Quiz
CogSci 100N Final
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Questions in this quiz (183)
1_____ memories are to experiences as _____ memories are to facts.
- AProcedural : semantic
- BEpisodic : semantic
- CSemantic : implicit
- DImplicit : episodic
2Suppose you have been studying for your Japanese vocabulary test for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to studying for your biology mid-term and do much better. You are experiencing:
- Abiological independence
- Bthe self-reference effect
- Cdisinhibition
- Dretroactive inhibition
- Erelease from proactive interference
3These multiple choice questions are examples of a _____ test.
- Aword-completion
- Brecognition memory
- Cpersonal semantic memory
- Drecall memory
4Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This revealed that when we experience events:
- Asemantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same time in
LTM. - Bsemantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated
episodic content. - Cepisodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for events.
- Dthe knowledge making up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal
experience based in episodic memory.
- Asemantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same time in
5Our brief sensory memory for sound is called _____ memory.
- Aiconic
- Bauditory
- Cechoic
- Dlinguistic
6Lamar is attending a company function at his new workplace. His supervisor introduces him to his new coworkers in small groups over the course of the event, introducing each of the coworkers by first name. At the end of the event, Lamar realizes he can only remember the names of the people in the last group of people he met. This is an example of:
- Aproactive interference
- Bthe cocktail party effect
- Cphonological similarity
- Dretroactive interference
7Wickens’ “fruit, meat, and professions” experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the “fruit” group because:
- Atomatoes are actually fruit
- Bthe response task changed
- Cthe stimulus category remained the same
- Dthe stimulus category changed
- Ethe response task remained the same
8Work with brain injured patients such as Clive and Henry reveals that _____ memory does not depend on conscious awareness.
- Adeclarative and non-declarative
- Bpersonal semantic and remote
- Cimplicit and procedural
- Dsemantic and episodic
9Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?
- AProcedural memory
- BClassical conditioning
- CSemantic memory
- DRepetition priming
10Your text describes an Italian woman who after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily happenings. Her memory deficit reflects:
- Aintact procedural memory, but defective episodic memory
- Bintact semantic but defective episodic memory
- Cintact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory
- Dintact episodic memory, but defective procedural memory
11The primacy effect is attributed to:
- Aforgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items
- Brecall of info still active in STM
- Crecall of info stored in LTM
- Da type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list
12An experimental task with the instructions “Read the following word list while repeating “the” out-loud, look way, and then write down the words from the list” would most likely be studying:
- Acentral executive processing
- Bechoic memory
- Cthe visuospatial sketchpad
- Darticulatory suppression
13A property of control processes in the modal model of attention is that they:
- Amay differ from one task to another
- Bare difficult to modify
- Cdo not require attention
- Dare performed without conscious awareness
14Info in sensory memory remains there before decaying for:
- Aas long as it’s rehearsed
- Bseconds or a fraction of a second
- C15 - 18 seconds
- D1 - 3 minutes
15The statement “The Beatles broke up in the early 1970’s” is an example of what kind of memory?
- AAutobiographical
- BSemantic
- CEpisodic
- DProcedural
16The predominant type of coding in LTM is:
- Aconcrete
- Bsemantic
- Cphonological
- Dimplicit
17In Sperling’s study of iconic memory, compared to the whole report task, the partial report task involves
- Aa smaller stimulus set
- Ba smaller response set
- Ca longer response delay
- Da shorter response delay
18The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true:
- Aonly when we disagree with them
- Bunless we are told explicitly that the statements are false
- Conly when we agree with them
- Dsimply because we’ve been exposed to them before
- Eonly when we are aware we’ve seen them before
19Explicit memory is to _____, as implicit memory is to _____.
