Quiz
Bio 1240
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Questions in this quiz (156)
1_____ are alternative forms of a gene that govern the same feature, such as eye color
- Aalleles
- Bloci
- Cgenes
- Dcoupled traits
2pea plants were ell chosen for use in Mendel's breeding experiment for all of the following reasons except
- Apeas show easily observed variations in a number of characteristics which as pea shape and flower color
- Bit is possible to completely control matings between different pea plants
- Cit is possible to obtain large number of progeny from any given cross
- Dpeas have an unusually long generation time (life span)
- Emany of the observable characteristics that vary in pea plants are controlled by single genes
3the separation of alleles of a gene takes place during
- Aanaphase of mitosis
- Bcytokinesis of mitosis
- Canaphase I of meiosis
- Dtelophase II of meiosis
- Ecytokinesis of meiosis
4which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between an individual homozygous (ZZ) and one heterozygous (Zz) individual?
- AZZ and Zz
- BZZ, Zz, and zz
- CZZ only
- DZz only
- Ezz only
5Mating an individual expressing a dominant phenotype, but whose genotype is unknown, with an individual expressing the corresponding recessive phenotype is an example of
- Aa heterozygous cross
- Ban F1 cross
- Can F2 cross
- Da parental cross
- Ea test cross
6in humans, assume that the allele for brown eyes is dominant and the allele for blue eyes is recessive. If two brown-eyed individuals have a child with blue eyes, that means
- Aboth parents are homozygous for brown eyes
- Bboth parents are heterozygous for eye color
- Cmultiple alleles are involved
- Dnone of these
7mendel crossed true-breeding plants having yellow peas with plants having green peas. the resulting plants all had yellow peas. An F2 cross resulted in 3/4 of the plants having yellow peas and 1/4 of the plants having green peas. What does this tell you about the alleles for color?
- Ayellow is usually the dominant color, but sometimes green can be dominant
- Bgreen is the dominant color
- Cyellow is the dominant color
- Dyellow is the recessive color
- Ethe F1 plants must have had some green peas that went unnoticed
8An organism with the genotype of AaXx can produce gametes containing ____ if the two genes are unlinked
- Aeither Aa or Xx
- Beither AX, Ax, aX, ax
- CAaXx
- DAX or ax
- EA,a,X,x
9why is color blindness more common in males than in females?
- Abecause females would have to receive one copy of the recessive color blindness gene to actually express the trait
- Bbecause a male only needs to receive one recessive allele from his mother to be color-blind
- Cbecause color blindness is an Y-linked trait
- Dfemales are hemizygous
10what are the possible phenotypes of the children of the children is the mother has Type O blood and the father has AB blood?
- Aall AB
- BA,B
- CA, AB
- DA, B, AB
- EA, B, O
11The information carried by DNA is incorporated in a code verified by the
- Aphosphodiester bonds of the DNA strand
- Bnumber of separate strands of DNA
- Csize of a particular chromosome
- Dspecific nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule
- Enumber is bases in a DNA strand
12Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand 5' - AGATCCG - 3' ?
- A5' - AGATCCG - 3'
- B3' - AGATCCG - 5'
- C5' - CTCGAAT - 3'
- D3' - CTCGAAT - 5'
- E3' - TCTAGGC - 5'
13Transcription of RNA takes place in the
- Amitochondria
- Bcytoplasm
- Cribosomes
- Dnucleus
- Eendoplasmic reticulum
14which of the following adds new nucleotides to a growing RNA chain?
- ADNA polymerase
- BDNA helicase
- CRNA primer
- DRNA polymerase
- Emore than one of these
15the form of RNA the carries the code from DNA to the site where the protein is assembled his called
- Amessenger RNA
- Bnuclear RNA
- Cribosomal RNA
- Dtransfer RNA
- Estructural RNA
16uracil can pair with
- Aribose
- Badenine
- Ccytosine
- Dthymine
- Eguanine
17the portions of an RNA molecule that are translated are called
- Aintrons
- Bexons
- Cregulatory proteins
- Danticodons
- Etranscriptions
18sickle-cell anemia is caused by what type of mutation
- Aframeshift
- Bmissense
- Cnonsense
- Dsilent
- Eviral
19The inner surface of epithelial tissue rests on a
- Alayer os adipose tissue
- Bbasement membrane / extracellular matrix
- Cmix of cells and polysaccharides
- Dmix of cells and proteins
20the principal difference between simple and stratified epithelium is in the number of
- Acell layers
- Btotal cells
- Cnuclei per cell
- Dfree surfaces
- Emicrovilli
21what type of tissue is blood?
