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SCR10-12
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Questions in this quiz (45)
1Strain theory is said to reflect which of the following “perspectives” on the relationship between crime and social structure?
- ACulturally prescribed aspirations perspective.
- BConsensus perspective.
- CConflict perspective.
- DOpportunity structures perspective.
2Which of the following perspectives on the relationship between crime and social structure focuses on the inherent divisions of societies based on social inequality and the way these social diversions give rise to different and competing interests?
- AAnomie.
- BStrain theory.
- CConsensus perspective.
- DConflict perspective.
3What did Durkheim argue would decrease in advanced societies, causing crime and deviance to increase?
- AStable communities.
- BLegitimate opportunity.
- CSocial solidarity.
- DRelative deprivation.
4Which of the following is a concept developed by Émile Durkheim to describe an absence of clear societal norms and values?
- AAnomie.
- BStrain.
- CRelative deprivation.
- DCultural conflict.
5Which of the following thinkers believed that crime is the result of the gap between culturally prescribed aspirations and the socially structured means of realizing those aspirations?
- AMerton.
- BDurkheim.
- CSutherland.
- DLombroso.
6Which of the following theories proposes that people turn to deviance when they are exposed to cultural goals they are unable to obtain?
- ADifferential association theory.
- BStrain theory.
- CSocial Learning theory.
- DControl theory.
7Which of the following terms posits a rejection of the notion that aspirations are entirely self–created – rather, are defined by society?
- AReaction formation.
- BSocial structure.
- CCulturally prescribed aspirations.
- DMiddle–class measuring rod.
8Which of the following illustrates the condition known as micro–anomie?
- AAn individual places more emphasis on other people’s values than his or her own.
- BAn individual places less emphasis on self–interest than on collective values.
- CAn individual places equal emphasis on self–interest and collective values.
- DAn individual places more emphasis on self–interest than on collective values.
9For Bernard, societies experience a high rate of crime when cultural factors produce strain within society. Which of the following cultural factors is the main cause of strain?
- AAn emphasis on the pursuit of wealth.
- BBlocked opportunities.
- CRapid social change.
- DRacial discrimination.
10According to Chapter 10, crime occurs when one institution becomes more dominant than all others in a society. Which of the following is that dominant institution?
- AThe economy.
- BThe family.
- CThe neighbourhood.
- DReligion.
11What did Cloward and Ohlin stress was an essential link between strain and criminal behaviour?
- AThe middle–class measuring rod.
- BOpportunity structures.
- CCulturally prescribed aspirations.
- DThe code of the street.
12According to Chapter 10, young people undergoing strain may become involved in one of three different subcultures. What subculture is drug use most likely to be found in?
- AA retreatist subculture.
- BA criminal subculture.
- CA conflict subculture.
- DA transitional subculture.
13Which of the following is the strongest criticism of strain theory?
- AIt only applies to North America.
- BIt does not explain women’s lower crime rates.
- CIt neglects differing illegitimate opportunities.
- DIt focuses only on the lower class.
14Braithwaite argues that crime is most likely when exposure to illegitimate opportunities is high and exposure to legitimate opportunities is low. Based on this argument, which of the following initiatives would not help reduce crime in a low–income neighbourhood?
- AA reduction in the number of guns available locally.
- BJob creation for young people.
- CAn increase in community beautification projects.
- DAn increase in the number of sports programs locally.
15Braithwaite contends that greater economic equality and a greater distribution of influence among people would help lower the crime rate. Which of the following is the specific focus of his recommendation?
- ACrimes committed by corporations.
- BCrimes committed by lower–class people.
- CCrimes committed by upper–class people.
- DCrimes committed by politicians.
16According to cultural conflict theory, what causes social conflict and potential criminalization of the cultural practices of subordinate groups?
- AReligious strife.
- BAnomie.
- CDifferences in conduct norms.
- DClass conflict.
17Thorsten Sellin presented a criminological theory arguing that modern society is composed of various and diverse cultural groups, each maintaining its own distinct cultural rules. What are these rules known as?
- AConduct norms.
- BClass conflict.
- CConsensus.
- DValues.
18Which of the following theorists was the first to argue that crime occurs due to conflict between diverse and competing “interest” groups?
- AGeorge Vold.
- BThorsten Sellin.
- CKarl Marx.
- DRichard Quinney.
19According to the textbook, which of the following best explains the broad theoretical context to help understand honour killings in Canada?
- ACultural conflict theory.
- BLeft realism.
- CMarxist theories.
- DGroup conflict theories.
20Which of the following emerged as a response to the failure of cultural conflict theorists to offer a full account of societal conflict and the role that conflict plays in the creation and enforcement of social rules?
- AInstrumental Marxism.
- BStructural Marxism.
- CGroup conflict theory.
- DRadical feminism.
21In which of the following broad categories can Marxist theories of crime be placed?
- APsychological perspective.
- BBiological perspective.
- CConsensus perspective.
- DConflict perspective.
22In Marxist theory, which of the following is the base of society upon which superstructural institutions are built?
- AThe social sphere.
- BThe legal sphere.
- CThe political sphere.
- DThe economic sphere.
23With which of the following schools of thought do we associate the argument that criminal law and its enforcement act directly to uphold a dominant capitalist class?
- ACultural conflict theory.
- BGroup conflict theory.
- CInstrumentalist Marxism.
- DStructural Marxism.
24What is criminology influenced by instrumental Marxism likely to claim?
- ALaws are shaped to respond to the biological make–up of the offender.
