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Psych 215 Final Exam

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Unknown assignament/quizzes Quiz on Psych 215 Final Exam, created by Jade P on 21/07/2017.
Jade P
Quiz by Jade P, updated more than 1 year ago
Jade P
Created by Jade P almost 7 years ago
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Question 1

Question
If a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is essentially guaranteed to be different from the population mean. In general, the naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called what?
Answer
  • type I error
  • type II error
  • sampling error
  • inferential error

Question 2

Question
When an observer switches recording from one behavior during one interval to another behavior during another interval, it is known as ____ sampling.
Answer
  • time
  • individual
  • event
  • frequency

Question 3

Question
What outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect?
Answer
  • Type I error
  • a Type II error
  • correctly rejecting the null hypothesis
  • correctly failing to reject the null hypothesis

Question 4

Question
A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material outside of class. For this study, the average of 4.1 hours is an example of a(n) ____.
Answer
  • parameter
  • statistic
  • population
  • sample

Question 5

Question
The idiographic approach to research involves ____.
Answer
  • direct observation of individuals without their knowledge
  • interviewing people in a small group setting
  • the intensive study of one individual
  • the study of groups

Question 6

Question
What is the purpose for using habituation in an observational research study?
Answer
  • It helps ensure the objectivity of the measurements.
  • It helps ensure the reliability of the measurements.
  • It provides an operational definition for the variables being measured.
  • It helps ensure that the people being observed are not influenced by the presence of an observer.

Question 7

Question
Content analysis involves using behavioral observation techniques to record behaviors that ____.
Answer
  • occurred in the past
  • occur in institutional settings such as hospitals or prisons
  • occur in response to the researcher's suggestion
  • occur in movies or television shows

Question 8

Question
One category of data is obtained by measuring one variable for each individual in a single group of participants. What statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?.
Answer
  • descriptive statistics
  • t tests or analysis of variance
  • correlations or chi-square tests
  • analysis of variance or chi-square tests

Question 9

Question
In the observational study of adolescents at the mall, you count the number of social interaction behaviors that occur within a one-hour observation period. This is an example of the ____ method of quantifying behavior.
Answer
  • frequency
  • duration
  • interval
  • behavior counting

Question 10

Question
Which statistic was developed to correct problems with inter-rater reliability?
Answer
  • Cohen's kappa
  • Cronbach's alpha
  • Kuder-Richardson formula 20
  • Spearman-Brown formula

Question 11

Question
If the data in a scatter plot form a nearly perfect circle, the Pearson correlation would be approximately ____.
Answer
  • +0.8 or +0.9
  • -0.8 or -0.9
  • 1.00
  • zero

Question 12

Question
On a questionnaire, Dr. Ondirk asks participants to answer the following questions? "What do you think about the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes?" This is an example of a(n) ____ question.
Answer
  • restricted
  • rating scale
  • open-ended
  • partially open-ended

Question 13

Question
During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to prepare a list of behaviors called behavioral categories before the actual observation begins. The least likely purpose for this procedure is to ____.
Answer
  • ensure the objectivity of the measurements
  • evaluate the reliability of the measurements
  • provide an operational definition for the variables being measured
  • simplify the recording task for the observer(s)

Question 14

Question
A researcher conducts a survey to determine the average number of text messages that college students send or receive during a typical one-hour class. Which research strategy is being used?
Answer
  • descriptive
  • correlational
  • experimental
  • nonexperimental

Question 15

Question
A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local state college. The average number of hours spent sleeping each night for the entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of a ____.
Answer
  • statistic
  • parameter
  • sample
  • population

Question 16

Question
Which type of question is a Likert-type question?
Answer
  • open-ended
  • restricted
  • rating scale
  • physiological

Question 17

Question
Rosenham's research investigating the experiences of patients and patient-staff interactions in psychiatric hospitals is an example of ____.
Answer
  • participant observation
  • naturalistic observation
  • correlational research
  • case study research

Question 18

Question
Which statement identifies a potential problem with Internet surveys?
Answer
  • They tend to be costly and inefficient.
  • They limit flexibility in presenting questions and response alternatives.
  • It can be difficult to find a group of participants who share a specific interest.
  • It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample.

Question 19

Question
Bird watching is most similar to what type of research?
Answer
  • experimental
  • participant observation
  • naturalistic observation
  • quasi-experimental

Question 20

Question
A researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using ____.
Answer
  • participant observation
  • naturalistic observation
  • contrived observation
  • case study researc

Question 21

Question
Which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data?
Answer
  • parameters
  • statistics
  • descriptive statistics
  • inferential statistics

Question 22

Question
If a distribution of numerical scores contains one or two extremely high values, compared to the rest of the scores, which measure of central tendency would produce the most representative value?
Answer
  • the mean
  • the median
  • the mode
  • the standard deviation

Question 23

Question
What would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +.88?
Answer
  • points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right
  • points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right
  • points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right
  • points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right

Question 24

Question
The ages of the children in a summer camp range from 7 to 12 years old. A counselor constructs a frequency distribution graph showing the number of children for each of the six age groups. What kind of graph would be appropriate for this distribution
Answer
  • a line graph
  • a polygon
  • a bar graph
  • a scatter plot