- Aepithelial
- Bmuscular
- Cconnective
- Dadipose
- Enoncellular fluid
22impulses are received by nerve cells through
- Aan axon
- Bany process that is long enough to reach the receptor
- Cnumerous dendrites
- Dthe intervention of the neuroglia
- Echondrocytes
23an _____ is a combination of two or more kinds of tissue that together perform one or more functions
- Aorgan
- Bcell
- Corgan system
- Dconnective tissue
- Eneuroglial cell
24at rest, a nerve cell has a
- Anegative membrane potential
- Bdifference of -70mV comparing the inside to the outside
- Cresting potential
- Dall of these are correct
25for sodium to accumulate rapidly inside a neuron cell membrane,
- Aa stimulus above the threshold open sodium gates
- Bthe wave of depolarization must occur to reestablish a resting potential
- Cthere must be a dramatic increases in the negative charge of the cytoplasm
- Dthe potassium gates must open first
26which of the following would not be considered part of the peripheral nervous system?
- Athe eyes
- Bthe spinal cord
- Cafferent neurons
- Dthe ears
- Eefferent neurons
27afferent neurons
- Atransmit information to the central nervous system
- Bprovide support for the neurons
- Ctransmit information from the central nervous system to effectors
- Dare part of the central nervous system
- Econnect motor and sensory neurons
28what happens immediately following the closing of the sodium gates during an action potential?
- Asodium ions enter the cell
- Bsodium ions leave the cell
- Cpotassium ions enter the cell
- Dpotassium ions leave the cell
- Ecalcium ions leave the cell
29the membrane-bound enzyme system that helps to maintain the resting membrane potential is which of the following pumps
- Asodium-phosphorus
- Bsodium-potassium
- Csodium-chlorine
- Dphosphorus-calcium
- Ephosphorus-chlorine
30which form of RNA carries the code from the lac operon to the site where the protein is assembled?
- Amessenger RNA
- Bnuclear RNA
- Cribosomal RNA
- Dtransfer RNA
- Estructural RNA
31genes may be
- Aturned on and off (regulated)
- Bactivated for only a short time in one cell and a long time in another cell
- Cturned on and left on (constitutive)
- Dtwo of these are correct
- Eall of these are correct
32co-repressors in a repressible system bind to the ____ and make the operon _____
- Aoperator, inactive
- Brepressor, inactive
- Coperator, active
- Drepressor, active
33RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA helix and be able to bind to the ___ in order for a gene to be transcribed
- Aactivator
- Bregulator
- Cpromotor
- Doperator
- Erepressor
34the lac genes of E. coli are transcribe in the presence of lactose because
- ARNA polymerase binds to the operator
- Bthe repressor cannot bind to the promoter
- Cas isomer of lactose binds to the repressor
- Dnone of these is correct
35which of the following applies to an inducible system?
- Aa repressor protein, which is bound to DNA in absence of any other factor
- Ba repressor protein, which is bound to DNA in the presence of a corepressor
- Can activator protein, which is bound to DNA in absence of any other factor
- Dan activator protein, which is bound to DNA in the absence of an inhibitor
36which of the following lists the correct sequence of events involved in cell signaling in paracrine signaling between two cells?
- Aamplifying, signal transducing, receiving, responding
- Bsignal transducing, sending, receiving, terminating
- Csending, signal transducing, receiving, amplifying
- Dreceiving, sending, signal transducing, responding
- Esending, receiving, signal transducing, responding
37a receptor on the cell surface usually has several domains. The functions of the external domain is
- Atransmitting the signal to the inside of the cell
- Bholding the receptor within the membrane
- Cattaching the receptor to the DNA
- Dfunction as an enzyme
- Ebinding the signaling molecule/ligand
38a protein kinase directly catalyzes the reaction in which
- Aa protein becomes glycosylated
- Ba protein is phosphorylated (gains a phosphate group)
- Cgenes are transcribed
- Dall of those
39what does the term dominant mean?