- BCriminal law is enacted and upheld to ultimately support the dominant mode of production.
- CLaw reflects cultural agreement.
- DState authorities are more impartial than private authorities.
25Which of the following groups of theorists views conflict as rooted in the very structure of capitalist society, and especially capitalist economic relations?
- AInstrumental Marxist theorists.
- BLeft realist theorists.
- CGroup conflict theorists.
- DCultural conflict theorists.
26Which of the following groups criticized instrumental Marxist theories as being too deterministic in assuming that the state is the direct servant of the ruling class?
- ACultural conflict theorists.
- BStructural Marxist theorists.
- CNeoliberals.
- DGroup conflict theorists.
27Which of the following contends that laws and law enforcement are not directed by the capitalist class but serve the general long–term purpose of legitimating and upholding existing class relations?
- AStructural Marxism.
- BInstrumental Marxism.
- CCultural conflict theory.
- DGroup conflict theory.
28In the structural Marxist perspective, what is the term used to indicate that the state has a certain amount of independence from the capitalist class and is therefore able to enact laws that are not in the immediate interests of the capitalist class?
- AInstrumental behaviour.
- BRelative autonomy.
- CClass fractioning.
- DFalse consciousness.
29Which of the following focuses on how law and order issues are defined by the state in ways that disadvantage lower–class and other socially marginalized groups?
- ALeft realism.
- BGroup conflict theory.
- CCultural conflict theory.
- DLeft idealism.
30Which of the following is not one of the elements of the “square of crime” as conceptualized by the left realists?
- AThe offender.
- BThe victim.
- CThe police.
- DThe bystander.
31Which of the following best describes one of the goals of contemporary critical criminology?
- AUnderstand gender– and class–based conflicts that give rise to crime and criminal law.
- BUnderstand the cultural effects on crime in Canada.
- CTransform society through promises of justice.
- DStudy laws that reflect cultural agreement.
32According to Foucault, which of the following encompasses a wide array of techniques, within and outside the state, intended to (re)shape and (re)direct human actions?
- ASurveillance.
- BPower.
- CGovernmentality.
- DDiscipline.
33What term does Foucault use to refer to small and mundane relations of governance that still have an appreciable effect on human behaviour?
- ADiscipline.
- BPower.
- CGovernmentality.
- DMicro–powers.
34For Foucault, which of the following constitutes the direct or indirect observation of conduct that is geared towards producing a desired outcome?
- ADiscipline.
- BSurveillance.
- CDuress.
- DMicro–powers.
35Who coined the term “Risk Society?”
- ABeck.
- BFoucault.
- CAgamben.
- DBourdieu.
36Which of the following terms refers to statistical calculation of risk across time and groups?
- APower.
- BActuarialism.
- CSurveillance.
- DRisk.
37Which of the following best describes cultural criminology?
- ACultural criminology views crime as a culturally negotiated phenomenon.
- BCultural criminology views crime as a legal construct.
- CCultural Criminology explores the effects of societal shifts towards increased security and punitive penalties.
- DCultural criminology views all crime as a consequence of economic inequality.
38According to cultural criminologists, what is the term for the methodological requirement that researchers immerse themselves in environments where crime occurs in the everyday world in order to better understand the ways in which crime is experienced and interpreted by individuals?
- ADangerous knowledge.
- BEthnography.
- CHabitus.
- DAttentive gaze.
39What are cultural criminologists engaging in when they turn to novels to reveal alternative perspectives that may shake up our taken–for–granted assumptions about crime?
- AAttentive gaze.
- BSurveillance.
- CActuarial risk.
- DDangerous knowledge.
40According to the field theory of criminology, what is the term applied to a student who has a large vocabulary and is able to use this vocabulary competently to gain advantage in school?
- ADangerous knowledge.
- BHabitus.
- CSmart.
- DAttentive gaze.
41What is the term used in the field theory of criminology to refer to ways in which an urban ghetto is marked by a stigma that automatically devalues its residents due their association with this neighbourhood?
- ANegative symbolic capital.
- BNegative social capital.
- CRisk Society.
- DHabitus.
42Which of the following best describes Bourdieu’s “field theory”?
- AIt revives the ethnographic tradition in criminology and directs it towards crime as a living experience.
- BIt alerts critical criminologists to the many forms of power that are amassed in society and the role they play in the domination over and definition of criminalized classes.
- CIt provides critical criminologists with a tool for evaluating what is hidden or unspoken in criminal justice practices.
- DIt deconstructs the language used by criminal justice professionals.
43What term does Agamben use to refer to a state of being unprotected by laws and rights?
- ADeconstruction.
- BNaked life.
- CNormlessness.
- DDe facto sovereignty.
44Maher Arar's arrest as a suspected terrorist and his subsequent torture illustrate the dangers of which of the following?
- ANegative social capital.
- BDeconstruction.
- CBroken windows policing.
- DSovereignty.
45Which of the following best describes the deconstructionist approach advocated by Derrida?
- AIt revives the ethnographic tradition in criminology and directs it towards crime as a living experience.
- BIt alerts critical criminologists to the many forms of power that are amassed and the role they play in the domination over and definition of criminalized classes.
- CIt provides critical criminologists with a tool for identifying and assessing what is hidden or unspoken in language and jargon associated with the criminal justice system and crime control generally.
- DIt describes how risk and actuarialism are prevalent in contemporary criminal justice practices and how this relates to the notion of the “risk society.”
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- 10-12
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- Ab Cek
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- English
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