JACKIE'S COGNITION FINAL STUDY GUIDE

1. 1Cognitive psychologists think of solving problems as moving through a _____

   1. AState Space
   2. BProblem Area
   3. CSolution Set
   4. DHeuristic Zone
2. 2To solve a problem, one must move from the _______ to the _________ through a series of ________.

   1. AInitial state;goal state; random guess
   2. Bgoal state; initial state; state transitions
   3. Cinitial state; goal state; state transitions
   4. Dgoal state; initial state; random guesses
3. 3The saying "always look forward, never go backwards" best describes which operating heuristic?

   1. AWorking Backwards
   2. BMeans-Ends Analysis
   3. CWorking Forward
   4. DDifference Reduction
4. 4What is the major difference between how humans solve problems compared to how computers solve problems?

   1. AThey are actually very similar- both humans and computers look for patterns and use heuristics
   2. BThey are actually very similar - both humans and computers search thoroughly through all possibilites using brute force
   3. CHumans look for patterns and use heuristics while computers search thoroughly through all possibilities using brute force
   4. DHumans search thoroughly through all possibilites using brute force while computers look for patterns and use heuristics
5. 5Seemingly difficult problems like the mutilated checkboard puzzle are easy if you have _______

   1. Athe right mental attitude
   2. Bthe correct problem representation
   3. Cfunctional fixedness
   4. Dthe einstellung effect
6. 6Which of the following barriers to problem solving is McGyver especially good at overcoming?

   1. AThe einstellung effect
   2. BFunctional fixedness
   3. CBackup avoidance
   4. DExerting proper effort
7. 7When you find a solution to a problem and then keep using that solution despite the fact that other easier solutions are available, you are falling prey to

   1. Athe einstellung effect
   2. Bfunctional fixedness
   3. Cbackup avoidance
   4. Dthe wrong problem representation
8. 8Which choice below has Walla's Four Stages of problem solving in the correct order?

   1. AVerification; Illumination; Incubation; Preparation
   2. BIllumination; Verification; Incubation; Preparation
   3. CPreparation; Illumination; Incubation; Verification
   4. DPreparation; Incubation; Illumination; Verification
9. 9If you are trying to solve a difficult problem and get stuck, the best thing to do is

   1. AKeep going and work on it as long as possible
   2. Btake a break from the problem and think about something else for a while
   3. Cchange context to avoid blocking
   4. Dboth B & C
10. 10Which of the following are true about the analogical transfer of operators?

    1. APeople aren't very good at using analogies to solve problems
    2. BExperts use surface similarity while novices use deep similarity
    3. CNovices use surface similarity while experts use deep similarity
    4. DNeither novices nor experts use deep similarity

11. 11The fact that Brazilian schoolchildren could easily calculate the cost of 5 lemons at 35 cruzeiros each when selling fruit on the street but struggled to solve the math problem 5 x 35 in school demonstrates that _____

    1. Aexpertise generalizes widely
    2. Bexpertise is domain specific
    3. Cmost children are bad at math
    4. Dlemons make you smarter
12. 12When people try out for American Idol yet can't sing in key, that is evidence that they are

    1. Aunskilled & unaware
    2. Bunskilled & aware
    3. Cskilled & aware
    4. Dskilled & unaware
13. 13When people are particularly bad in some domain, they tend to overestimate their abilities. What happens when they get some training in that domain?

    1. ATheir estimate of their skills stays the same
    2. Bthey become worse in the domain
    3. Ctheir estimate of their skills goes up
    4. Dtheir estimate of their skill goes down
14. 14In which stage of skill acquisition are the rules for perfomance being chunked and consolidated into procedural memory?

    1. ACognitive stage
    2. BAssociative stage
    3. CAutonomous stage
    4. DAll of the above
15. 15If a chess expert is asked to memorize and then replicate a chessboard with pieces in random (non-game) positions, he or she remembers

    1. Aabout as many pieces as a chess novice
    2. Bmore pieces than a chess novice
    3. Cfewer pieces than a chess novice
    4. Dall of the pieces perfectly
16. 16Accorfing to Allard & Starks (1991), why are Field Hockey experts better than Volleyball experts at remembering the configuration of players in a game?

