RES Lectures 11 - 13

Which structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

Select the most appropriate reason for why cartilage is used for the nose.

The cartilages of the nose are paired: superiorly, two [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] cartilages, and inferiorly, the two [blank_start]alar[blank_end] cartilages. The alar cartilages are [blank_start]thicker[blank_end]. These cartilages are all separated by a [blank_start]septal[blank_end] cartilage.

Choose the incorrect statement about structures of the nose.

What is the purpose of the turbinates (conchae)?

Choose all correct statements referring to the paranasal sinuses.

The pharynx is a muscular tube with three parts: Nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Nasopharynx (above the [blank_start]soft[blank_end] palate) serves only as an air passage. The [blank_start]uvula[blank_end] and soft palate prevent food from entering the nasopharynx when swallowing. The mucosa on the posterior wall of the pharynx contains [blank_start]lymphoid[blank_end] tissue—the [blank_start]pharyngeal[blank_end] tonsils (or adenoids). The oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the [blank_start]epiglottis[blank_end] and both food and air pass through it. It contains the [blank_start]palatine and lingual[blank_end] tonsils. The laryngopharynx, is the region below the epiglottis extending to the [blank_start]larynx[blank_end], where the respiratory and digestive tracts [blank_start]diverge[blank_end]. During swallowing, food has ‘[blank_start]right of way[blank_end]’ over air and breathing is paused.

Which tonsils are commonly infected in children, and which part of the pharynx are they in?

The epithelium in passages that transport both air and food are lined with a [blank_start]stratified[blank_end], squamous epithelium. This is to protect the throat from [blank_start]physical and chemical[blank_end] wear and tear.

Which of these is not a function of the larynx?

Choose the correct statement about the larynx.

Which kind of epithelium would line the areas of the respiratory tract where only air passes through? (respiratory mucosa)

Which part of the nose contains sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles?

What is an alternate name for the hairs of the nose?

The nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucosa: olfactory and [blank_start]mucosa[blank_end]. The olfactory mucosa lines the slit-like opening [blank_start]at the roof[blank_end] of the nasal cavity, and contains [blank_start]smell[blank_end] receptors.

Incoming air is warmed by the vascular plexus, a bed of thin walled [blank_start]veins[blank_end]. If the outside temperature drops then it is sensed and the vascular plexus [blank_start]vasodilates[blank_end] to allow greater flow and intensify the heat transfer.

Why might someone experience a runny nose on a cold day?

The oesophagus sits anterior to the trachea.

Choose the incorrect statement about the trachea.

To accomodate for the [blank_start]heart[blank_end], which infringes mainly on the left lung, the left main bronchus is positioned more superiorly/at a different, more [blank_start]shallow[blank_end] angle compared to the right main bronchus. This means that inhaled objects are more likely to fall down your [blank_start]right[blank_end] main bronchus.

Smokers have to cough to dislodge mucus because their cilia stop beating when exposed to smoke.

The secondary bronchi can also be called:

What sizes would you expect bronchioles and terminal bronchioles to be?

The primary bronchi begin just outside the lungs.

The intrapulmonary bronchi are the secondary and tertiary bronchi. The secondary bronchi go to the [blank_start]lobes[blank_end], while the tertiary bronchi go to each [blank_start]segment[blank_end]

Choose the incorrect statement about the lung anatomy.

Which lung has 3 lobes and two fissures?

Select all the correct features of the alveolar wall.

The [blank_start]external[blank_end] surfaces of the alveoli are covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries. The alveolar walls and the capillary walls are joined by the [blank_start]basement membrane[blank_end]. Together, these structures make the [blank_start]respiratory membrane[blank_end] or 'blood-air barrier'.

Type I pneumocytes are squamous and secrete surfactant; a glycolipid.

What other cells apart from pneumocytes make up the alveolar walls?

What type of glands can be found on the lamina propria (the layer below the respiratory mucosa in the lower respiratory tract)?

Serous glands secrete a watery fluid containing [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end]. Every day a [blank_start]litre[blank_end] of fluid is secreted from mucous and serous glands to flush dust and debris out, and the lysozymes within the fluid attack [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end]. [blank_start]Defensins[blank_end] which are natural antibiotic proteins are also secreted by epithelial cells.

Cartilage support increases as the bronchi decrease in diameter.