • Bias, random error, bias

Question 124

Question
_____ is synonymous with accuracy. _____ is synonymous with conssitency
Answer
  • reliability, validity
  • sensitivity, lack of bias
  • validity, reliability
  • lack of bias, sensitivity

Question 125

Question
Quinn decides to interview the girls in her residence hall because all of the girls happen to be from very different parts of the country. What type of sampling is using?
Answer
  • Snowball
  • Convenience
  • Representative
  • Random

Question 126

Question
Dr X is conducting a study on the effects of marijuana use on memory. Upon posting the study to recruti participants, 100 people sign up within the first 10 minutes. Dr X sample most likely suffers from which issue?
Answer
  • Response bias
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Volunteer subject problem
  • The college sophomore problem

Question 127

Question
Which of the following is a quasi-independent variable?
Answer
  • stress level
  • gender
  • sleep deprivation
  • medication dosage

Question 128

Question
Estefan wants to determine the presence of an anxiety disorder by revealing a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high rates of cortisol. In this case, he is using which of the following to diagnose anxiety?
Answer
  • behavioral observation
  • behavioral choice
  • behavioral trace
  • physiological measures

Question 129

Question
Researchers want to _____ retrospective bias and _____ demand characteristics.
Answer
  • maximize, minimize
  • minimize, maximize
  • maximize, maximize
  • minimize, minimize

Question 130

Question
Which of the following is most true?
Answer
  • A. Informant data are more accurate than self-report or behavioral data.
  • B. Behavioral data are more accurate than self-report data.
  • C. Self-report data are more accurate than behavioral data.
  • D. Measurements are not perfect regardless of whether they are self-report or behavioral.

Question 131

Question
On which of the following topics would a researcher most want to use a self-report measure?
Answer
  • height
  • confidence
  • althleticism
  • heart rate

Question 132

Question
the floor effect is
Answer
  • A. when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the highest response.
  • B. when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the lowest response.
  • C. when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the lowest response.
  • D. when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the highest response.

Question 133

Question
What is a true experiment?
Answer
  • A. a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables
  • B. a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are independent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated
  • C. a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables
  • D. a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are dependent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated

Question 134

Question
A drawback of using behavioral trace is that is:
Answer
  • A. is often influenced by demand characteristics.
  • B. requires expensive machinery to measure.
  • C. relies on inferences made by the experimenter.
  • D. is subject to social desirability bias.

Question 135

Question
What is APA style?
Answer
  • a data collection strategy
  • form of sampling
  • format for writing a research report
  • statistical analysis for experimental designs

Question 136

Question
To minimize the impact of demand characteristics, an experimenter should:
Answer
  • A. have participants respond one at a time.
  • B. ensure confidentiality.
  • C. make the real purpose of the study difficult for participants to figure out.
  • D. only use behavioral measures.

Question 137

Question
Random error is:
Answer
  • A. the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure.
  • B. unsystematic influence on the true score.
  • C. an outside influence that affects the true score in a consistent way.
  • D. the extent to which a measure will produce the same results each time it is used.

Question 138

Question
Researchers may fail to use simple random sampling because:
Answer
  • A. it requires the creation of complex strata.
  • B. they would need access to the entire population.
  • C. it is a nonrandom sample, which limits the ability to draw conclusions from results.
  • D. certain statistical analyses require more sophisticated sampling procedures.

Question 139

Question
The _____ is the entire group of interest in a research study.
Answer
  • sample
  • control group
  • quota
  • population

Question 140

Question
Self report is to behavioral as:
Answer
  • A. informant is to archives.
  • B. questionnaires are to reaction time.
  • C. reaction time is to focus groups.
  • D. archives are to questionnaires.

Question 141

Question
Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others.
Answer
  • demand characteristics
  • participant reactivity
  • observer bias
  • behavioral trace

Question 142

Question
In what section of an APA-style report would researchers interpret their research findings?
Answer
  • abstract
  • method
  • discussion
  • results

Question 143

Question
What is a behavioral observation?
Answer
  • A. a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present
  • B. a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs
  • C. a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel
  • D. a design where variables are treated like independent variables even though they are not able to be manipulated

Question 144

Question
If a researcher is interested in assessing participants' private thoughts, then he would be best served to use:
Answer
  • archival data
  • self-report measures
  • informant reports
  • behavioral measures

Question 145

Question
With regard to sampling, what does WEIRD mean?
Answer
  • A. western, educated, intelligent, rich, and diplomatic
  • B. western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
  • C. women, eastern, intelligent, rich, and democratic
  • D. women, eastern, industrialized, rich, and diplomatic