- Aself : other
- Bsemantic : episodic
- Cawareness : unawareness
- Dprimacy : recency
20Given what you have learned about how the phonological loop works, which of the following lists would be the MOST difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
- AMAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
- BBIP, TEK, LAN, MOD, RIY
- CSAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG
- DPIG, DOG, CAT, RAT, HEN
21When studying the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds:
- Aincreases both primacy and recency
- Bdecreases the recency effect
- Chas no effect on the curve
- Dincreases the primacy effect
22A person with a brain injury resulting in impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty:
- Aremembering having aced the final in her Cognitive Psychology class
- Brecalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen
- Crecognizing famous people
- Dremembering the meanings of words
23Imagine that you’re walking to class, starting at the Psychology department, and form a mental picture of the route you take to the lecture hall from the department office. Your ability to perform this mental feat relies upon:
- Athe visuospatial sketch pad
- Bthe familiarity effect
- Cthe phonological loop
- Ddelayed response coding
24Working memory (WM) differs from short-term memory in that:
- AWM both holds and processes information
- BSTM has unlimited capacity
- CSTM consists of multiple components
- DWM has unlimited capacity
25The dramatic case of Clive Wearing clearly illustrates that _____ is crucial for formation of explicit memories, and that the _____ is important for the formation of implicit memories.
- Abasal ganglia : frontal lobes
- Bhippocampus : basal ganglia
- Cbasal ganglia : hippocampus
- Damygdala : frontal lobes
26Your text discusses the case of Henry Molaison, who underwent brain surgery as a teenager to relieve severe epilepsy. Henry’s case has been extremely important for psychology by demonstrating that:
- Aimpairment of one (STM or LTM) leads to impairment of the other
- BSTM can operate normally while LTM is impaired
- CLTM can operate normally while STM is impaired
- Da double dissociation exists for STM and LTM
27Chandra has frontal lobe trauma. She is being tested on a problem solving task to assess the nature of her deficits. She is choosing a red object out of others of different color. However, when the doctor asks her to now pick out the blue object, she continues to pick our the red object, even after the doctor tells her she’s made an incorrect choice. Chandra is displaying evidence of:
- Aperseveration
- Bvisual agnosia
- Csensory decay
- Diconic memory
28Imagine you’re driving to a friend’s new apartment. As you drive you rehearse the address until you arrive. Once there, you start thinking about a nice house-warming gift for your friend. To remember her new address you used a(n) _____ process in STM.
- Acontrol
- Bsensory
- Cencoding
- Dautomatic
29Which of the following is NOT a conclusion based on the cases of Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison?
- ASTM and LTM can operate independently
- BSTM and LTM are controlled by different mechanisms
- CImplicit memory relies on the basal ganglia pathway
- DLTM is unaffected by hippocampus damage
- EThe hippocampus is necessary for formation of new LTMs
30Peterson & Peterson found their participants could remember the three letter strings (like QEX and RDZ) with 80% accuracy after 3 seconds, but only about 12% accuracy after 18 seconds. They concluded this performance decrease was due to _____, but Keppel & Underwood later showed it was due to _____.
- Adecay : lack of rehearsal
- Bpriming : interference
- Cdecay : interference
- Dinterference : decay
31Carrie answers the phone with “Hello?” The response “Hi, Carrie!” comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds with “Hi, Dad!” Carrie processed the response “Hi, Carrie” using an:
- Aechoic code in SM
- Bauditory code in LTM
- Cechoic code in WM
- Dauditory code in STM
32Murdoch’s “remembering a list” experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for _____ of a list.
- Athe middle words
- Bboth the first and last words
- Cthe first words
- Dthe last words
33Research seems to indicate that the duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is:
- Aindefinite
- B15 - 20 seconds
- Cjust under a fraction of a second
- D1 - 3 minutes
34According to Endel Tulving, the defining property of episodic memory is that it:
- Ainvolves both explicit and implicit memory
- Binvolves mental time travel
- Caccesses knowledge about the world that doesn’t have to be linked to a specific personal experience
- Dalways corresponds to events from our past that actually happened
35According to Baddeley & Hitch’s model of working memory, which of the following tasks would LEAST affect a person’s driving performance on an unfamiliar winding road?
- AImagining what an interesting painting from a museum looks like
- BRemembering a map of the area they’re driving in
- CMentally picture how many knobs are on their kitchen stove
- DThinking about the definition of an unusual word they just learned
36Lucy is helping Kendra get used to her new racing bicycle. She explains that the shifters and brake levers are integrated, and that different actions with the levers either shift the gears, or activate the brakes. These skills that Lucy has acquired from her own experience with cycling are an example of _____ memory.
