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Correctional Systems Exam 1
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Questions in this quiz (150)
1When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all the adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?
- Amore than 8%
- Bmore than 3%
- Cless than 2%
- Dmore than 10%
2Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?
- A1 million
- B2.3 million
- C3 million
- D4.3 million
3What percent of African American fathers are now incarcerated?
- A6
- B9
- C12
- D15
4One out of____ African American children has a parent who has been to prison.
- A3
- B6
- C9
- D13
5Systems learn, grow and improve according to what?
- APolicies
- BProcedures
- CFeedback
- DLaws
6Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to:
- AReceive promotions
- BHelp people
- CTake criminals out of society
- DBecome a warden
7Which of the following is the central purpose of punishment?
- ATo provide housing
- BTo protect society
- CTo carry out the criminal sentence
- DAll of the above
8Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?
- AMoral outrage
- BProtection
- CPunishment
- DBoth protection and punishment
9Corrections can be seen as a series of:
- AProcesses
- BAgencies
- CLoops
- DBoth processes and agencies
10According to the author, Corrections has a(n) __________ relationship with its environment.
- AReciprocal
- BInverse
- COppositional
- DPurposeful
11Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
- AThe United States
- BRussia
- CSouth Africa
- DJapan
12Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity?
- AEmile Durkheim
- BCesare Beccaria
- CTravis Hirshci
- DCesare Lombroso
13As systems grow and mature, they become:
- Afamiliar
- Bmore complex
- Cstrange
- Dboring
14According to the author, which system of government divides power between federal and state governments?
- AFederalism
- BDemocracy
- CCommunism
- DCapitalism
15Approximately _______ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.
- AOne-fifth
- BOne-half
- COne-third
- DTwo-third
16Clear, Cole, and Reisig divide some of the controversies, issues and themes that arise in the study of corrections into two main areas:
- AManaging the correctional organization and portraying a strong public image
- BWorking with offenders and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretations.
- CManaging the correctional organization and working with offenders.
- DPortraying a strong public image and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretation
17The theory that offenders can be corrected:
- Ais widely recognized
- Bfaces dispute
- Cis backed by evidence
- Dis supported by politicians
18According to the author, __________ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.
- ATechnology
- BLanguage
- CPolitics
- DPersuasions
19Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:
- AProfessional
- BStreet-level bureaucrats
- CHaving a thankless job
- DNone of the above
20The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:
- ASophisticated
- BUncertain
- CUnlikely
- DPredictable
21Organizations develop _________ to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff.
- ARoutines
- BPolicies
- CProcedures
- DAll of the above
22Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:
- AInformal enforcement
- BExchange
- CSecurity
- DScreening
23According to the text, every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:
- AMoney
- BHonor
- CSocial relations
- DPunishment
24The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:
- AImmediate deterrence
- BSpecific deterrence
- CExhibition of the sovereign's power
- DBoth crime control and exhibition of the sovereign's power
25The following is an example of corporal punishment:
- AForgiveness
- BWhipping
- CImprisonment
- DReligious education
26Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent_________________in the future.
- ANegative behavior
- BPositive behavior
- CSimilar behavior
- DCoerced behavior
27Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.
- APolitical conservatives
- BIndependents
- CReligious groups
- DPolitical liberals
28The penitentiary was developed during the:
- A1740s
- B1790s
- C1830s
- D1900s
29The invention of the penitentiary occurred because of:
- AThe influence of the Age of Reason
- BA response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
- CThe growth of the surplus of labor due to the Industrial Revolution
- DAll of these
30By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:
- AThe governor
- BThe king
- CCorrectional staff
- DThe victim
31"Lex taliones" embodies which of the following principles?
- APunishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense
- BAn eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment
- CPunishment needs to be proportionate
- DAll of these
32The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called:
- AUtilitarianism
- BClassical criminology
- CThe Enlightenment
- DWergild
33The practice of removing offenders from the community and to another land was known as:
- ABenefit of clergy
- BGalley slavery
- CWergild
- DTransportation
34The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles where prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms. They include:
- ASecure and sanitary conditions
- BNonsystematic inspections
- CFees for inmates
- DA continued regimen
35The founder of the Classical School of Thought is_____________________.