Question 146

Question
How can a researcher minimize the likelihood of social desirability bias in participants' self-report responses?
Answer
  • A. design the study in accord with the ethical principle of justice
  • B. have participants sign their name to each page of the questionnaire
  • C. ensure confidentiality
  • D. provide adequate compensation for participation

Question 147

Question
If the speedomerter in your car conssitently shows that you are going more slowly than you actualy are, it has which type of error?
Answer
  • Random error
  • Nonstandardization error
  • Bias
  • Nonsystematic error

Question 148

Question
You ask history majors how interesting they find WWI and notice that almost everyone chose either at 6 or 7 on your 7 point measurement scale. Which of the following may be a problem?
Answer
  • Scorer bias
  • Ceiling effect
  • Systematic error
  • Floor effect

Question 149

Question
Which of the following measurement problems is beyond your control?
Answer
  • Measurement sensitivity
  • Observer bias
  • Random error
  • Bias

Question 150

Question
You are convinced that an exam was unfair because none of the questions even remotely resembled what was taught in the class. In this case, you are questioning the exam's
Answer
  • reliability
  • reactivity
  • validity
  • sensitivity

Question 151

Question
A researcher asks participants to complete a personality measure. Two weeks later the researcher asks the same participants to complete the same emasure. Then compares the two scores. What is trying to evaluate?
Answer
  • Reliability of the measure
  • Validity of the research findings
  • Validity of the measure
  • Sensitivity of the measure

Question 152

Question
Whenever your choose a measurement tool, you need to first determine if the instrument has acceptable
Answer
  • reactivity
  • validity
  • nonbias
  • reliability

Question 153

Question
A researcher notices that mostly males have signed up for his study on changes to reaction times while sky diving. Which of the following may be a problem?
Answer
  • Volunteer subject problem
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Random sampling has biased the sutdy
  • College sophomores may be overrepresented

Question 154

Question
Drew wants a representative sample for his study. He indetifies the entire population and subdivides it. He then uses simple random assignment to see which members of the population will be a part of the sample. Drew is using which sampling strategy?
Answer
  • Convenience
  • Stratified
  • Quota
  • Snowball

Question 155

Question
For your research methods class you are writing an APA style report. If you are currently discussing the rationale behind your research, your are likely writing which section?
Answer
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Discussion

Question 156

Question
Jen wants to determine how student's feelings about conservatism or liberralism influence their choice of major. Angelina wants to determine the characteristics of a successful college president. Jen should take a ________ approach, while Angelina should take a _______ approach
Answer
  • situated analysis, holysitic analysis
  • holistic analysis, situated analisis
  • quantitative, qualitative
  • qualitative, quantitative

Question 157

Question
Roger is an incoming student who isn't sure what to pick for a major. Rather than just pick something to see if it is a good fit, Roger collects inforamtion on every major and uses what he learns to make a decision. What type of approach?
Answer
  • Bottom-up
  • Top-down
  • Quantitative
  • Deductive

Question 158

Question
Juanita is applying for a job at a substance abuse treatment center. Seh has an interview that is more like a casual conversation that focuses on topics as they arise. What type of interview did Juanita most likely have?
Answer
  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semiregulated
  • Semistructured

Question 159

Question
Candem is a vegan who is interviewing the owner of a butcher shop about the ethics of the business. Which of the following is the greatest threat to the objectivity?
Answer
  • Question reactivity
  • Volunteer bias
  • Reflexivity
  • Interviewer bias

Question 160

Question
All of the following are qualities of a good interviewer except:
Answer
  • sensitive and tolerant
  • well-prepared
  • organized
  • does not point out inconsistencies in responses

Question 161

Question
Jayna wants to interview several PTSD patients. During her interview, she wants to ask them about the trauma, their childhood, tehir friendships and their personalitty. Which of the following is the best question order?
Answer
  • Personality, childhood, friendship, trauma
  • Friendship, childhoold, trauma, personality
  • Childhoo, friendship, personality, trauma
  • Trauma, childhood, personality, friendships

Question 162

Question
Anita completed an analysis of several celebrity twitters in which she identified a central theme (vanity) that was common across many areas. What type of analysis is this?
Answer
  • Thematic
  • Content
  • Conversation
  • Grounded theory

Question 163

Question
Nolan is interested in studying shopping addiction, so he posts an advertisement online soliciting participants on several online retailers' sites. In his interviews, he discovers that his participants are very proud of their addiction. Which is most likely influencing his conclusion?
Answer
  • Volunteer bias
  • Interviewer bias
  • Response bias
  • Experimenter bias