- Ait is the allele that is expressed in heterozygous organisms
- Bit is the allele (and phenotype) that is more beneficial to the organism
- Cit is the only type of allele that can be transmitted to future generations
- Dit is the phenotype that will be exhibited in every individual, in every generation
40the physical appearance an organism exhibites for a particular trait is called the
- Agenotype
- Bsynapsis
- Cgenetics
- Ddominance
- Ephenotype
41the physical position of a gene along a chromosome is its
- Atrait
- Blocus
- Callele
- Dchromatid
- Enone of the above
42which genetic inheritance principle(s) was/were proven by gregor mendel using a cross that examined a single trait of Pisum sativum
- Adominance
- Bindependent assortment
- Ctwo of these
- Dsegregation
- Eall of these
43a heterozygous male hamster is crossed with a female hamster that is homozygous recessive. If they produce 100 offspring, which answer below is the most reasonable number of heterozygotes produced?
- A100
- B51
- C24
- D0
- Enone of these is a realistic possibility
44mendel found that tall plants and yellow peas are dominant in the Pisum satvium plant. What is the expected phenotype for a pea plant with the genotype Ttyy?
- Atall with yellow peas
- Bshort with yellow peas
- Cheterozygous
- DTy
- Etall with green peas
45how many alleles are present for a single gene in a typical gamete?
- Adepends on the organism
- Bmore than two
- Ctwo
- Done
- Enone
46in a typical mendellian monohybrid F1 x F1 cross, what percentage of offspring should have a homozygous recessive genotype?
- A50
- B25
- C75
- D100
- E0
47a lizard with a striped tail and solid head is crossed with one having a solid tail and spotted head. All of their offspring have solid tails and solid heads. Which of the following could be a parental genotype?
- ATtHh
- BTthh
- CttHH
- DTTHH
- Etthh
48a genetic cross is conducted. The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. What conclusion can be drawn?
- Athere are four separate genes involved
- Bthis is a test cross
- Cthis cross supports the idea of independent assortment, as described by mendel
- Dthis genotypic ratio is 3:1
49the following cross was set up
AAbb x aaBB
What percentage of offspring will exhibit a dominant phenotype for gene A?- A100%
- B25%
- C50%
- Dmonohybrid
50molly has a crop of red raspberries, produced from 10 generations of red raspberries. For all 10 generations, the raspberry bushes have been thornless. Daniel has a crop of black raspberries, produced from 10 generations of black raspberries. For all 10 generations, the raspberry bushes have had thorns. Suppose Molle and Daniel cross their plants and all offspring are Red Thorny. Which gametes will those red thorny offspring produce?
- ARt, Rt, rT, rt
- BRt, rT
- CRT, Rt
- DRrTt
51yen has a crop of red roses, produced from 10 generations of red raspberries. For all 10 generations, the rose bushes have been thornless. Usman has a crop of black roses, produced from 10 generations of black roses. For all 10 generations, the raspberry bushes have had thorns. If yen and usman cross their plants, what phenotype would be exhibited by the offspring?
- ARRTT
- Bblack thornless
- Cthorny thornless
- Dred thornless
- Ecannot determine
52in string beans, green is dominant to yellow, and long beans are dominant to short. A plant that has long yellow beans is crossed with a plant that has short green beans. All of the offspring are identical to each other. Predict the parental genotypes
- AGgLl x GgLl
- BGgLl x ggll
- CGGLL x ggll
- DGGll x ggLL
53two heterozygous hamsters are crossed. what percentage of their offspring will likely be homozygous dominant?
- A33%
- B50%
- C25%
- D0%
54an individual who has trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome) has ___ total chromosomes per cell
- A47
- B21
- C26
- D24
55a human gamete is found to possess 24 chromosomes. which of the following statements is correct?
- Athe gamete is normal
- Bnondisjunction occurred during zygote formation
- Cnondisjunction occurred during meiosis
- Dnone of these is correct
56in a certain small mammal, spotted tongue is caused by an X-linked recessive gene. In one litter, there are 2 females with spotted tongues, 1 male with spotted tongue, and 1 male without spotted tongue. What is the phenotype of the father?
