Karteikarten
REL Final Study Guide Terms
Karten in diesem Stapel (43)
- 1Wisdom LiteratureWritings in the Hebrew Bible that discuss the relationship between God and Jews related to the actions of humans. Include the books of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. These texts focus on universal needs, desires, and lives rather than limiting to Israel, creating a multicultural perspective. Authors also make observations about the way that the world works to gain understanding rather than relying on divine revelation on how to live. There is an emphasis on the individual rather than on the nation or tribe as a whole.
- 2Positive WisdomPositive wisdom believes that the world is well defined and orderly, and that there is a best way to live within its order. The book of Proverbs gives a list of rules to live by that help to ensure individuals live in the best way possible.
- 3Skeptical WisdomSkeptical Wisdom believes that there is a lack of order in the world and that there is no way of understanding how to live in the disorder. These books focus on how to cope with life knowing that there is no order. Job and Ecclesiastes are both examples. In the book of Job, Job is subjected to a variety of tests despite having been faithful and upstanding.
- 4Proverb (definition)pithy and profound saying that encapsulates a distinctive understanding of the world and/or how best to live in it
- 5Psalm (definition)A poetic expression of emotions, reflections, or attitudes to God.
- 6Strange or Foreign WomanWoman described in the book of Proverbs, chapter 7, who seduces a young man who strays from the path of wisdom. This woman prays on men and leads them to their death.
- 7Woman WisdomWoman described in the Book of Proverbs, chapter 8, who is described as the personification of wisdom who has been with God since before the creation story as told in Genesis.
- 8How do the Foreign Woman and Woman Wisdom reflect Positive Wisdom in the book of Proverbs?If one follows the correct path towards wisdom and knowing God, they will be rewarded. If one strays toward the foreign woman and her corruption, they will ultimately be punished. This supports the idea that there are correct ways to live a life in line with God's desires and that there are choices that can be made by humanity.
- 9HevelOriginates in the book of Ecclesiastes. Refers to something brief, transient, temporary, and of no lasting importance. Nothing that is accomplished during life will be meaningful following death. This reflects the skeptical wisdom of Ecclesiastes as it posits that humanity has no lasting impact and nothing is of any great importance.
- 10TheodicyAn explanation for how God can be right and just even in the presence of suffering in the world. A justification that the actions of God all have divine justice at their root. In Job, the punishments passed down to Job are justified as acts of Theodicy. God needed to teach a lesson about the importance of faith, and used Job as his means.
- 11Which books of the Hebrew Bible are written in the form of Hebrew Poetry?Book of Psalms, Book of Lamentations, and the Song of Songs
- 12What are the major kinds of Psalms and their characteristics?Hymns: songs of praise
thanksgiving: expressions of thanks for SPECIFIC actions of God
Enthronement: praise God SPECIFICALLY for being the King ruler over all
Laments: complaints about suffering and ask God for help
Royal: Praise of the anointed one, the King of Israel
Wisdom: advice for how one should act
Torah: praise for God's word as the greatest good. - 13Synonymous ParallelismA type of Hebrew poetic line in which the second verse restates what was told in the first verse in different terms.
ex: Psalms (2:2)
Why do the nations conspire
And the peoples plot in vain?
The action of the people plotting reinforces that the nations are conspiring as told in the first line. - 14Antithetical ParallelismA type of Hebrew poetic line in which the second verse states the opposite of the first in order to demonstrate the opposite perspective.
ex: Psalms (1:6)
For the LORD watches over the way of the righteous,
But the way of the wicked will perish
The second line gives the opposite example, contrasting the way of the wicked with those of the righteous as given in the first line. - 15Constructive ParallelismA type of Hebrew poetic line in which the second line further develops the statement made in the first line.
ex: Psalms (1:3)
They are like trees planted by stream of water,
Which yield their fruit in its season
The second line gives more information about the trees described in the first line that enhances the understanding of the simile. - 16Climatic ParallelismA type of Hebrew poetic line in which a complete thought is constructed through the repetition of key words from the first line in the second line.
ex: Psalms (92:9)
For your enemies, O LORD,
For your enemies shall perish.