Question 164

Question
Tosha is interested in understanding the culture of hooking up. She decides to gather in depth information on a few individuals so she can have a more throrough understanding of their perspectives ande xperiences concerning hooking up. Which of the following research approaches is Tosha using?
Answer
  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
  • Bottom up
  • Top down

Question 165

Question
Shantel believes that her boyfriend is about to propose. She hunts around in his bedroom and finds a receipt from Tiffany's and a note regarding a dinner reservation at a fancy restaurant. Shantel believes this evidence confirms her prediction. Which of the following approaches in Shantel using?q
Answer
  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
  • Bottom up
  • Top down

Question 166

Question
Hugo's research methods professor gives him an assignment to create an interview. As it is his first time serving as an interviewer, he prepares 10 specific questions prior to the interview and asks all his questions in a specific order. What type of interview is creating?
Answer
  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semistructured
  • Unbiased

Question 167

Question
Which of the following is part of developing an interview schedule?
Answer
  • Determining where the interview will take place
  • Rehearsing the questions
  • Deciding the sequencing of the questions
  • Determining the day and time of the interview

Question 168

Question
Which of the following is a weakness of qualitative designs?
Answer
  • They focus on obtaining in depth information
  • They involve a small sample
  • They often involve collecting data in naturally occurring settings
  • They are mroe participant defined than researcher defined

Question 169

Question
As a research project, mACK READS A NUMBER OF CASE FILES FROM ADULTS immigrating to the US. He wants to focus on reasons for immigrating. From the interviews, he generates categories and establishes themes. Which of the following best describes what is doing?
Answer
  • Conversation analysis
  • Content analysis
  • Grounded theory
  • Systematically coding the data

Question 170

Question
An itnerview schedule is most like which of the following concepts that was discussed in a previous chapter?
Answer
  • Establishing validity
  • Protocol
  • Operational definitions
  • Conceptual definitions

Question 171

Question
Jose is doing a study about stuudent's likelihood to cheat on an online test. He had questions about their demographic characteristics, how often they have cheated in the past, their intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and their grades. Which questions should Jose ask first?
Answer
  • Grades
  • Past cheating behavior
  • Demographics
  • Motivations

Question 172

Question
Rick is interested in examining obituaries from the WWII. He establishes general concepts that frequently occur, and then settles on one that is most common. What type of analysis?
Answer
  • Grounded theory
  • Conversation
  • Content
  • Thematic

Question 173

Question
Stella invites a dozen residents to her office to disccus their lifestyle. Through those conversations, she identifies several small factors that seem to contribute to the problem of obsesity. What type of analysis is Stella doing?
Answer
  • Holistic analysis
  • Situated analysis
  • Conversation analysis
  • Content analysis

Question 174

Question
In a multi-phase study Sue begins by conducting a focus group. She then uses that information to develop a written measure that is administered to a new group of participants. By using different measures to assess the same topic of interest, Sue is using:
Answer
  • reflexivity
  • mixed methods research
  • triangulation
  • holistic analysis

Question 175

Question
Upon completion of data collection Julian will use statistics to look for meaningful relationships between the variables under investigation. In this study Julian is using:
Answer
  • quantitative
  • nonexperimental
  • mixe ethods
  • qualitative

Question 176

Question
The top-down approach is where researchers:
Answer
  • A. the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.
  • B. test preconceptions and previously established theories with collected data.
  • C. use numbers and statistics to objectively examine associations between variables, predict outcomes, and make comparisons.
  • D. develop a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participant's direct experiences.

Question 177

Question
A quantitative researchers would be most likely to use _____ interviews, whereas qualitative researchers are more likely to use _____ interviews.
Answer
  • A. unstructured; structured
  • B. structured; semi-structured
  • C. unstructured; semi-structured
  • D. semi-structured; unstructured

Question 178

Question
A _____ analysis is where a researcher examines how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system.
Answer
  • holistic
  • phenomenological
  • situated
  • triangulated

Question 179

Question
As a general rule, interviewers should NOT:
Answer
  • A. avoid overt reactions.
  • B. avoid eye contact with interviewee.
  • C. remain neutral.
  • D. minimize leading questions.