- Acannot determine
- Bdominant
- Crecessive
57in a certain iris flower variety, gene "Q" controls seed color, and it controls susceptibility to a disease. this gene exhibits
- Aadditive dominance
- Bvariegation
- Cpleiotropy
- Dcodominance
- Eincomplete dominance
58which trait in humans is known to exhibit multiple alleles?
- Asickle cell disease
- Bcolor blindness
- Chemophilia
- Dblood typing antigens
59an individual is homozygous recessive for colorblindness (XcXc). which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
- Athe individual's mother is colorblind
- Bthe individual is a male
- Cthe indidual's father is not colorblind
- Dnone of these can be correct
60a child has blood type O. His mother has blood type A. It is not possible for his father to have blood type:
- AAB
- BO
- CA
- DB
- Emore than one choice is correct
61Zachary has hemophilia, and X-linked condition. His fiancee, Taylor, does not hace the condition nor does she carry an allele for it. Which statement concerning their potential offspring is correct?
- A100% of their daughters will carry the hemophilia allele
- B50% of their daughters will have hemophilia
- Cnone of their sons will have hemophilia
- D100% of their children will have hemophilia
- Emore than one of these is correct
62the central dogma of genetics outlines the transfer of geneti information as follows:
- Atranslation > transcription > replication
- Btranslation > replication > transcription
- Ctranscription > translation > replication
- Dreplication > transcription > translation
63which of the following statements about DNA is false
- ADNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
- BDNA does not contain uracil
- CDNA is found in eukaryotic cells, but not in prokaryotic cells
- DDNA is usually double-stranded rather than single-stranded
- Eall of these statements is false
64in ____, the total number if purines is equal to the total number of pyrimidines
- Asingle-stranded DNA
- Bsingle-stranded RNA
- Cdouble-stranded DNA
- Dmore than one of these
65a double stranded SNA molecule is analyzed. on strand 1, there is a adenosine at the 3' terminus. based on this information, which of the following statements is correct?
- Aon strand 2, there is a uracil at the 5' terminus
- Bon strand 2, there is a adenosine at the 5' terminus
- Con strand 2, there is a thymidine at the 5' terminus
- Don strand 2, there is a thymidine at the 3' terminus
66the enzyme ___ catalyzes phosphodiester bonds in a growing deoxynucleotide strand
- Amore than one of these
- BRNA polymerase
- CDNA polymerase
- DDNA helicase
67Place the following events of DNA replication in the proper sequence
(A) the hydrogen bonds holding two strands together break, allowing the strands to separate
(B) phosphodiester bonds form between the nucleotide substrates
(C) free-floating nucleotide substrates align with complimentary nucleotides on the template
(D) the coils in the helix unwind
(E) hydrogen bonds form between template strands and newly synthesized strands- ADACBE
- BECBAD
- CDCBAE
- DDACEB
68a nucleotide monomer, when incorporated into a growing polynucleotide strand, is ___
- Aadded to the 5' end of the DNA or RNA molecule
- Badded to the 3' end of the DNA or the 5' RNA molecule
- Cadded to the 3' end of the DNA or RNA molecule
- Dnone of these is correct
69which of the following is not directly needed for transcription to occur
- Anucleotide monomers
- BDNA polymerase enzymes
- Ca promoter
- DDNA
- Eall of these are required
70complementary and anti-parallel describes with of the following?
- ADNA template:RNA during transcription
- BssDNA
- CdsDNA
- Dtwo of these
- Eall of these
71sequences of nucleotides that ARE translated include
- Aexons
- Bcodons
- Canticodons
- Dtwo previous choices are correct
- Ethree previous choices are correct
72there are only 20,000 genes in human beings. Which of the following is not a way that the usefulness of a limited number of genes could be maximized?
- Athe amount of an mRNA in a particular cell could be regulated by its stability
- Balternative splicing could allow for one gene to produce different proteins with different function
- Ccertain genes could be turned on in some cell types but not in others contributing to different phenotypes in different cells
- Dall of these are ways that the usefulness of a limited number of genes could be maximized
- Emore than one of these are ways that the usefulness of a limited number of genes could be maximized
73which type of nucleic acid contains the codon sequence found in the chart used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?
