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Questions in this quiz (73)
1Which of the following is true of innate behaviours?
- AGenes have very little influence on the expression of
innate behaviours. - BInnate behaviours tend to vary considerably among
members of a population. - CInnate behaviours are limited to invertebrate animals.
- DInnate behaviours are expressed in most individuals in a
population across a wide range of environmental conditions. - EInnate behaviours occur in invertebrates and some
vertebrates but not in mammals
- AGenes have very little influence on the expression of
2Which of the following is not required for a behavioural trait to evolve by natural selection?
- AIn each individual, the form of the behaviour is determined entirely by genes
- BThe behaviour varies among individuals.
- CAn individual’s reproductive success depends in part on how the behaviour is performed.
- DSome component of the behaviour is genetically inherited
- EAn individual's genotype influences its behavioural phenotype
3According to Hamlton's rule
- Anatural selection does not favour altruistic behaviour that
causes the death of the altruist. - Bnatural selection favours altruistic acts when the resulting
benefit to the beneficiary, correct for relatedness, exceeds
the cost to the altruist. - Cnatural selection is more likely to favour altruistic behaviour
that benefits an offspring than altruistic behaviour that
benefits a sibling. - Dthe effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of
direct natural selection on individuals. - Ealtruism is always reciprocal
- Anatural selection does not favour altruistic behaviour that
4The core idea of sociobiology is that:
- Ahuman behaviour is rigidly determined by inheritance
- BHumans cannot choose to change their social behaviour
- Cmuch human behaviour has evolved by natural selection
- Dthe social behaviour of humans has many similarities to
that of social insects such as honeybees - Ethe environment play's a larger role than genes in shaping
human behaviour
5Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems?
- Apopulation ecology
- Borganismal ecology
- Clandscape ecology
- Decosystem ecology
- Ecommunity ecology
6If Earth’s axis of rotation suddenly became perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, the most predictable effect would be
- Ano more night and day
- Ba big change in the length of the year
- Ca cooling of the equator
- Da loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes
- Ethe elimination of ocean currents
7When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes
- Ain biomes at different latitudes.
- Bat different depths in the ocean
- Cin a community through different seasons
- Din an ecosystem as it evolves over time
- Eacross the United States from east to west
8The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except
- AProducing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen
- Bremoving carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- Cmoderating the climate of terrestrial biomes
- Dregulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
- EBeing the source of most of Earth’s rainfall
9Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake
- ABenithic zone
- BAphotic zone
- CPelagic zone
- DLittoral zone
- ELimnetic zone
10Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?
- AAnnual average rainfall more than 250cm
- BA distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns
- CClear boundaries between adjacent biomes
- DVegetation demonstrating stratification
- ECold winter months
11Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate?
- ASavanna- low temperature, precipitation uniform during the year
- BTundra- long summers, mild winters
- CTemperate broadleaf forest- relatively short growing season, mild winters
- DTemperate grasslands- relatively warm winters, most rainfall in summer
- ETropical forests- nearly constant day length and temperature
12The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that:
- AThe size of the area occupied by the population is increasing
- BResources are distributed unevenly
- CThe members of the population are competing for access to a resource
- DThe member of the population are neither attracted to nor repelled by one another
- EThe density of the population is low
13Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to:
- ADetermine a population’s carrying capacity
- BDetermine if a population is regulated by density dependent processes.
- CDetermine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population
- DDetermine the factors that regulate the size of a population
- EDetermine if a population’s growth is cyclic
14A population’s carrying capacity
- ACan be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model
- BGenerally, remains constant over time.
- CIncreases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases
- DMay change as environmental conditions change
- ECan never be exceeded
15During exponential growth, a population always:
- AGrows by thousands of individuals
- BGrows at its maximum per capita rate
- CQuickly reaches its carrying capacity
- DCycles through time
- ELoses some individuals to emigration
16A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that:
- AEarth's carrying capacity for humans is about 10 billion
- BEarth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat
consumption increased. - CCurrent demand by industrialized countries for resources is
much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries. - DThe ecological footprint of the United States is large
because per capita resource use is high. - Eit is not possible for technological improvements to
increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans.
17The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s:
- ASecondary succession
- BEcological niche
- CTrophic structure
- DSpecies-area curve
- ESpecies richness
18The principle of competitive exclusion states that:
- ATwo species cannot coexist in the same habitat
- BCompetition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species
- CCompetition in a population promotes survival of the best-adapted individuals
- DTwo species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
- ETwo species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat
19Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they
- Acompetitively exclude other predators.
- Bprey on the community's dominant species
- Callow immigration of other predators
- Dreduce the number of disruptions in the community
- Eprey only on the least abundant species in the community
20Food chains are sometimes short because
- Aonly a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species
- Blocal extinction of a species causes extinction of the other
species in its food chain. - Cmost of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level.
- Dpredator species tend to be less diverse and less abundant than prey species.
- Emost producers are inedible
21Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community’s species diversity is Increased by:
- Afrequent massive disturbances
- Bstable conditions with no disturbance
- Cmoderate levels of disturbance
- Dwhen humans intervene to eliminate disturbance
- Eintensive disturbance by humans
22Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?
- ALimitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
- BInfluence of temperature on competition among plants
- CInfluence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers
- DEffect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
- EEffect of humidity on plant growth rates
23The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperature regions is that:
- ATropical communities are younger
- BTropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar
- CHigher temperatures cause more rapid speciation
- DBiodiversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases
- ETropical regions have very high rate of immigration and very low rates of extinction
24Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level?
- ACyanobacterium: primary producer
- BGrasshopper: primary consumer
- CZooplankton: primary producer
- DEagle: tertiary consumer
- EFungus: detritivore
25Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by
- Aconverting nitrogen gas to ammonia
- Breleasing ammonia from organic compounds thus returning it to the soil
- Cconverting ammonia to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere
- Dconverting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb
- Eincorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds
26Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?
- AEcosystem’s rate of primary production
- BThe production efficiency of the ecosystem’s consumers
- CThe rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
- DThe trophic efficiency of the ecosystem
- EThe location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem
27The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere over the past 150 years is
- Aincreased worldwide primary production
- Bincreased worldwide standing crop
- Can increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
- Dburning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
- Eadditional respiration by the rapidly growing human population
28Ecologists conclude there is a biodiversity crisis because:
- Abiophilia causes humans to feel ethically responsible for
protecting other species. - Bscientists have at last discovered and counted most of Earth's species and can now accurately calculate the current extinction rate
- Ccurrent extinction rates are very high and many species are threatened or endangered.
- Dmany potential life-saving medicines are being lost as species evolve.
- EThere are too few biodiversity hot spots
- Abiophilia causes humans to feel ethically responsible for
29Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation?
- AAdding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability
- BUsing a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine
- CIdentifying a new biodiversity hot spot
- DReconfiguring the channel of a river
- EAdding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium
30One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that
- Aits habitat is fragmented
- Bit is rare, top-level predator
- Cits effective population size is much lower than its total population size
- Dits genetic diversity is very low
- Eit is not well adapted to edge conditions
31The discipline that applies ecological principles returning degraded ecosystems to more natural states is known as:
- Apopulation viability analysis
- Blandscape ecology
- Cconservation ecology
- Drestoration ecology
- Eresource ecology
32What is the greatest threat to biodiversity?
- AOverexploitation of commercially important species
- BIntroduced species that compete with or prey on native species
- CPollution of Earth’s air, water and soil
- DDisruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct
- EHabitat alteration, fragmentation and destruction
33Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?
- ACapture all remaining individuals in the population for
captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild. - BEstablish a reserve that protects the population’s habitat
- CIntroduce new individuals transported from other
populations of the same species. - DSterilize the least fit individuals in the population
- EControl populations of the endangered population’s predators and competitors
- ACapture all remaining individuals in the population for
34Fossilized stromatolites
- Aall date from 2.7 billion years ago.
- Bformed around deep.sea vents.
- Cresemble structures formed by bacterial communities that
are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays. - Dprovide evidence that plants moved onto land in the
company of fungi around 500 million years ago. - Econtain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date
from 2.1 billion years ago.
35The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
- Athe evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
- Bthe persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
- Cthe evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen
- Dthe evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria
- Ethe evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes
36Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception.
- Avacant ecological niches
- Bgenetic drift
- Ccolonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species
- Devolutionary innovation
- Ean adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food
37Among the characteristics unique to animals is
- Agastrulation.
- Bmulticellularity.
- Csexual reproduction
- Dflagellated sperm.
- Eheterotrophic nutrition.
38The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of
- Aa body cavity.
- Ba complete digestive tract.
- Ca circulatory system.
- Dtrue tissues.
- Emesoderm.
39Acoelomates are characterized by
- Athe absence of a brain.
- Bthe absence of mesoderm.
- Cdeuterostome development.
- Da coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm.
- Ea solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.
40Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?
- Athe emergence of predator-prey relationships among
animals - Bthe accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells
and different modes of locomotion - Cthe movement of animals onto land
- Dthe evolution of Hox genes that controlled development
- Ethe accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to
support the more active metabolism of mobile animals
- Athe emergence of predator-prey relationships among
41What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny?
- AAnimals in both groups are segmented.
- BAnimals in both groups undergo ecdysis.
- CThey both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar.
- DFossils reveal a common ancestor of the two phyla
- EAnalysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.
42Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
- Ain the style of a flower
- Binside the tip of a pollen tube
- Cenclosed in the stigma of a flower
- Dwithin an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
- Epacked into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
43A fruit is most commonly
- Aa mature ovary.
- Ba thickened style.
- Can enlarged ovule.
- Da modified root.
- Ea mature female gametophyte.
44With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?
- Aegg-n
- Bmegaspore-2n
- Cmicrospore-n
- Dzygote-2n
- Esperm-n
45Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
- Aalternation of generations
- Bovules
- Cinteguments
- Dpollen
- Edependent gametophytes
46Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
- Aseeds.
- Bpollen.
