Biology Exam 2/7/18

Biology Exam 2/7/18

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Photosynthesis

Definition-The process by which  plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Equation- 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2  If you wanted to increase the rate of photosynthesis in a plant, how could this be done? -Increase light intensity  Where does photosynthesis take place? -chloroplasts 2 stages of photosynthesis -the light dependent and the light independent reactions  The light independent reactions  called the Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars (glucose)  Three important factors affect the rate of photosynthesis are 1. Water, 2. CO2 and 3. Light intensity. The more intense the light, the higher the rate of photosynthesis, up to a point where it levels off. 

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Caption: : Plants going through photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration- process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) Cell respiration occurs in all types of cells, both plant and animal, eukaryotic and prokaryotic What are the 3 processes (chemical pathways) of cell respiration?- Glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Kreb's Cycle in the Mitochondrial Matrix and the Electron Transport Chain in the Mitochondrial Membrane. During Glycolysis, a 6 carbon glucose molecule is broken in half to form two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. ∙ During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria. ∙ The Electron Transport Chain uses high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP. Electron transport chain occurs under aerobic condition and inside the mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration: When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation. Anaerobic conditions can occur during vigorous exercise when muscles are depleted of oxygen. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid. This allows glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP. The 2 main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.   

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Ecological Pyramids

Ecological pyramids-show the decreasing amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels.  The Energy Pyramid: Models the transfer of energy beginning with producers and working up the food chain to the top level consumer. The source of energy for the producers, which contain the most energy, is sunlight. Only 10% of the available energy is transferred to the next trophic level. The Biomass Pyramid: Represents the total amount of living organic matter or tissue at each trophic level. Typically the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid and decreases as you go up the trophic levels. The Pyramid of Numbers (or population): Shows the relative numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level.   

Ecological Pyramid (image/png)

Food Chains and Food Webs

 Food Chains: Is a sequence of feeding relationships describing which organism eats another. The arrow always points to the eater Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and quaternary consumer. Marine food chains start with phytoplankton, a photosynthetic producer. ∙ Trophic levels are the levels of nourishment in a food chain. The first level is occupied by the producer. Food Webs: A complex network of feeding relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem. They usually contain several interconnecting food chains integrated in the same ecosystem. The stability of a food web depends on the presence of producers.

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