- Aribosomal RNA
- Btransfer RNA
- Cmessenger RNA
- Dtemplate DNA strand
- Emore than one of these
74the genetic code is redundant. this means that:
- Asome codons code for more than one amino acid
- Bmore than one ribosome can bind to an mRNA molecule
- Cthere is more than one stop codon in the genetic code
- Dsome amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
75as depicted in the central dogma, ____ is necessary to pass traits to future generations, whereas ____ are necessary for gene expression
- Areplication; transcription and translation
- Btranscription; translation and replication
- Ctranslation; replication and transcription
- Dnone of these
76which of the following is a small, circular DNA molecule, found in bacteria, and is used as a vector (a carrier that can transport a DNA fragment to a desired location?)
- Aprobe
- Bplasmid
- Ctransformation
- Drestriction enzyme
77a certain gene contains 60 nucleotides. close to when transcription of the gene begins, one extra nucleotide is inserted into the growing RNA. as a result, the polypeptide later produced ____
- Awill most likely have one fewer amino acids
- Bwill most likely contain one altered amino acid
- Cwill most likely contain several incorrect amino acids due to a frameshift
- Dwill most likely contain one extra amino acid
78the transcriptionally regulated genes within an operon that code for the proteins needed to achieve the operon's overall goal are called the
- Arepressible
- Bregulatory
- Cinducible
- Dstructural
79which gene segment is positioned in between the promoter and the structural genes?
- Athe RNA polymerase
- Bthe operator
- Cthe repressor protein
- Dthe codon
80some operons are considered inducible while others are repressible. which situation describes the lac operon and trp operons?
- Alac is inducible; trp is repressible
- Bboth are inducible
- Clac is repressible; trp is inducible
- Dboth are repressible
81an E. coli cell is growing in an environment that contains no lactose and no trytophan. which genes would you expect to be actively expressed in this cell?
- Athe trp E structural gene
- Bthe lac Z gene
- Cthe regulatory gene that is the lac operon
- Dtwo of the previos choices are correct
- Eall of the previous choices are correct
82the expression of a certain gene was recently studied in a large number of cells from a large number of individuals. in every cell type and in every organism the rate of gene expression was the same. this suggests that the gene is
- Acontrolled in a repressible operon
- Bcontrolled in an inducible operon
- Ccatabolic
- Dconstitutively expressed
- Enot easily classified
83a certain infectious bacterium uses five enzymes to synthesize its disease causing components. all five of these enzymes are produced together in the bacterial cell. the region of the bacterial DNA that contains the genes for these enzymes is most precisely called a(n)
- Avector
- Bregulatory region
- Cchromosome
- Doperon
84which portion of the lac operon must be attached to something (i.e. an outside molecule) for initiation of transcription of the structural genes to occur?
- Astructural gene D
- Bstructural gene E
- Cthe lac promoter region
- Dthe lac operator region
85a bacterial culture can produce molecule Z. production is reduced when molecule Z is produced by the cells in large amounts or when it is added by a researcher to the growth medium. production of molecule Z is
- Asporadic
- Bconstitutive
- Ccontrolled by a repressible operon
- Dcontrolled by an inducible operon
86what is the primary goal of the lac operon in E. coli?
- Ato break lactose into its subunits
- Bto use lactose as a molecular building block
- Cto synthesize lactose from smaller components
- Dall of the above
87in the lac operon, what would be the result of a defect in the operator site that prevented repressor attachment?
- Athe repressor would attach to the promoter
- Bthe operon would be permanently turned on
- Cthe structural genes would not be expressed
- Dthe operon would be permanently turned off
88which gene codes for a catabolic enzyme?
- Agene E in the trp operon
- Bgene z in the lac operon
- Cgene a in the trp operon
- Dthe operator segment in the lac operon
- Enone of these
89which characteristics of eukaryotes present challenges to our study of gene regulation?