The second line repeats the language of the first line in order to complete the thought. - 17Ha-SatanA figure from God's court sent to test Job's faith. Ha-Satan works according to God's wishes, following a sort of bet regarding Job's faith and righteousness.
- 18When were the pieces of the Hebrew Bible Canonized?Pentateuch (Torah): 5th Century BCE, during the Babylonian Exile
Nevi'im (Prophets): 2nd Century BCE, during the Maccabean Revolt
Ketuvim (Writings): 70 CE, around the destruction of the Second Temple.
The Hebrew Bible was canonized as threats were made to the preservation of traditions were made as a result of social turmoil that may have forced the Israelites/Jews to move outside of Israelite/Jew communities. - 19What were the Criteria used to Canonize the Hebrew Bible?Language: only books written mostly or entirely in Hebrew
Age: must be attributed to an author living during or before the 4th century BCE
Usage: books must be widely used by Jewish communities and have a shared importance. - 20Who was Marcion and why was he important in Canonization of the New Testament?A 2nd century CE Christian believer who was labelled a heretic for his christology, docetism, which stated that while Jesus' sufferings were apparent, they were not real and that after the crucifixion Jesus appeared in a spiritual body. Also believed that the God of the Hebrew Bible and the God of the New Testament were two distinct beings. His beliefs raised questions of orthodoxy and the teachings that the early christian church wanted to follow, beginning the process of canonization.
- 21What were the Criteria used to canonize the New Testament?Antiquity: individual texts must have their roots in the beginning of Christianity, texts would use the name of historical figures as their authors in order fulfill this requirement
Apostolicity: must have originated from the first generation of Christians, books could only come from the disciples of Jesus and their followers
Catholicity: Only books universally used throughout Christian communities
Orthodoxy: books must contain the correct teachings that align with the desires of church leaders - 22PhariseesJews who were the most accurate interpreters of the law, were popular in Judea and enjoyed some political support from the Hasmoneans.
Believed in resurrection, an immortal soul, free will, angels, and that everything was according to fate and God. - 23SadduceesPriestly Jews who believed in free will rather than fate, a mortal soul, and that God was removed from the actions on Earth. Did not believe in an afterlife or angels. Were popular among the aristocracy and enjoyed political support
- 24EssenesJews that rejected marriage, believed pleasures were evil, rejected money and women, and raised the male children of others to join them
- 25What are examples of Epistles in the New Testament and what are characteristics of their structure?The books of the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul are Epistles, these include: 1+2 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1+2 Corinthians, Philippians, Philemon,
Epistles are books that were originally written as letters. The best examples are those attributed to Paul in which he instructed churches in the Early Christian movement on the things that they should do so that they would remain in agreement with Jesus' teachings and expectations.
Romans, Titus, 1+2 Timothy, Ephesians, and Colossians.
The letters all follow the same structure:
Naming of the sender
Naming of the recipients
Blessing (Prayer)
Body
Closing (Epilogue and postscript) - 26How are Paul's Epistles grouped based on their authorship?Pastoral Epistles: 1+2 Timothy, Titus. Scholars generally believe that Paul did not write these.
Deutero-Pauline Epistles: Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians. Scholars don't believe that Paul wrote these but do not have any certain proof.
Undisputed Pauline Epistles: Romans, 1+2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philemon. Scholars believe that Paul wrote these letters. - 27Pseudopigraphia"Writings inscribed with a lie". These are books that are falsely attributed to another author in order to establish legitimacy and authority. Usually attributed to an apostle who would have had direct contact with Jesus.
- 28Apocalypse (definition and structure)stories that foretell the end of time as the authors and their contemporaries know it. These occur both in the Hebrew Bible (The Book of Daniel) and the New Testament (Revelation). These generally feature the same six elements:
1. Narrative Revelation
2. Pseudonymous Seer
In the Book of Revelation the Seer is named as John of Patmos, therefore the Seer is not Pseudonymous.