- ACesare Beccaria
- BJohn Howard
- CCesare Lombroso
- DJeremy Bentham
36The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?
- AIt brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
- BIt stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
- CIt was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.
- DAll of these
37The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?
- AA rewriting of penal codes to increase the severity of criminal sanctions.
- BA greater belief in the application of pain as a specific and general deterrent.
- CThe invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world.
- DAn increase in the number of criminal laws and, as a result, a growth in the numbers and types of prisoners.
38For the purpose of deterrence, which principle(s) did Beccaria believe were most important?
- ASeverity
- BCertainty
- CSwiftness
- DBoth swiftness and certainty
39The term "wergild" focuses on which of the following:
- ARehabilitation of offenders
- BMoney paid to relatives or victims of a crime
- CEducational programs
- DVocational programs
40How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?
- APeople reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
- BDuring this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
- CThe social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
- DAll of these
41During the Age of Reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following?
- AObservation
- BExperimentation
- CTechnological development
- DAll of these
42As a social institution, corrections reflects the vision and concerns of the:
- AGovernment
- BLarger community
- CWarden and administrators
- DSentencing judges
43According to the text, Legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged in the:
- A1700s
- B1200s
- C1500s
- D1800s
44The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the ___________ century?
- A17th
- B15th
- C13th
- D18th
45________ was a leader of reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment.
- AJeremy Bentham
- BJohn Howard
- CCesare Beccaria
- DBishop Nicholas Ridley
46"Wergild" developed as:
- Aa barter system
- Ba method for the king to bring his subjects directly under his rule
- Ca method of treating private wrongs as public crimes
- Da system of compensation
47The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:
- AThe king
- BThe sheriff
- CThe penitentiary
- DThe church
48The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:
- ANatural Law
- BLex Taliones
- CSecular Law
- DBenefit of Clergy
49Benefit of clergy was extended to:
- AAll worthy men of the realm
- BOnly wealthy aristocrats of the realm
- CMonks and nuns only
- DAll literate persons
50The ____________ was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.
- AWergild
- BWorkhouse
- CPenitentiary
- DBridewell
51The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is:
- AEngland
- BFrance
- CEgypt
- DThe United States
52In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?
- ALegal
- BReligious
- CSocialist
- DCapitalist
53The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several locations, however one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement.
- AMaryland
- BNY State Penitentiary, Auburn
- CNew Jersey
- DEastern State Penitentiary
54Ideas of the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crimes is caused by:
- AHuman nature
- BForces in the environment
- CBiology
- DSin
55The __________ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates.
- ACongregate System
- BAssemble System
- CSeparate Confinement System
- DSegregated Confinement System
56The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:
- AWalnut Street Jail
- BSing Sing Penitentiary
- CEastern Penitentiary
- DAuburn Penitentiary
57The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was:
- ASing Sing Prison
- BAuburn State Penitentiary
- CElmira Reformatory
- DCincinnati City Prison
58With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:
- AVocational programs for criminals
- BEducational programs for offenders
- CThe treatment and diagnosis of criminals
- DWork release programs for criminals
59Between 1790-1830, the population in urban America had:
- ASharply declined
- BSharply increased
- CStayed mostly the same
- DNone of the above
60During the 19th century, American society became increasingly:
- Adesperate
- Bheterogeneous
- Chomogeneous
- Drural
61Separate confinement was first implemented in:
- AEastern State Penitentiary
- BWestern State Penitentiary
- CAuburn Penitentiary
- DWalnut Street Jail
62The penitentiary was to be a place where:
- AOffenders were isolated from bad influences in society
- BOffenders were isolated from one another
- CWhere offenders could reflect on their misdeeds
- DAll of these
63The opening of the Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of the:
- Athe congregate system
- Bthe labor system
- Cthe separate confinement system
- Dthe Howard system
64According to the text, the medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through he implementation in the _________________.
- A1910s
- B1920s
- C1930s
- D1940s
65In the convict lease system, prisoners are:
- APunished harshly
- BTransported
- CUsed for labor by private interests
- DConfined to work in their cells
66During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and ______________.