1. relatively short life span and lack of developmental changes
2. increased size of the eukaryotic genome
3. multicellularity with cell specialization
4. simplistic internal cell anatomy- Aall four charateristics
- Bcharacteristic 2 and 3
- Ccharacteristic 2, 3, and 4
- Dcharacteristic 3, exclusively
90tightly fitted sheets of cells are observed in ____ tissues
- Acartilage
- Bblood
- Cepithelial
- Dconnective
91the ability to exert force by contracting is observed in _____ tissues
- Amuscle
- Bnervous
- Cepithelial
- Dblood
92the linings of blood vessels are called ____ but are categorized as simple squamous epithelium
- Aexovascular
- Bendothelium
- Cectothelium
- Depicardium
93autocrine signaling differs from other types of signaling in that the signaling molecule
- Ais received by the same cell that sends it
- Bacts on nearby cells
- Cbinds to a receptor
- Dis secreted by neurons only
94channel-linked receptors such as those that bind to neurotransmitters
- Acan be ligand-gated or voltage gated
- Bmust be located on a cell membrane like the plasma membrane
- Callow for movement of ions down their concentration gradients
- Dtwo of these are correct
- Eall of these are correct
95of the four steps in neural signaling, which one involves sorting and interpretation of stimuli?
- Atransmission
- Bintegration
- Creception
- Dnone of these
96stimuli are often converted to electrical signals by
- Asensory receptors
- Bglial cells
- Cautonomic nerves
- Defferent neurons
97which of the following conditions can provide environmental information to a sensory receptor?
- Amolecular concentration
- Bpressure changes and vibrations
- Clight and heat
- Dtwo of these
- Eall of the above
98the conversion of stimulus energy into an energy form that can be communicated to the central nervous system is called
- Aadaptation
- Breception
- Csummation
- Dtransduction
99free nerve endings are involved in the sense of
- Asmell
- Bsight
- Cpain
- Dtouch
- Etaste
100the ability for visual accommodation is possessed by
- Ainsects and vertebrates
- Bvertebrates, sea stars, and hydra
- Cvertebrates
- Dvertebrates, flatworms, and crustaceans
101which of the following statements is false?
- Acones allow us to see colors
- Bthe fovea portion of the retina has a high concentration of rods and a low concentration of cones
- Crods are more sensitive to dim light than cones
- Dall of the statements are false
102which statement is false?
- Athe sclera controls the amount of light that enters the pupil
- Bthe retina contains photoreceptors
- Cthe cornea is transparent
- Dciliary muscles are necessary for accommodation
103the first focusing element in a vertebrate eye from the front to the back is the
- Acornea
- Biris
- Clens
- Dretina
104___ is an accumulation of excess connetive tissue on the lens, resulting in visual impairment
- Acataract
- Bfarsightedness
- Can astigmatism
- Dglaucoma
105which portion of the human ear contains sensor receptors
- Atympanic membrane
- Bcochlea
- Csemicircular canals
- Dpinna
- Emore than one of these
106place the parts of the ear in the correct order as sound waves are received by the outer ear for transduction to a receptor potential for hearing
1. incus
2. malleus
3. stapes
4. tympanic membrane
5. semicircular canals
6. cochlea- A42135
- B21346
- C42136
- D51236
107the direction of information flow in a single neuron is from the ___ to the ___ and finally to the ___.
- Adendrite, cell body, synaptic terminus, axon
- Bsynaptic terminus, cell body, dendrite, axon
- Cdendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic terminus
- Daxon, cell body, synaptic terminus, dendrite
108as organisms exhibiting bilateral symmetry evolved, nervous systems exhibiting ___ developed
- Anerve cords running anterior > posterior
- Ba center of coordination
- Cneurons with specific functions
- Dgreater numbers of neurons (per body mass)
- Eall of the above
109the triple layer of tissues which surround and protect the central nervous system are called the
- Ameninges
- Bglial cells
- Cappendicular skeleton
- Dneuromuscular junction
110in humans, ___ nerves prepare our organs to respond to stressful situations
- Asympathetic
- Bsomatic
- Ccerebral
- Dparasympathetic
111the presence of a myelin sheath can increase the
- Aspeed of the impulse
- Bthreshold value
- Cresting potential
- Dintensity of an impulse
112a single neuron sends a message along its axon. the message is sent back to an earlier neuron in the pathway, causing positive feedback. this type of neural citcuit is called
- Areverbrating
- Bconvergent
- Cdivergent
- Dreflex
113which of the following would you expect to have the greatest influence on the generation of action potentials in neurons?
- Aion concentration
- BpH
- Chydration levels
- Dtemperature
114which scenario best describes the generation of an action potential in a neuron?