3. Bizarre Vision(s)
4. Angelic Interpreter
5. Visions of Heavenly Journey and/or Review of History
6. Triumphalist Movement
(God's faithful followers win) - 29SeptuagintThe writings of the New Testament, all were originally written in Greek.
- 30DiasporaDispersion of Jews away from Israel, first diaspora occurred during the Babylonian Exile. This Diaspora motivated the first canonization of the Hebrew Bible when the Pentateuch was canonized in the 5th century BCE.
- 31Words of AhiqarAn Assyrian text of lessons remarkably similar to the book of Proverbs. These similarities demonstrate a shared cultural understanding between the two groups, who inhabited the same areas.
- 32AcrosticsFound in the Book of Lamentations. Poems in which the first letter of each verse is the next letter in the alphabet. In the case of Lamentations this signifies the destruction that occurs during the fall of Jerusalem is complete and total, from the beginning of the alphabet to the end.
- 33What was the Maccabean Revolt and when did it take place?A military revolt led by Judas, a member of the Hasmoneans, against the rule of King Antiochus IV in Israel from 167-164 BCE. Antiochus accepted bribes to make Jason the high priest, which was not favorable among many Judeans, and built a statue of a pagan deity in the Temple, requiring Jews worship it as well. Antiochus also forbid circumcision, outlawing an important element of Jewish identity. Following the Maccabean revolt the first Jewish sovereign state since the Babylonian Exile existed, the Temple was rededicated (the first Hanukkah), and a new high priest was appointed. The Hasmoneans would rule over Judea until the land was conquered by the Romans in 63 BCE.
- 34What was significant of the efforts of Antiochus IV in Judea?By eliminating things central to Jewish identity (forbidding circumcision), building a Greek gymnasium in the city center, and implementing other deities in the Temple, Antiochus IV attempted to aggressive Hellenization in Judea.
- 35What is Christology and how is it defined?Study concerned primarily with determining the nature of Jesus in terms of humanity and divinity. Differing interpretations of Jesus' Christology became important during canonization.
High Christology: More divine Jesus
Marcion believed in a high Christology, one in which Christ was more divine and experienced the crucifixion in more of a symbolic way.
The Gospel of John focuses on proving Jesus' divinity to non-believers through different signs performed by Jesus.
Low Christology: More human Jesus - 36Which books tell about the Maccabean Revolt and which books respond to it?1+2 Maccabees tells an account of the Maccabean revolt while Daniel 7-12 responds to the events in an apocalyptic manner.
- 37What Texts can be used to provide for jewish Diversity doing the Second Temple PeriodDead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, New Testament, Rabbinic Literature, Philo (diaspora Jew who used Greek Philosophy to examine scripture) and other Roman writers.
- 38What are the criteria of the Historical Jesus sources?Antiquity: as stories tend to be embellished and exaggerated over time, special consideration should be given to the older ones.
Independent Attestation: Multiple, Independent witnesses give the same information about an event.
Dissimilarity: If a saying or action of Jesus goes against what Christians might have wanted, it is more likely to be true.
Contextual: If elements are anachronistic they are less likely to be true. - 39Apocrypha"hidden books" that make up the deuterocanonical, or second canon, sources. In some groups these books are considered to be a lower, less important canon however others do not. These books were parts of the Septuagint that were not canonized later including: Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, Additions to Daniel and 1+2 Maccabees.
- 40PericopeA story that is told in multiple books of the Bible, common in the Synoptic Gospels. These give multiple perspectives that can either serve to legitimize or disprove the facts of one another.
- 41Synoptic GospelsGospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. These Gospels are the source of information about Jesus' life and ministry.
- 42Four Source HypothesisThe belief that there were four sources that affected the writing of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke due to shared material between the two. Two sources, the Gospel of Mark and the Q source contribute to both, the M source contributes to Matthew, and the L source to Luke.
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