Question 180

Question
Gloria is studying adjustment to parental divorce. During an interview, she asks each of her participants to focus specifically on the moment they learned that their parents were divorcing. Gloria is using:
Answer
  • reflexivity
  • triangulation
  • phenomenological approach
  • critical incident technique

Question 181

Question
Isadore is a developmental psychologist who is interested in studying parent-child interactions. If he does so by going into participants' homes to gather data, he is using a:
Answer
  • quantitative
  • mixed methods
  • situated
  • holistic

Question 182

Question
A(n) _____ is a protocol that includes the questions a researcher plans to ask and the anticipated order of question presentation.
Answer
  • A. interview schedule
  • B. case study
  • C. critical incident technique
  • D. conversation analysis

Question 183

Question
Freud was a proponent of _____, as he believed that a therapist needed an extended amount of time with each client to thoroughly understand the hidden aspects of a patient's unconscious.
Answer
  • focus groups
  • case studies
  • phenomenological
  • research studies

Question 184

Question
How are nonresponse bias and volunteer bias similar?
Answer
  • A. They are both akin to observer bias but from the standpoint of the participant.
  • B. They are types of interview approaches used in qualitative research.
  • C. They are both biases that result from experimenter error.
  • D. They are selection biases that make the sample different from the population.

Question 185

Question
A(n) _____ case study is used when a researcher has a direct interest in a particular unique case, whereas a(n) _____ case study compares multiple cases.
Answer
  • A. intrinsic; collective
  • B. descriptive; exploratory
  • C. exploratory; intrinsic
  • D. collective; descriptive

Question 186

Question
A(n) _____ is a data collection format where several participants gather together to discuss a topic.
Answer
  • focus group
  • reserach study
  • case study
  • interview

Question 187

Question
_____ is a middle ground that includes the strengths, but omits the weaknesses, of both qualitative and quantitative research.
Answer
  • correlational studies
  • experimental studies
  • mixed methods research
  • bottom up studies

Question 188

Question
More detailed is to less detailed as:
Answer
  • A. quantitative is to qualitative.
  • B. quantitative is to mixed.
  • C. qualitative is to quantitative.
  • D. mixed is to qualitative.

Question 189

Question
If a researcher were going to conduct a content analysis on the annual swimsuit edition of Sports Illustrated magazine, each of the following are major concepts that could be used to organize and summarize the substance, EXCEPT:
Answer
  • sports
  • bathing suits
  • women
  • recipes

Question 190

Question
The type of qualitative research that uses detailed and typically long-term observations or interactions to situate a phenomenon in the proper cultural context of those being studied is called:
Answer
  • ethnography
  • focus group
  • action research
  • case study

Question 191

Question
Which of the following is an interview type?
Answer
  • bottom up
  • top down
  • mixed methods
  • semi-structured

Question 192

Question
The phenomenological approach:
Answer
  • A. examines how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system.
  • B. is the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.
  • C. examines a topic while it is embedded within its naturally occurring context.
  • D. seeks to understand a human experience and the meaning of experiences based on how those involved view the situation.

Question 193

Question
_____ is an interview approach in which the researcher preplans some questions and remains flexible on other questions.
Answer
  • unstructured
  • semi-structured
  • semi-unstructured
  • structured

Question 194

Question
Johan wants to study how the placement of products in a store impacts consumer purchases. He decides to record the position of particular items and the frequency in which they are purchased by watching the security cameras. Which of the following methods?
Answer
  • Nonconcealed participant observation
  • Concealed participant observation
  • Laboratory observation
  • Naturalistic observation

Question 195

Question
To study the aspects of being a fraternity member, Chong joined a pledge class without telling anyone the real reason he wants to be a part of the fraternity. Which method?
Answer
  • Nonconcealed participant observation
  • Concealed participant observation
  • Concealed laboratory observation
  • Naturalistic observation

Question 196

Question
Astrid and Josette are collecting observational data on the impact of window displays on sales. They separately record the length of time a person looks at a display in the window, as well as whether that person purchases the item. To be sure their observations are conssitent, they should do which of the following?
Answer
  • Employ the use of only blind observations
  • Use continuous rather than interval recording
  • Examine their study's inter observer reliability
  • Include a contrived observation

Question 197

Question
Pariticpants can examine and use any product they see over a 30 minute period. Every 5 minute, researchered records which product the participant is examining or using. What type of recording?
Answer
  • continuous
  • interval
  • duration
  • frequency-count

Question 198

Question
A professor train an undergradute researcher to simply identify and code rude behavior unobtrusively and sends her to a retail store. What type of observation?
Answer
  • blind
  • participant
  • laboratory
  • contrived

Question 199

Question
Grace is interested in determining which food station is most commonly used. What statistic should she use?g
Answer
  • Mode
  • Median
  • Mean
  • Range

Question 200

Question
Sam recorded the number of times each student in his class checked phones during one class meeting. If Sam wanted to know how often the average student check his phone, which form of central tendency?
Answer
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
  • Range
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