- Aworking
- Bprocedural
- Csemantic
- Dautobiographical
37It’s easier to do two mental tasks at the same time if:
- Aboth are handled by the phonological loop
- Bthe central executive is distracted during the dual task
- Cboth are handled by the sketchpad
- Done is handled by the sketchpad, and the other by the phonological loop
38According to subsequent research on George Miller’s proposal about the capacity of STM is 7 (plus or minus 2):
- Ameaningful units
- Bwords
- Csentences
- Dletters or digits
- Ephrases
39A memory research participant is given a list of words to memorize. One week later she is tested on the list. If one of the words was “Pear”, which of the following words, which actually didn’t occur on the memorized list, would most likely be incorrectly recalled?
- ABear
- BFear
- CPair
- DApple
- ERear
40Sperling’s experiment using the delayed partial report task demonstrate that:
- Ainformation in STM must be rehearsed to encode it into LTM
- BSensory memory has a limited capacity
- CSTM and LTM are separate components of memory
- Dinformation in visual sensory memory decays in less than a second
41In an experiment where participants are briefly flashed (for approximately 50 ms) a sequence of letters and are then told to write them down in the same sequence they were presented, it is most likely that the letter “P” will be misidentified as:
- AI
- BR
- CS
- DC
- ED
42In the classic Bill Murray move “Groundhog Day”, his character Phil Connors grows increasingly frustrated as he experiences the same day over and over again. With each “new” day, he is able to respond to people’s actions more and more quickly because of:
- Adistributed practice
- Bmental time travel
- Creconsolidation
- Drepetition priming
43The word-length effect means it is more difficult to remember:
- Aa list of different length words than a list of same length words
- Ba list of long words than a list of short words
- Ca long list of words than a short list of words
- Da list of same length words than a list of different length words
44Failures of the modal model to explain some kinds of memory behaviors, such as rehearsal, challenged the model’s conceptualization of:
- Asensory memory
- Bexplicit memory
- Cshort term memory
- Dlong term memory
- Eimplicit memory
45Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of _____ memory.
- Aiconic
- Bauditory
- Csemantic
- Depisodic
46Which of the following is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memory?
- AAutobiographical memory can involve both episodic and semantic content
- BWhen autobiographical memory is impaired, episodic content will cause a blockage of
access to related semantic content - CIt’s impossible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or
episodic content but not both - DAutobiographical memory is highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age
47The primary function of “chunking” is to:
- Avisually supplement auditory info with visual encoding
- Bmaximize the recency effect
- Cincrease the capacity of STM
- Dincrease memory by grouping items based on sound
48When the beam from a flashlight is moved quickly around on a wall in a dark room, it can appear as if there’s a trail of light on the wall, even though the beam is at a given spot for only a fraction of a second. This experience occurs because of;
- Atop-down processing
- Bepisodic buffer
- Cvisual persistence
- Dechoic memory
49Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your textbook?
- AReplacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
- BReplacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer
- CReplacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
- DReplacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory
50Jill’s friends tell her they think she has a very good memory, so one day she decides to test herself on it. At work each day her supervisor gives her a to-do list, but instead of checking them off the list, she decides to memorize the list. On Monday she is able to memorize 90% of the tasks. On Tuesday her recall drops to 80%. By Friday it has dropped to 30%. This drop in her memory performance is most likely due to;
- Afailure of echoic memory
- Bproactive interference
- Canterograde amnesia
- Dfailing to “chunk” the items on the list
51Continue to HW5?
- AStop
- BContinue
52A study had participants listen to a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording made it difficult for participants to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier. The results of this study illustrate the importance of _____ in forming long-term memories.
- Aan organizational context during learning
- Bdeep processing during encoding
- Cimplicit memory during learning
- Dimagery during encoding
53One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
- Aspreading activation
- Bsemantic network
- Chierarchical
- Dconnectionist
54The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;
- Aproduce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long-term memories
- Blead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference
- Clead to effective autobiographical memories
- Dcause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory
55Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called:
- Atransfer-appropriate processing
- Belaborative rehearsal
- Cepisodic retrieval
- Dpersonal semantic memory
56The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with:
- Achanges in specialized areas of the brain
- Bboth changes at the synapse, and long-term potentiation
- Clong-term potentiation
- Dchanges at the synapse
57According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.
- Aauditorially : auditorially
- Bauditorially : semanticall
- Csemantically : auditorially
- Dsemantically : visually
58Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?
- ARepresentations of concepts are created over multiple learning trials
- BIt is modeled after neural networks in the brain
- CInfo is store locally
- DConcepts are represented by patterns of activation in the network
59Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.