- AFeeding inmates better food
- BEnsuring prisoners were not in solitude
- CReintegrating inmates into society
- DRehabilitating individual offenders
67An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformatory is the:
- APanopticon
- BGaol
- CReformatory
- DPenitentiary
68According to the text, serious attempts made to implement what became knowns as the medical model of corrections began in the:
- A1890s
- B1920s
- C1940s
- D1960s
69The __________ approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
- AClassical School
- BPositivist School
- CProgressive School
- DNeoclassical School
70The ___________________ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, intermediate sentences, and parole.
- APenitentiary
- BJail
- CJuvenile detention center
- DReformatory
71The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the:
- ANorth
- BSouth
- CEast
- DWest
72Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by:
- AJohn Howard
- BJohn Haviland
- CJeremy Bentham
- DCesare Lombroso
73By the mid-1800s, reformers were ____________ with the penitentiary.
- ASatisfied
- BDelighted
- CDisillusioned
- DDistrustful
74Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become:
- AUnderstaffed
- BOvercrowded
- CFinancially burdened
- DAll of these
75According to "community based corrections," the goal of the criminal justice system is to:
- APunish the offender
- BReintegrate the offender
- CFocus on the victim
- DAchieve justice
76The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on:
- AMedical issues
- BComplaints to internal affairs
- CVisits from family
- DVocational programs
77Which concept holds that human behavior is governed by the individual's calculation of the benefits versus the costs of ones acts:
- AEgalitarianism
- BUtilitarianism
- CPositivism
- DMarxism
78The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:
- AMost serious offenders require short periods of incarceration
- BA small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes
- CThe cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious and repetitive offenders
- DThe crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods
79According to the author, in a retributive justice model, those who commit a particular crime should be punished:
- ASubjectively
- BAlike
- CDifferently
- DMercifully
80With reference to time, rehabilitation is!
- AFuture-Oriented
- BPresent-Oriented
- CPast-Oriented
- DBoth future and present oriented
81Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does not overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?
- ARehabilitation
- BDeterrence
- CIncapacitation
- DRetribution
82The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward_____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.
- AState
- BVictim
- COffender
- DLaw
83According to the Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?
- AAn offense
- BThe infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
- CUse of community justice tactics to deter the offender
- DA dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender
84According to Clear, Cole, and Reisig, _______________ is the most visible penalty imposed by the criminal justice system.
- AImprisonment
- BProbation
- CParole
- DThe death sentence
85Experts usually cite ______________ as reasons wrongful convictions occur.
- APlea-bargaining pressures
- BCommunity pressure
- CEyewitness error
- DAll of these
86Probationary sentences emphasize quittance and __________________ in the community.
- AEmployment
- BEducational attainment
- CSupervision
- DFamily connectivity
87The most notable used sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the __________________________.
- AMinnesota Sentencing Guideline
- BNew York Sentencing Guideline
- CPennsylvania Sentencing Guideline
- DGeorgia Sentencing Guideline
88______ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished.
- ADeterrence
- BRetribution
- CIncapacitation
- DRehabilitation
89According to the concept of ___________, offenders are returned to society once they are cured.
- ADeterrence
- BRetribution
- CIncapacitation
- DRehabilitation
90Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to encourage the commission of offenses by others is known as:
- ASpecific deterrence
- BSpecific retribution
- CGeneral deterrence
- DGeneral rehabilitation
91Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison is:
- ADeterrence
- BRetribution
- CIncapacitation
- DRehabilitation
92Punishment designed to repair damage to both the victim and community is:
- ARehabilitation
- BRetribution
- CReintegration
- DRestorative Justice
93Since the __________, retribution as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest.
- A1930s
- B1950s
- C1970s
- D1990s
94Sentencing guidelines are designed to:
- AReduce disparity in sentencing for similar offenses
- BIncrease and decrease punishments for certain offenders and offenses
- CReduce prison overcrowding
- DAll of these
95Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment prescribe a(n):
- ADeterminate sentencing scheme
- BIndeterminante sentencing scheme
- CMandatory sentencing scheme
- DPresumptive sentencing scheme
96Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:
- ARestorative sanctions
- BIndefinite sanctions
- CImmediate sanctions
- DIntermediate sanctions
97Judges may go outside of the sentencing guidelines if aggravating or _________________ circumstances exist however they must provide a written explanation for this.