    1. AThe configuration of players is important in Field Hockey but not in Volleyball
    2. BThe configuration of players is important in Volleyball but not in Field Hockey
    3. CVolleyball experts tend to have more hours of practice than Field Hockey Experts
    4. DField Hockey experts tend to have more hours of practice than Volleyball experts
    5. EField Hockey experts tend to start at an earlier age than Volleyball experts
17. 17What do you call practicing in an effortful, self-monitoring mode, meant to improve specific aspects of performance?

    1. APractice
    2. BEffortful Practice
    3. CDeliberate practice
    4. DEmbracing the grind
18. 18In which stage of skill acquisition are the rules for performance being transferred from declarative memory to procedural memory?

    1. AProceduralization
    2. BTactical Learning
    3. CStrategic Learning
    4. DAll of the above
19. 19Which is an area of expertise that is often overlooked, but which can be trained specifically to improve information discovery and pickup?

    1. AProblem Memory
    2. BProblem Sensation
    3. CSensory Expertise
    4. DPerceptual Learning
20. 20Which philosophical perspective correctly proposes that the mind is like a patchwork of specialized modules?

    1. ADoctrine of Formal Discipline
    2. BTheory of Identical Elements
    3. CThe Quilt Theory of Cortical Structure
    4. DNone of the Above
21. 21Rule: "If it's raining, then the driveway is wet." The driveway is not wet, therefore you can conclude ________ by ___________.

    1. Ait is not raining; Modus Tollens
    2. Bit is not raining; Modus Ponens
    3. Cit is raining; Modus Tollens
    4. Dit is raining; Modus Ponens
22. 22What is it called when people fail to consider the basic probability of events when reasoning, such as the small number of Ivy League Classics professors compared to truck drivers?

    1. AConditional rate neglect
    2. BBase rate neglect
    3. CBase rate bias
    4. DConditional rate bias
23. 23If a roulette wheel has hit red 10 times in a row and you want to bet on black because you think black is, "overdue" then you have fallen victims to ________/

    1. Athe representativeness heuristic
    2. Bbase rate neglect
    3. Cthe gambler's fallacy
    4. Dthe availability heuristic
24. 24If you have a 50% chance to win $100, what is the expected value of that proposition?

    1. A$0
    2. B$25
    3. C$50
    4. D$100
25. 25Which of the following propositions are people usually more likely to accept?

    1. AA 100% chance to win $1 million
    2. BA 50% chance to win $2 million and a 50% chance to win nothing
26. 26Which of the following propositions are people usually more likely to accept

    1. AA 100% chance to lose $1 million
    2. Ba 50% chance to lose $2 million and a 50% chance to lose nothing
27. 27When the new husband tells the bride's father, "Don't think of it as losing a daughter, think of it as gaining a son!" he is using ______

    1. Athe availability heuristic
    2. Bthe representativeness heuristic
    3. Ca framing effect
    4. Danchoring and adjustment
28. 28When people judge it more likely that there will be a major earthquake that strikes California in the next month than there will be a major earthquake that strikes the United States in the next month, they are using _______

    1. Athe availability heuristic
    2. Bthe representativeness heuristic
    3. Ca framing effect
    4. Danchoring and adjustment
29. 29After seeing several television programs on shark attacks, you start to think that such incidences are relatively common. When you go on vacation, you refuse to swim n the ocean because you believe the probability of a shark attack is high. You are using

    1. Athe availability heuristic
    2. Bthe representativeness heuristic
    3. Chindsight bias
    4. Danchoring and adjustment
30. 30You are cleaning the kitchen and set a glass pitcher on the counter. A moment later, you knock the pitcher off the counter, shattering it on the ground. You think to yourself " I knew that was going to happen!" You are using

    1. Athe availability heuristic
    2. Bthe representativeness heuristic
    3. Chindsight bias
    4. Danchoring and adjustment
31. 31This syndrome is characterized by fluent but relatively meaningless speech.

    1. ABroca's Aphasia
    2. BWernicke's Aphasia
    3. CConduction Aphasia
    4. DNone of the above
32. 32This syndrome is characterized by disfluent but meaningful speech.

    1. ABroca's Aphasia
    2. BWernicke's Aphasia
    3. CConduction Aphasia
    4. DNone of the above
33. 33Which of the follwing aspects of grammar describes word order and inflection?