Question 25

Question
A researcher reports a significant correlation using an alpha level of .01 . In this situation, the probability that the researcher is making a ____.
Answer
  • Type I error is p > .01
  • Type I error is p < .01
  • Type II error is p > .01
  • Type II error is p < .01

Question 26

Question
The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with the ____.
Answer
  • mean for a sample
  • mean for a population
  • variance for a sample
  • variance for a population

Question 27

Question
A researcher who wanted to observe behaviors in a private social club would probably need to use ____.
Answer
  • naturalistic observation
  • participant observation
  • contrived observation
  • unstructured observation

Question 28

Question
During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to have two observers record behavior simultaneously. What is the purpose for this procedure?
Answer
  • It is used to ensure the objectivity of the measurements.
  • It is used to evaluate the reliability of the measurements.
  • It provides an operational definition for the variables being measured.
  • It helps ensure that the behaviors are not influenced by the presence of an observer.

Question 29

Question
In a hypothesis test, standard error measures ____.
Answer
  • the size of the treatment effect
  • variability for the sample data
  • the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error
  • the amount of difference expected just by chance

Question 30

Question
A characteristic, usually a numerical value that describes a sample, is called a ____.
Answer
  • parameter
  • statistic
  • variable
  • constant

Question 31

Question
A researcher has measured self-esteem for a sample of 40 first-grade children. The researcher would like to divide the children into two equal‑sized groups consisting of the high self-esteem kids and the low self-esteem kids. Which statistical measure will identify the correct score to serve as the boundary between the high and the low self-esteem groups?
Answer
  • the mean
  • the median
  • the mode
  • the standard deviation

Question 32

Question
If a set of scores has a mean of 45 and a standard deviation of 9, then the scores have a variance of ____.
Answer
  • 3
  • 4.5
  • 18
  • 81

Question 33

Question
What problem is Cohen's kappa intended to correct?
Answer
  • Split-half reliability tends to underestimate the true reliability of the full test.
  • Split-half reliability tends to overestimate the true reliability of the full test.
  • The simple percentage of agreement tends to underestimate the true level of agreement between two observers.
  • The simple percentage of agreement tends to overestimate the true level of agreement between two observers

Question 34

Question
What is an advantage to administering a survey over the Internet?
Answer
  • 100% response rate
  • survey can be individualized based on responses
  • risk of interviewer bias
  • none of the options are advantages

Question 35

Question
What type of question allows participants the greatest flexibility in deciding how to answer?
Answer
  • open-ended
  • restricted
  • rating scale
  • physiological

Question 36

Question
Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____ items
Answer
  • open-ended
  • restricted
  • rating scale
  • physiological

Question 37

Question
How does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental or nonexperimental research strategies?
Answer
  • It involves comparing groups of scores.
  • It does not concern relationships between variables.
  • It attempts to describe and explain relationships between variables.
  • It does not involve the measurement of variables.

Question 38

Question
One category of data is obtained by measuring two different variables for each individual in a single group of participants. What statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?
Answer
  • descriptive statistics
  • t tests or analysis of variance
  • correlations or chi-square tests
  • analysis of variance or chi-square tests

Question 39

Question
Where is a score of X = 45 located in a distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 12?
Answer
  • slightly above average
  • far above average
  • slightly below average
  • far below average

Question 40

Question
What is a limitation of survey research?
Answer
  • It only can be used to measure attitudes and opinions.
  • It cannot be used to measure specific behaviors.
  • The results are often difficult to evaluate.
  • The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.

Question 41

Question
A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local state college. The entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of a ____.
Answer
  • statistic
  • parameter
  • sample
  • population

Question 42

Question
In an observational study of children in a day care setting, you select one participant at a time for observation. This is an example of using ____.
Answer
  • time sampling
  • event sampling
  • individual sampling
  • interval methodology

Question 43

Question
A scatter plot shows data points that are widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right. Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data? [ASK ABOUT THIS ONE]
Answer
  • 0.80
  • 0.40
  • 0.40.
  • 0.80.

Question 44

Question
A researcher studies a group of 25 preschool children in order to answer questions about the entire population of preschool children. What general categories of statistical techniques will this researcher be using?
Answer
  • parameters
  • statistics
  • descriptive statistics
  • inferential statistics

Question 45

Question
The ____ method for quantifying observations involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs in a specified period of time.
Answer
  • duration
  • frequency
  • interval
  • time sample

Question 46

Question
If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?
Answer
  • nominal only
  • nominal or ordinal
  • ratio only
  • interval or ratio

Question 47

Question
When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past, the measurement process is called ____.
Answer
  • behavioral observation
  • event sampling
  • content analysis
  • archival research

Question 48

Question
Which method for administering a survey requires the greatest amount of time from the researcher?
Answer
  • mailing surveys
  • making phone calls
  • distributing surveys to a group of participants
  • using the Internet

Question 49

Question
What is the definition of variance?
Answer
  • the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores
  • the average distance from the mean
  • the square root of the average distance from the mean
  • the average squared distance from the mean

Question 50

Question
A researcher has pairs of college student participants play a card game in the laboratory. However, the game is rigged to ensure that one participant experiences a long losing streak so that the researcher can observe how the losing students behave when they are frustrated. For this study, what kind of behavioral observation is being used?
Answer
  • naturalistic observation
  • participant observation
  • contrived observation
  • unstructured observation
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