- Aprototype
- Bdefinitional
- Cexemplar
- Dfamily resemblance
60According to the typicality effect:
- Aitems that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group
- Bwe remember typical objects better than non-typical objects
- Cobjects in a category have a family resemblance to one another
- Dobjects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered
61If you were to say “A German Shepherd” is my idea of a typical kind of dog”, you’d be using the _____ approach to categorization.
- Afamily resemblance
- Bdefinitional
- Cexemplar
- Dprototype
62Which of the following is is the best example of a basic level category?
- ATransportation
- BTruck
- CPickup truck
- DVehicle
63Which of the following members most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the “bird” category?
- ASparrow
- BHummingbird
- CPenguin
- DDuck
- ERaven
64Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.
- Arecent and remote semantic
- Bremote semantic
- Crecent and remote episodic
- Drecent episodic
65Mantyla’s “banana/yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;
- Aby agreement among many people, to show they are effective
- Busing visual images
- Cby a memory expert who knows what will be effective
- Dby the person whose memory will be tested
66Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in:
- Aprocedural memory
- Blong-term memory storage
- Cworking memory
- Dlong-term memory acquisition
67Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the:
- Aneurotransmitters
- Bsynapse
- Cpresynaptic neuron
- Dpostsynaptic neuron
68How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
- AEach one is sometimes effective, depending on the learning circumstances
- BElaborative is more effective than maintenance
- CMaintenance is more effective than elaborative
- DBoth are equally effective in all learning circumstances
69Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network:
- Aconnection weights
- Bnodes
- Coutput units
- Dhidden units
70Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.
- Acognitive economy
- Bspreading activation
- Cback propagation
- Dtypicality
71When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can’t help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her:
- Aprefrontal cortex
- Bamygdala
- Cthalamus
- Dmedial temporal lobe
72_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to this.
- AAmnesia
- BCued-recall
- CConsolidation
- DEncoding specificity
73How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: “The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.”
- Acan fly : bird
- Bhas feathers : ostrich
- Ccan fly : canary
- Dbird : penguin
74Recent research on memory, based largely on classical conditioning of a fear response in rats, indicates that:
- Afear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
- Bmemories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
- Cmemory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
- Dwhen a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
75The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is:
- Astrongly active when memories are first formed and consolidated, but less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
- Bstrongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long agon and are already consolidated.
- Cstrongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and consolidated.
76_____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.
- AA concept
- BAn exemplar
- CA definition
- DA prototype
- EA unit
77Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different identification task when presented with “good” examples of colors such as red and green, than when presented with “poor” examples such as fuschia or teal. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
- Aparallel processing
- Bexemplar
- Cprototype
- Dnetwork
78The example of a brief episode of retrograde amnesia, such as when a football player is hit particularly hard and can’t recall the last play, reflects:
- AKorsakoff’s Syndrome
- Bdisrupted long-term potentiation
- Ca failure of memory consolidation
- Dtemporary PTSD
79Which of these statements best describes Levels of Processing theory?
- AEvents that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events
- BPeople who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing
- CDeep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better encoding
- DInfo enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory
80Which of the following is MOST CLOSELY modeled on the way the nervous system operates?
- AThe prototype approach
- BSemantic network theory
- CParallel distributed processing theory
- Denhancement due to priming
81_____ is an average representation of the members of a category.
- AAn exemplar
- BA component
- CA unit
- DA prototype
- EA characteristic
82The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have *all* the characteristic properties of chairs is known as:
- Agraded membership
- Bprototypicality
- Cinstance theory
- Dfamily resemblance
83Which of the following examples best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
- AAlexis always has test anxiety; to combat it, she tries to relax when studying. She feels that it’s best to do this in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
- BLast night at the grocery store, Carlos ran into the psychology professor he took a class from three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
- CAlthough Emily doesn’t often think about her first boyfriend, she can’t help but have memories of him when “their song” (the first song they danced to) comes on the radio.
- DEven though Walter hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of summers there when he was little
84Retrograde amnesia is typically less severe for _____ memories.
- Aemotional
- Bepisodic
- Csemantic
- Drecent
- Eremote
85According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the “psychologically privileged” level of category reflecting people’s everyday experience.