    1. ASyntax
    2. BSemantics
    3. CPhonology
    4. DAll of the above
34. 34When people make speech errors, sound subsitions tend to occur ______ phrases and word subsitions tend to occur ______ phrases

    1. Awithin; between
    2. Bbetween; within
    3. Cwithin; within
    4. Dbetween; between
35. 35What is strong Whorfian Hyphothesis?

    1. ALanguage and thought are independent of each other
    2. BLanguage depends on thought
    3. CThought depends on language
    4. DNone of the above
36. 36When children start babbling at about 6 months old, what is special about the sounds they make?

    1. AThe sounds are only the phonemes they hear around them
    2. BThe sounds are all the phonemes from every language in the world
    3. CThe sounds from words
    4. DThe sounds from phrases
37. 37What's interesting about the two-word utterances children make at around 18 months of age?

    1. AThe words are randomly ordered
    2. BThe words are consistently different than the correct order for the language in their enviornment
    3. CThe words are in the correct order for the language in their enviornment
    4. DChildren don't make two word utterances until they are 3 years old.
38. 38What is a creole?

    1. AA collection of words from different languages without grammar
    2. BA full-fledged language with grammatical rules
    3. CThe default accent babies have when they first start talking
    4. DAll of the above
39. 39What is interesting about pidgins and creoles?

    1. AIf children grow up hearing a pidgin, they turn it into a creole by adding grammatical rules
    2. BIf children grow up hearing a creole, they turn it into a pidgin by adding grammatical rules
    3. CIf children grow up hearing a creole, they never learn grammar
    4. DIf children grow up hearing a pidgin, they never learn grammar
40. 40In which of Piaget's stages of development would a child fail the " A- not- B" task?

    1. ASensory- Motor (0-2)
    2. BPre operational (2-7)
    3. CConcreate Operational (7-12)
    4. DFormal Operational (12+)
41. 41In which of Piaget's stages of development does a child eliminate egocentrism?

    1. ASensory-Motor(0-2)
    2. BPreoperational (2-7)
    3. CConcreate Operational (7-12)
    4. DFormal Operational (12+)
42. 42In which of Piaget's stages of development do children fail to have conservation of number and conservation of liquid?

    1. ASensory- Motor (0-2)
    2. BPreOperational (2-7)
    3. CConcreate Operational (7-12)
    4. DFormal Operational (12+)
43. 43In which of Piaget's stages of development do children first demonstrate logical reasoning and abstract thinking?

    1. ASensory-Motor(0-2)
    2. BPreoperational (2-7)
    3. CConcreate Operational (7-12)
    4. DFormal Operational (12+)
44. 44Put the following developmental biology events in the correct order:
    1. "Pruning" (neurons with no connections die off)
    2. Glial & Supporting Cell Development e.g. Myelination)
    3. "Blooming" (massive production of new neurons)

    1. A1 2 3
    2. B2 3 1
    3. C3 1 2
    4. D3 2 1
45. 45Which of the following assertions is MOST true about cognitive development?

    1. AIt is mostly nature - determined by genetics
    2. BIt is mostly nurture- determined by the environment
    3. CIt is both nature AND nurture- genetics and environment interact
46. 46______ intelligence reflects facts and experiences while ______ intelligence reflects the ability to reason and solve problems

    1. ACrystallized; fluid
    2. BFluid; Crystallized
    3. CInnate; environmental
    4. DEnvironmental ; Innate
47. 47What is intelligence quotient ( IQ)?

    1. AA measure of spatial intelligence only
    2. BA measure of verbal intelligence only
    3. C(Chronological Age/ Mental Age ) x 100
    4. D( Mental Age/ Chronological Age ) x 100
48. 48According to the Flynn Effect, the average intelligence of the population is _______ over time

    1. Aincreasing
    2. Bdecreasing
    3. Cremaining steady
49. 49Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

    1. AVerbal- linguistic
    2. BIntrapersonal
    3. CBiological
    4. DMathematical
50. 50Which of the following are important to characteristics of language?

    1. AProductivity
    2. BRegularity
    3. CGrammar
    4. DAll of the above

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Quiz on JACKIE'S COGNITION FINAL STUDY GUIDE, created by gerald david on 15/05/2017.

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Created on 15 May 2017 · updated on 16 May 2017

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