- AMitigating
- BMaddening
- CFrustrating
- DExaggerating
98In the BOOKER decision, the justices said that sentencing guidelines are:
- AMandatory
- BDiscretionary
- CRidiculous
- DBinding
99Restorative justice sees crimes as a violation against which of the following?
- AVictim and community
- BOffender and the state
- CLaw and justice
- DFairness and equality
100Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is:
- AJudicial disparity
- BSentencing disparity
- CSystematic racism
- DA miscarriage of justice
101A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of __________________.
- AConditions
- BConfinement
- CLength of sentence
- DSentence
102Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has:
- AMinisterial liability
- BPersonal liability
- CCivil liability
- DStrict liability
103The Military Commission Act (MCA) ________________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.
- APermits
- BFosters
- CEnhances
- DEliminates
104Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgments of an inmate's constitutional rights?
- AThe maintenance of stable prison populations
- BThe maintenance of institutional order
- CThe maintenance of institutional security
- DThe rehabilitation of inmates
105In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various ____________ rights.
- AHabeas Corpus
- BPrivacy
- CDue Process
- DAdministrative
106Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
- AWolff v. McDonnell
- BHolt v. Sarver
- CEstelle v. Gamble
- DPugh v. Locke
107Prior to the 1960s, courts maintained a/an _________________ with respect to corrections.
- AInvasive policy
- BAdministrative policy
- CHands-off policy
- DInquisitive policy
108The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment, are known as:
- AA rational bias test
- BTotality of the conditions
- CTotality of the circumstances
- DLeast restrictive means test
109For most of the United States history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from the actor of the:
- AFederal government
- BUnlawful masses
- CState legislatures
- DThe President
110According to Clear, Cole, and Reisig, the overall results of the turbulent inmate rights period:
- Awere positive
- Bwere negative
- Cwere problematic
- Dwere useless
111The 14th Amendment was ratified in
- A1960
- B1868
- C1789
- D1810
112Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?
- AImprovement in institutional living conditions and administrative practices of many prisons
- BReview by correctional officials of many of their procedures and organizational structures
- CBoth of these
- DNeither of these
113The Anti-Terrorism Act imposes ____________ limit to file a federal habeas petition.
- AA five-year
- BA one-year
- CA two-year
- DNo
114The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety, and the environment to implement which of the following?
- AStatutes
- BCase laws
- CRegulations
- DPrecedent
115Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights?
- ACooper v. Pate
- BTerry v. Ohio
- CCarroll v. US
- DGregg v. GA
116In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled that the detainees at Guantanamo Bay are entitled to:
- AA lawyer
- BChallenge the conditions of their confinement
- COne hour of exercise a day
- DFile writs of habeas corpus
117The first case recognized by the Supreme Court which recognized prisoners' rights involved the case of:
- ABrutality and physical conditions
- BChallenges to convictions
- CDue process
- DMedical treatment
118With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are:
- AExecutive personnel
- BPrivate contractors
- CPublic Employees
- DManagement
119During the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to ____________ most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights.
- ARespect
- BReject
- CRegulate
- DReconstruct
120The courts have upheld the right of female corrections officers to:
- APat down only female prisoners
- BPat down only make prisoners
- CPat down male prisoners with a male officer is also present
- DPat down both male and female prisoners
121Some lower courts have upheld rules in conflict with the ____ Amendment protections because they were the least restrictive method of dealing with an institutional problem.
- AFirst
- BFourth
- CEighth
- DFourteenth
122According to the Supreme Court, the term "totality of conditions" may be legally interpreted as:
- ACruel and unusual punishment
- BUnfair
- CUnreasonable
- DIrrational
123The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?
- AFirst
- BFourth
- CEighth
- DFourteenth
124One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil lawsuit is to:
- AKeep good records
- BGet a mentor
- CFollow institutional procedures
- DAll of these
125During the las 25 years, the Supreme Court has been _____________ prisoners' rights.