- APrototypical
- BSuperordinate
- CSubordinate
- DBasic
86The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as:
- Arepetition priming
- Bthe self-generation effect
- Cencoding specificity
- Dmemory consolidation
87According to your text, imagery enhances memory because:
- Aimagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
- Bpictures fit better with our sensory functions and are therefore easier to learn
- Cpeople like pictures better than words, so there is enhancement from an emotional response
- Dthe brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words
88According to Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a list of words?
- ARepeating the words over in your mind
- BGenerating a rhyme for each word to be remembered
- CMaking a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
- DCounting the number of vowels in each word
89Jenkins & Russell (1952) presented a list of words such as “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to participants. When tested, they recalled the words in a different order. This happened because of the;
- Aways objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually
- Beffect of proactive interference
- Ctendency of objects in the same category to become organized
- Dway the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound characteristics
90Jeanne loves to dance, and has done ballet for many years. She’s now learning Salsa; although the steps are very different from what she’s familiar with, she’s developed a strategy of linking the new steps she’s learning with her previous experiences in ballet and her own love of dancing. This is a _____ encoding strategy.
- Asemantic memory
- Bmass practice
- Cself-reference
- Dintegrative experience
- Eprocedural memory
91Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird”.
- Afaster than
- Bslower than
- Cthe same as
92Kim and Laura have been studying most of the evening for their psychology exam the following day. Both
are tired of studying; Kim decides to go to bed and get some sleep, while Laura decides to watch a movie. Based on this info, who do you think will do better on their psychology exam the next day?- AKim does better because of reactivation
- BKim does better because of encoding specificity
- CLaura does better because of encoding specificity
- DLaura does better because of reactivation
93Hebb’s idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of:
- Aan increase in the size of the cell bodies of neurons
- Bincreased transmission efficiency between the neurons
- Clarger electrical impulses in the synapse
94Continue to HW6?
- AStop
- BContinue
95Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the “birds” category?
- AA crow
- BA goose
- CA sparrow
- DA hummingbird
96In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether;
- Aa stimulus is presented
- Ba presented stimulus is a word
- Ctwo stimuli are associated
- Da statement is true
97Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus:
- Aacts as a cue telling the participant his/her response was correct
- Brelates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars
- Cfacilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely after
- Ddisrupts the processing of another stimulus
98The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
- Aconnectionist network
- Bsemantic network
- Cneural network
- Dparallel distributed processing
99Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who use sign language, they:
- Alose the ability to communicate
- Binvent their own sign language
- Cdemonstrate compensatory regeneration of auditory pathways
- Dspeak out loud even though they can’t hear themselves
100When two people engage in conversation, if one produces a specific grammatical construction and then the other person does the same, it is referred to as:
- Asyntactic priming
- Bgarden-pathing
- Cphonemic restoration
- Danaphoric inference
101Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cortex?
- AFrontal and parietal
- BParietal and occipital
- CFrontal and temporal
- DTemporal and parietal
102Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itzai participants. Given the results, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, US participants would answer _____ and Itzai participants would answer _____.
- Aoak : oak
- Btree : oak
- Coak : tree
- Dtree : tree
103According to the typicality effect:
- Aobjects in a category have a family resemblance to one another
- Bobjects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered
- Cwe remember typical objects better than non-typical objects
- Ditems that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group
104Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from the property units.
- Aerror verification
- Bspreading activation
- Cback propagation
- Dgraceful degradation
105Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
- AEnhancement from priming
- BSemantic network theory
- CParallel distributed processing theory
- DThe prototype approach
106Playing “20 Questions” requires using hierarchical organization strategies. The questions usually start at a general level and get more specific to determine the identity of the object. An example of an initial question would be “Is it an animal?”, or “Is it a mineral?” These describe which level of categorization?