- Ainflux of calciumm depolarizes the cell and efflux of hydrogen replarizes the cell
- Binflux of potassium depolarizes the cell and efflux of calcium repolarizes the cell
- Cinflux of potassium depolarizes the cell and efflux of sodium repolarizes the cell
- Dinflux of sodium depolarizes the cell and efflux of potassium repolarizes the cell
115an impulse travels to the pre-synaptic terminal of a neuron, which of the following is the most direct response to this occurence?
- Aion channels on the post-synaptic cell open
- Bneurotransmitters attach to the post-synaptic cell
- Can influx of calcium causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane
- Dsodium ions leave the neuron
116if the neurotransmitter glycine caused negatively charged ions to enter a resting neuron, it would create a(n) ___ state
- Adepolarized
- Bexcitatory
- Creflexive
- Dhyperpolarized
117which of the following are components of the central nervous system?
- Aoptic nerve
- Bthe cerebrum
- Cfemoral nerve (in the thigh)
- Dradial nerve (in the arm and wrist)
- Emore than one choice is correct
118in multicellular organism, tissues that maintain homeostasis by responding to nerve impulses formed after a stimulus are called ____
- Aeffectors
- Bsensory tissues
- Cimmunogens
- Dneural tissues
119why are skeletons useful in achieving locomotion?
- Amovement of skeleton components push muscles
- Bions contained in skeletal tissue sreve as neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions
- Cthey provide a stationary point of resistance to muscle contraction
- Dions contained in skeletal tissue initiate muscle contraction
120exoskeletons are present in ___
- Acnidarian (hydras)
- Bvertebrates (horses)
- Cmollusks (snail)
- Dtwo of the previous choices are correct
121bones of limbs are ___
- Aaxial
- Bterminal
- Cappendicular
- Dcranial
122the vertebrae are ___
- Athe bones to which the femurs are attached
- Bthe subunits of the spinal cord
- Cthe layers of protective tissue around peripheral nerves
- Dthe bones of the wrist and ankle
- Enone of the previous choices is correct
123the point of a skeleton where bones are connected to each other in a hinge is called a ___
- Aligament
- Bjoint
- Ctendon
- Dcartilage
124when a muscle contracts, it pulls on a ___ which then pulls on a ___
- Aligament ... joint
- Btendon ... bone
- Cjoint ... tendon
- Dbone ... tendon
125ATP hydrolysis is essential for ___
- Amuscle relaxation
- Bmuscle contraction
- Cboth
- Dneither
126the organizational unit known as an osteon is a component of ___
- Aspongy bone
- Bcardiac muscle
- Cjoints
- Dcompact bone
127a certain individual has an elevated number of osteoclasts and a reduced number of osteoblasts. which of the following health conditions might result from this?
- Abone spurs
- Bmuscle spasms
- Cmuscle degeneration
- Dosteoporosis
128which type of muscle is striated and responds to involuntary neural signals?
- Askeletal
- Bsmooth
- Ccardiac
- Dmore than one of these is correct
129a tube-shaped component in a muscle fiber, composed of overlapping myofilaments, is known as ___
- Aa sarcolemma
- Ba T tubule
- Ca myofibril
- Da muscle
130each time the tricep muscle in your upper arm contracts,
- Athe biceps muscle in the opposite arm relaxes
- Bthe biceps muscle in the same arm contracts
- Cthe biceps muscle in the same arm relaxes
- Dthe biceps muscle in the opposite arm contracts
131according to the sliding filament theory, when a skeletal muscle contracts, ___
- Athe myosin filaments get shorter
- Bthe Z lines of a sarcomere move away from each other
- Cthe actin filaments get shorter
- Dnone of the above occurs
132which of the following is associated with muscle fatigue and cramping?
- Alactic acid accumulation
- Bhemoglobin depletion
- Ccalcium deficiency
- DADP depletion
133acetylcholine would most likely be found ___
- Ain T tubules
- Bin a sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Cattached to microfilaments
- Din a neuromuscular junction
- Enone of the choices is correct
134what is a cross-bridge?
- Athe connection between a neuron and a muscle
- Bthe connection that forms between actin and myosin
- Cthe connection between two osteons
- Dthe connection between a joint and two bones
135high oxygen concentration in blood enables a high metabolic rate and greater level of activity/physical exertion. based on relative activity levels and respiratory and circulatory system complexity, which organism would you expect to have the highest clood O2?