- ALess supportive of
- BMore supportive of
- CDetached from
- DLess indifferent
126__________ of those convicted received a community sentence such as a fine or probation
- A2/3
- B1/2
- C1/3
- D1/4
127Older prisoners are more likely to:
- ABreak prison rules
- BPrefer solitude
- CSeek gang membership for protection
- DBe less stable
128The _________ offender is most likely to be the object of exploitation and practical jokes while incarcerated.
- ASituational
- BCareer
- CMental handicapped
- DAlcohol
129When we talk about characteristics with criminal offenders, we can conclude that:
- AThere is much diversity with respect to the backgrounds of prisoners
- BOn the whole, while unique differences do exist, there are still many similarities among prisoners
- CIt is difficult (if not impossible) to make any general statements about criminal offenders
- DMost offenders are very violent and dangerous, and as a result, deserve some form of incarceration
130According to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. Which of the following has been identified as a problem wth this offender?
- AThey will generally repeat the offense in the future
- BThe are extremely difficult to rehabilitate
- CTheir crimes are usually less serious than most crimes committed by there offenders
- DThey are the most problematic and violent prisoners in the inmate social system.
131Half of those entering state prisons are ________ years old.
- ABetween 25 and 32
- BYounger than 18
- CBetween 18 and 27
- DOlder than 35
132A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a:
- Achild molester
- Brapist
- Ca social deviant
- Dsex offender
133Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?
- ADiffer markedly from
- BBe marked similar to
- CVastly like
- DBe indistinguishable from
134The drug abuser presents ________ problems for corrections.
- AIndistinct and hardly any
- BClassification and organizational
- CVery few significant
- DBoth treatment and management
135The treatment program that has consistently proven to be successful for the alcohol abuser in general population but less successful for those in the correctional population is:
- Apsychotherapy
- Bmilieu therapy
- Cgroup counseling
- DAlcoholic Anonymous
136A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?
- ARapist
- BProstitutes
- CChild molesters
- DAll of these
137The decision to __________ is a factor influencing the filtering process.
- APigeonhole
- BGrant bail
- CViolate the law
- DAcquit
138In a typical group of thirty or so young adults it is likely that ________ has been locked up.
- AAt least five
- BAt least one
- CAt least half
- DNo one
139Every offender assigned to corrections is:
- AGuilty
- BViolent
- CUnique
- DDrug addicted
140The most slippery concept in the classification of offenders is that of the:
- ACareer criminal
- BViolent
- CSex offender
- DMentally ill
141Most sexual offenses do not involve:
- AViolence
- BCoercion
- CAcquaintances
- DThe police
142In classifying offenders, correctional administration put them into groups based on:
- ATheir needs for treatment
- BRisk
- CSeverity of issues they pose to the prison
- DAll of these
143One key method shown to prevent AIDS transmission is through:
- AEducation
- BPassing out condoms
- CProhibiting homosexual behavior
- DLegalizing drugs
144Correctional treatment programs have proven to be most effective with:
- ACompulsive and habitual drug abusers
- BPedophiles
- CCareer criminals
- DNone of these
145The career criminal has several attributes:
- AHis occupation
- BInexperienced
- CPsychologically abnormal
- DBelieves he will never be caught
146References to "types" of offenders means they:
- AAre easily stereotyped because their actions are so similar
- BAre fairly predictable for purposes of parole
- CShare important characteristics even though they vary in others
- DBehave very similarly for purposes of prediction
147Most people would hardly call their own job a __________ if they had been seen at work only three or four times.
- AHabit
- BCareer
- CPlan
- DCalling
148To combat ambiguities in classification, correctional administrators have started using:
- AMore subjective criteria in an attempt to successfully predict future criminal behavior
- BExpanded criteria to admit all reverent facts and use those facts involved in case
- CA limited number of factors pertaining to substance abuse factors
- DClassification systems that recognize similarities and differences between offenders
149In recent years, America's prison population has been:
- AGetting younger
- BAging
- CShrinking
- DAll of these
150More prisoners serve __________ sentences in the United States than in any other Western nation.
- ALife
- BDeath
- CShort
- DLong
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- Quiz on Correctional Systems Exam 1, created by Deni Balak on 13/03/2017.
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- Deni Balak
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