- ATypical
- BSuperordinate
- CBasic
- DSubordinate
107The _____ states that the nature of a culture’s language can affect the way its people think
- Agiven-new contract
- BSapir-Whorf hypothesis
- Ccooperative principle
- Dinteractionist approach
108The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs, even though no one category member may have *all* the characteristic properties of “chairs” (e.g. most have four legs, but not all) is:
- Aprototypicality
- Binstance theory
- Cfamily resemblance
- Dgraded membership
109Chomsky proposed:
- Aas children learn language, the produce only sentences they’ve heard before
- Bhumans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language
- Clanguage is learned through reinforcement
- Dthe underlying basis of language varies across cultures
110An experiment studying the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include:
- Aa garden-path sentence
- Ban extraneous cough
- Ctwo similar sounding letters
- Da categorical perception task
111When we look at an acoustigram of conversational speech, we see the speech signal:
- Ahas no breaks and is continuous
- Bhas breaks at the phrases
- Chas breaks at the words
- Dhas breaks at the phonemes
112The definitional approach to categorization:
- Ais not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects
- Bsets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have
- Cdoesn’t work well for most natural objects like plants and animals
- Dwas proposed to replace the prototype approach
113Syntax is:
- Athe way people pronounce words in conversation
- Bthe rules for combining words into sentences
- Cthe meanings of words
- Dthe mental grouping of words into phrases and sentences
114A researcher had participants read each of the following sentences and measured the time to read each one. Sentence 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Sentence 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants’ RTs were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect.
- Asentence 2 : word superiority
- Bsentence 2 : word frequency
- Csentence 1 : word frequency
- Dsentence 1 : word superiority
115To say “A Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog”, you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
- Adefinitional
- Bprototype
- Cexemplar
- Dfamily resemblance
116Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their model.
- Acognitive economy
- Bback propagation
- Cspreading activation
- Dtypicality
117 Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
- AHidden units
- BWorking units
- CInput units
- DOutput units
118Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, to create sentences, which can then be components of larger structures. This demonstrates the _____ property of language.
- Apropositional
- Brelational
- Chierarchical
- Dparallel
119The word frequency effect refers to the fact we respond more:
- Aquickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word
- Bquickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once
- Cslowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words
- Dslowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
120When the first part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end clarifies which meaning is correct, we say the sentence is an example of:
- Atemporary ambiguity
- Bspeech segmentation
- Cparsing
- Dlexical priming
- Ea garden-path sentence
121Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
- AHierarchical organization
- BCognitive economy
- CSpreading activation
- DFamily resemblance
122The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by:
- Athe typicality of the information contained in each concept
- Bthe representativeness of the information contained in each concept
- Cthe distance that must be traveled through the network
- Dthe amount of information contained in each concept
123The idea that the rules governing grouping words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.
- Asyntax first
- Binteractionist
- Ctemporary ambiguity
- Dsemantic
124Consider the following sentences: “The sidewalk was covered with ice.” And, “Ramona fell down”. The inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n);
- Ainstrument inference
- Bgiven-new contract
- Cage-appropriate inference
- Dgarden-path model
- Ecausal inference
125Coherence refers to the:
- Arepresentation of the text in a reader’s mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part
- Bmental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence comprehension
- Cmental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text
- Dprinciple that we process information in isolation before we link it to the context
126Two different definitions of _____ offered by the text include (a) “the mental representation of a class or individual”, and (b) “the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas”.
- Aexemplars
- Bprototypes
- Cunits
- Dconcepts
127Which of the following is NOT a property/characteristic of the connectionist approach?
- AThe operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage
- BConnectionist networks can explain generalization of learning
- CThe connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights
- DBefore any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero
128Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network:
- Aoutput units
- Bhidden units
- Cconnection weights
- Dnodes
129According to the situation model of text processing:
- Apeople draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections
- Bpeople create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events
- Cpeople create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of semantic information
- Dit will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations
130Which of the following is an example of the “sentence verification technique”?
- AFill in the blank in the following sentence: “An apple is a(n) _____.”
- BIndicate whether the following statement is true: “An apple is a fruit” Y/N
- CIndicate whether the following statement was previously presented: “An apple is a fruit” Y/N"
- DFill in the blank in the following sentence: “A(n) _____ is a fruit.”
131Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn’t know, he looks it up. The process of looking up unfamiliar words to learn their meaning will increase Ron’s:
- Asyntactic capability
- Bparser
- Cmental set
- Dlexicon
132Consider the sentence “Because he always jogs a mile seem like a short distance to him.” The principle of late closure states this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
- A“a mile seems”
- B“he always jogs...”
- C“Because he always jogs a mile...”
- D“Because he always jogs...”
133Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same/different task when presented with “good” examples of colors such as “red” and “green”, than when presented with “poor” examples such as “pink” or “light green”. The result of this experiment was interpreted as evidence supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
- Adefinitional
- Bnetwork
- Cprototype
- Dexemplar
134The prototype approach to categorization state that a standard representation of a category is based on:
- Aa defined set of category members
- Bcategory members that have been encountered in the past
- Cthe definition of the category
- Da universal set of category member
- Ean idealized or abstract model that includes all the most common features of the category
135If we conducted an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare botanists to those with no specialized knowledge of plants. If we asked each group to name as specifically as possible, five different plants seen on campus, we’d predict the expert group would label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
- Abasic : subordinate
- Bsuperordinate : basic
- Csuperordinate : subordinate
- Dsubordinate : basic
136The given-new contract is a method for creating:
- Acomprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
- Banaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences
- Cresolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence
- Dchildren’s mastery of syntax
137One of Chomsky’s most persuasive arguments against Skinner’s explanation of language learning is that children:
- Aare rewarded for correct language use
- Bproduces sentences they’ve never heard before
- Clearn to follow complex linguistic rules even though they’re not aware of it
- Dshow similar language development across cultures
138Former boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacation with the statement “At our ranch in Texas there are lots of ponds and we take the kids out to fish. And then of course, we grill them.” A reader understands that Foreman is referring to grilling the fish, rather than the children, because of a(n) _____ inference.
- Anarrative
- Banaphoric
- Cinstrumental
- Danalogic
139Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on:
- Athe word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence
- Ba bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension
- Cthe meaning dominance of each definition of the word
- Dthe identification of a single meaning for that word
140 Assume a psycholinguist conducts an experiment with two groups from highly different social and cultural backgrounds. She asked participants in both groups to describe some color tiles and in both cases each group of people could only report as many colors as their primary language had. Such results:
- Acontradict the word frequency effect
- Bcontradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- Csupport the word frequency effect
- Dwould support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
141According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the psychologically “privileged” level that reflects people’s everyday experience.
- Abasic
- Bsuperordinate
- Csubordinate
- Dprototypical
142Not all the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales, yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.
- Aprototype
- Bfamily resemblance
- Cdefinitional
- Dexemplar
143Continue to HW7?
- AStop
- BContinue
144Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make “warmth” judgments every 15 sec. to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to:
- Ashow how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem
- Bdemonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
- Cshow that some problems are easier to solve than others
- Dmeasure the time-course of solving well defined vs. ill defined problems
145Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps:
- Arestructuring, simulating, surfacing
- Brestructuring, searching, and simulating
- Csurfacing, structuring, and generalizing
- Dnoticing, mapping, and applying
146Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to work each morning, but it’s now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north, even though it’s a little longer, it would be an example of:
- Adivergent thinking
- Bill-formed source problem
- Ca mental set
- Dsingle dissociation
147A heuristic is:
- Aa quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost of accuracy
- Ban oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the negative
- Cwhen a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present
- Dan exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision
148Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represent the _____ problem.
- Aexemplar
- Bsource
- Ctarget
- Dprototype
149Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the:
- Asource story
- Bintermediate state
- Cinitial state
- Dgoal state
150A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving techniques. This an example of _____ research.
- Aenvironmental functional fixedness
- Bin-vivo problem solving
- Csituationally produced mental set
- Dthink-aloud protocol
151Kaplan and Simon’s experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that:
- Apeople arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but are more methodical when working on a non-insight problem
- Bthe way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving
- Ca person’s mental set can hinder their finding a solution to a problem
- Dpeople often have to backtrack in the problem space to arrive at the correct answer
152Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem
is NOT true?- AExperts spend more time analyzing problems than novices
- BBeing an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field
- CExperts possess more knowledge than novices
- DExperts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles
153Jack is a psychology grad student preparing for his dissertation. Faced with an extensive list of research articles to consider, he excludes many from consideration because they don’t consider findings he and his advisor published together in previous papers, and as such, aren’t up to date on the most current theories on the topic; those of Jack and his advisor. This exclusion of info is an example of the:
- Athe conjunction rule
- Brepresentativeness heuristic
- Chindsight bias
- Dmyside bias
154Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n):
- Aobject with a specific function
- Bfamiliar object
- Cnovel object
- Dfrequently used object
155Newell and Simon’s early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving:
- Aalgorithms
- Bheuristics
- Cinsight
- Dsearch
156 _____ identified people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
- AThe analogical problem solving approach
- BInformation processing psychologists
- CGestalt psychologists
- DPsychophysicists
157Decisions based on _____ are usually going to be correct, but there’s always the chance they could be mistaken.