- Afrog
- Bbird
- Ccrocodile
- Dsnake
- Eall how rougly the same blood O2
136which os the following have open circulatory systems
- Acnidarians
- Bplatyhelminthes
- Cboth of these
- Dneither of these
137new red blood cells are synthesized by ___
- Abone marrow
- Bspleen
- Cmature red blood cells
- Dmuscles
138the oxygen carrier molecule hemoglobin is an essential compoent of ___
- Aerythrocytes
- Bred and white blood cells and platelets
- Cred blood cells and white blood cells
- Dplatelets and red blood cells
139the cellular fragment ___ is necessary for normal blood clotting ability
- Ahemoglobin
- Bplatelets
- Ccarbon dioxide
- Dplasma
140blood is composed of cellular components, suspended in a fluid. which of the following best describes the proportion of cells to fluids in blood?
- Athe proportion varies greatly from individual to individual assuming the individuals are well hydrated and do not have a cancer of the blood
- Bthere is a roughly equal amount of fluid and cells
- Cthere are many more cells than there is fluid
- Dthere is much more fluid than cellular material
141the main difference between arteries and veins is that arteries
- Acarry blood containing a higher concentration of oxygen
- Btake blood away from the heart
- Ccarry blood containing a higher concentration of carbon dioxide
- Dmore than one of these is correct
142where is blood pressure the lowest?
- Aall are the same
- Bpulmonary artery
- Cdorsal aorta
- Dvena cava
143the superior and inferior vena cava deliver ___ blood to the ____
- Aoxygenated ... right ventricle
- Bdeoxygenated ... right atrium
- Coxygenated ... left atrium
- Ddeoxygenated ... left atrium
144which sequence correctly describes the pulmonary circuit?
- Aright atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary capillaries in lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium
- Bright atrium > left atrium > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary capillaries in lungs > pulmonary veins > right ventricle
- Cright atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary veins > pulmonary capillaries in lungs > pulmonary arteries > left atrium
- Dleft atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary capillaries in lungs > pulmonary veins > right atrium
145the presence of two circulatory pathways (systemic and pulmonary) is typically observed in ___
- Abirds
- Bfishes
- Cearthworms
- Dhydra
146the blood vessels that contain valves are called ___
- Aarteries
- Barterioles
- Ccapillaries
- Dveins
- Emore than one of these
147the spleen is a part of the ___ system
- Areproductive
- Bcardiovascular
- Cdisgestive
- Dimmune
148which os the following is a connection between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system?
- Athe lymph system synthesizes erythrocytes for the blood
- Bthe lymph system collects and delivers interstitial fluid back to the blood
- Carteris are part of the lymphatic system
- Dthey are not related
149respiratory systems in insects use ___ to transport oxygen directly into tissues
- Aalveoli
- Bgills
- Cbronchi
- Dtracheoles
- Eall of the above
150gas exchange is best accomplished by moving air across a ___ membrane
- Adry, thin
- Bpositively charged, dry
- Cnegatively charged, thick
- Dmoist, thin
151during ___ the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity contracts, and air is expelled
- Ainspiration
- Binhalation
- Cnone of these
- Dexpiration
152which sequence of structures is correct (exterior > interior)
- Aalveolus, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus
- Bbronchus, trachea, bronchiole, alveolus
- Ctrachea, bronchiole, bronchus, alveolus
- Dtrachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
153microbial infection of the bronchi, leading to airway obstruction and inflammation is called ___
- Aemphysema
- Bbronchitis
- Casthma
- Dcystic fibrosis
154in non-specific immunity, repeated exposure to a pathogen ___
- Aincreases the strength but decreases the speed of the immune response
- Bdecreases the speed and strength of the immune response
- Chas no affect of the speed or strength of the immune response
- Dincreases the speed of the immune response
155non-specific immunity is ___, while specific immunity is ___
- Ainduced ... suppressed
- Bsuppressed ... induced
- Cacquired ... innate
- Dinnate ... acquired
156interactions between infectious materials and antibodies are the central aspect of ___
- Aphysiologic immunity
- Bnon-specific immunity
- Chumoral immunity
- Dcell-mediated immunity
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- Toria Chukwuemeka
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