- Cvascular tissue
- Dovaries.
- Eovules.
47Which phylum is characterised by animals that have a segmented body?
- ACnidaria
- BPlatyhelminthes
- CSilicea
- DArthropoda
- EMollusca
48The water vascular system of echinoderms
- Afunctions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients
to body cells. - Bfunctions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
- Cis bilateral in organisation, even though the adult animal is
not bilaterally symmetrical. - Dmoves water through the animal's body during suspension
feeding. - Eis analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms.
- Afunctions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients
49Which of the following characteristics is probably most responsible for the great diversification of insects on land?
- Asegmentation
- Bantennae
- Ceyes
- Dbilateral symmetry
- Eexoskeleton
50Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?
- AEchinodermata-bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom
present - BNematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate
- CCnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms
- DPlatyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity,
acoelomate - ECalcarea-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present
- AEchinodermata-bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom
51Vertebrates and tunicates share
- Ajaws adapted for feeding.
- Ba high degree of cephalization.
- Cthe formation of structures from the neural crest.
- Dan endoskeleton that includes a skull.
- Ea notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
52Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent
- Athe first chordates.
- Ba "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates.
- Cearly craniates.
- Dmarsupials.
- Enon tetrapod gnathostomes.
53Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
- Aa sturdy-finned. shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages
- Ban armoured, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
- Can early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
- Da salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes
- Ean early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily
54Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except
- Aendothermy
- Bdescent from a common amniotic
- Ca dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- Dan archosaur common ancestor
- Ean amniotic egg
55Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
- Alack nipples.
- Bhave some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus.
- Clay eggs
- Dare found in Australia and Africa.
- Einclude only insectivores and herbivores.
56Which clade does not include humans?
- Asynapsids
- Blobe-fins
- Cdiapsids
- Dcraniates
- Eosteichthyans
57As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
- Areduced jawbones
- Blanguage
- Cbipedal locomotion
- Dthe making of stone tools
- Ean enlarged brain
58A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be
- Abee-pollinated
- Bbird-pollinated
- Cbat-pollinated
- Dwind-pollinated
- Emoth-pollinated
59A seed develops from
- Aan ovum
- Ba pollen grain
- Can ovule
- Dan ovary
- Ean embryo
60A fruit is
- Aa mature ovary
- Ba mature ovule
- Ca seed and its integuments
- Da fused carpel
- Eand enlarged embryo sac
61Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?
- Alion-substrate feeder
- Bbaleen whale-suspension feeder
- Caphid-fluid feeder
- Dclam-suspension feeder
- Esnake-bulk feeder
62Which ofthe following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
- Asimilar sperm structure
- Bsimilarities in chloroplast shape
- Csimilarities in cell wall formation during cell division
- Dgenetic similarities in chloroplasts
- Esimilarities in proteins that synthesise cellulose
63Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives. the charophyte algae?
- Achlorophyll b
- Bcellulose in cell walls
- Cformation of a cell plate during cytokinesis
- Dsexual reproduction
- Ealternation of multicellular generations
64Which of the following is not shared by all phyla of vascular plants?
- Athe development of seeds
- Balternation of generations
- Cdominance of the diploid generation
- Dxylem and phloem
- Ethe addition of lignin to cell walls
65Microphylls are found in which of the following groups of plants?
- Amosses
- Bliverworts
- Clycophytes
- Dferns
- Ehornworts
66Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
- Amoss
- Bfern
- Cliverwort
- Dcharophyte
- Ehornwort
67Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true?
- AFertilization would probably be more difficult.
- BSpore dispersal distances might increase but probably
would not decrease. - CFemales could produce only one archegonium.
- DUnless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree"
might flop over. - EIndividuals could compete more effectively for access to light.
68Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation?
- AA population becomes geographically isolated from the
parent population. - BThe separated population is small, and genetic drift
- CThe isolated population is exposed to different selection
pressures than the ancestral population. - DDifferent mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of
the separated populations. - EGene flow between the two populations is extensive.
- AA population becomes geographically isolated from the
69Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
- AThere is heritable variation among individuals.
- BPoorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
- CSpecies produce more offspring than the environment can support.
- Dndividuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less suited.
- EOnly a fraction of the offspring produced by an individual may survive.
70The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fJirly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. \Vhich of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
- AHumans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms.
- BForelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales.
- CNatural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
- DGenes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.
- EWhales are not properly classified as mammals.
71Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?
- ASpecies diversity declines farther from the equator.
- BFewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.
- CBirds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance.
- DSouth American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
- EEarthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.
72DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that:
- Ahumans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
- Bhumans evolved from chimpanzees.
- Cchimpanzees evolved from humans
- Dconvergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.
- Ehumans and chimpanzees are not closely related.
73Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?
- Athe wings of a bat and the arms of a human
- Bthe haemoglobin of a baboon and that of a gorilla
- Cthe mitochondria of a plant and those of an animal
- Dthe wings of a bird and those of an insect
- Ethe brain of a cat and that of a dog
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- Quiz on BY1102, created by Alannah Peters on 09/05/2017.
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