- Arepresentative observations
- Balgorithmic reasoning
- Cinductive reasoning
- Dheuristic reasoning
158 The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves:
- Asensory operators
- Bcontinuity and form
- Cmultiple goal states
- Dreorganization or restructuring
159In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ______ state.
- Afunctional fixedness
- Bintermediate
- Cinitial
- Dgoal
160Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was cancelled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons, she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons represents:
- Adivergent thinking
- Binsight
- Chierarchical organization
- Dconvergent thinking
161The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine:
- Ahow a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner
- Bwhat info a person is attending to while solving a problem
- Cwhich people can be considered more creative in their problem solving
- Dhow to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving.
162Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because:
- Athe solution is immediately obvious
- Bthe initial state is not clearly defined
- Cthere is an obstacle between the present state and goal state
- Dthe goal state is not clearly defined
163The _____ is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is actually a member of a different group.
- Aillusory correlation
- Bstereotype
- Cavailability heuristic
- Drepresentativeness heuristic
164The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as:
- Aanalogical transfer
- Banalogical encoding
- Cin-vivo problem solving
- Dinsight
165The _____ states that the probability of two events occuring together cannot be higher than the probability of either even occurring alone.
- Arepresentativeness heuristic
- Blaw of large numbers
- Crules of averages
- Dconjunction rule
166_____ is the behavioral tendency to avoid _____.
- ACalculated risk : unnecessary risks
- BRisk aversion : calculated risks
- CRisk aversion : unnecessary risks
- DUnnecessary risk : risk aversion
167Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called:
- Asub-goals
- Bintermediate states
- Cmental sets
- Doperators
168 In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the _____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.
- Aexemplar : source
- Btarget : source
- Cprototype : target
- Dsource : target
169Insight refers to:
- Aprior learning facilitating problem solving
- Bprior learning hindering problem solving
- Cthe tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience
- Dthe sudden realization of a problem’s solution
170_____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population the sample is drawn from.
- AInductive reasoning
- BNumber of observations
- CRepresentativeness of observations
- DQuality of evidence
171The base rate is:
- Athe relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population
- Bthat as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population
- Cmistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event
- Dthat the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability of either event occurring alone
172Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
- AThe radiation problem
- BMutilated checkerboard
- CTower of Hanoi
- DTwo-string
173The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution
to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from:- Aseeing more efficient solutions
- Bbeing able to solve other problems
- Cdiscriminating between well and ill-defined problems
- Dunderstanding why the procedure is successful
174The _____ is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to the event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.
- Aavailability heuristic
- Billusory correlation
- Crepresentativeness heuristic
- Dstereotype
175Experts categorize problems based on:/
- Aevent-specific knowledge
- Bhow similar the objects in the problem are
- Csurface and deep structures
- Dgeneral principles the problems share
176The Gestaltist’s “circle problem” in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate:
- Ahow analogies can be used to solve problems
- Bmeans-end analysis
- Crepresentation and restructuring
- Dthe problem space
177_____ is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.
- ASelfishness
- BExpected utility theory
- CStatistical illiteracy
- DUtilitarianism
178The solution to the “candle problem” involves realizing that the:
- Acandle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally
- Bcandle can be cut in half
- Cmatch box can be used as a shelf
- Dmatch box can be used as a container for tacks
179_____ refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a conclusion.
- ADeductive reasoning
- BQuality of evidence
- CNumber of observations
- DRepresentativeness of observations
180Confirmation bias is:
- Athe relative frequency at which an event occurs in the population
- Bwhere we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it
- Cmistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that
event, rather than the frequency of all instances of that event - Dthe probability of two events occurring together cannot be greater than the
probability of either event occurring alone
181An algorithm is:
- Aan exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible
decision - BA quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the
cost of accuracy - Cwhen a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present
- Dan oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the negative
- Aan exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible
182The “fortress problem” involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the “radiation problem” involves a tumor and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different:
- Asurface features
- Bmental sets
- Coperators
- Dstructural features
183The _____ states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population it’s drawn from.
- Arepresentativeness heuristic
- Blaw of large numbers
- Cconjunction rule
- Drule of averages
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- Cognitive Science Quiz on CogSci 100N Final, created by Kevin S on 10/08/2017.
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- Kevin S
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