GoConqr hat ein neues Design! Sag uns, wie es dir gefällt.

Kostenlos registrieren

Karteikarten

population change

serena norman thomas Geography GCSE Englisch 28 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (28)

  1. 1what is natural change?- change in population brought by difference between crude BR & DR
    - if BR exceeds DR population size will grow > natural increase
  2. 2what is total fertility rate?- average number of children that each woman of reproductive childbearing age will give birth to
    - more accurate measure of future population change as refers to births per woman
  3. 3what is (net) replacement rate?- number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels or give zero population growth by generation
    - a measured fertility rate
    - if fertility above replacement rate, population will grow
    - higher in LICS bc of higher mortality
  4. 4what is infant mortality rate?- number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
  5. 5why is it considered to be an important measure of mortality?- it is age specific, this group is vulnerable but society should be taking care of
    - gives an indication of level of healthcare, particularly maternity&post natal & prevalence & ability to combat diseases
    - gives indication of wealth
    - has an impact on fertility rate, areas with high infant & child mortality have little choice but to have more children
  6. 6decisions about family size are influenced by:socio-economic & sometimes political factors which have long term impacts on culture
  7. 7how does religion affect fertility?- roman catholicism & islam proscribe use of artificial contraception & abortion
    - most countries where catholic is main faith (except philipines) have low fertility & slow population growth BUT western cultural values may override religion
    - countries where majority are muslim show highest fertility rates & fastest growth
  8. 8how does gender affect fertility rates?- gender preference, socio-economic & cultural reasons societies prefer male children, e.g. rural areas in developing countries, e.g. Pakistan, India, Sub-Saharan Africa SO higher fertility rates as will have children until have 1/2 boys
    - status of women, encouraged to have lots of children, look after the family, prevented from obtaining an education or career
  9. 9how do marriage traditions affect fertility?- child marriage, UNICEF >60% women in 5 countries in SS Africa & bangladesh were married before reached 18, africa legal min age 16-18 but sometimes 15 on local scale can be 12
    - polygamy, common across much of africa & middle east, seen as symbol of power & wealth
  10. 10how do population policies affect fertility rates?government-led media campaigns & other strategies advocating population control will influence
    e.g. indias 'one family, 2 children' been successful in indian states where fertility rates have fallen significantly
  11. 11what is the DTM?- developed by american demographer warren thompson 1929
    - shows how population of a country changes overtime through 5 stages
    - shows changes in birth rate, death rate & life expectancy
  12. 12what is stage one? (high stationary/high fluctuating)- high BR & DR
    - natural increase = stable & fluctuating
    e.g. few remote groups in tropical rainforests
    - reasons for BR: many children needed to work on land, high infant&child mortality, religious&social reasons
    - no family planning
    - reasons for DR: disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die
  13. 13what is stage 2? (early expanding)e.g. Niger, Mali, Gambia
    - birth rate= high
    - death rate= falls rapidly
    - natural increase= very rapid
    - reasons for change in birth rate=many children needed to work in farms, most die at early age, religious and social reasons, no family planning
    - reasons for change in death rate= improvements in food&water supply, sanitation&hygiene, medical care advances
  14. 14what is stage 3? (late expanding)e.g. Brazil, India, Mexico
    - BR = starts to fall
    - DR = falls more slowly
    - natural increase= slows down
    - reasons for BR = conditions change so fewer children needed, intro of contraception
    - reasons for DR = improvements in food&water supply, sanitation&hygiene, medical care advances
  15. 15what is stage 4? (low stationary/low fluctuating)e.g. US, UK, canada
    - BR = low and steady
    - DR = starts to level out
    - natural increase= slow, some fluctuations
    - reasons for BR = more family planning, emancipation of women
    - reasons for DR = good healthcare established, reliable food supply
  16. 16what is stage 5? (decline)e.g. Germany, Japan, Russia
    - BR = falls below DR
    - DR = remains low, may increase
    - small natural decrease
    - reasons for BR = more elderly pop, smaller proportion in reproductive ages
    - reasons for DR = more elderly, higher proportion reaching life expectancy
  17. 17example of Niger- very arid, subtropical desert climate
    - much of N & E = sahara desert
    - extreme S has tropical climate
    - recurring drought events are a hazard
    - sparsely populated
    - most live in rural areas & subsistence farmers
    - high BR & relatively low&falling DR so stage 2 BUT DR much lower than expected for stage 2
    - young population structure
    - support of NGOs e.g. Save the Children to reduce hunger & malnutrition
  18. 18example of canada- arctic, temperate continental & temperate maritime climates
    - very large country with small population 35 million
    - on national scale sparsely populated but highly urbanised with concentrated living in cities
    - low BR&DR with low natural increase so clearly in stage 4
    - not progressing into stage 5
    - encourages controlled immigration as has plenty of space & resources
  19. 19what are the strengths of the DTM?- easily and universally applied
    - used to compare stages of demographic development
    - used buy demographers to make predictions about future change
  20. 20what are the limitations of the DTM?doesn't account for
    - migration&impact on birth rates
    - gov policy may influence BR
    - wars and other conflicts will impact DR
    - impact of major disease pandemics on DR
  21. 21what is population structure?term used to describe age distribution and sex composition of a pop, examined by 'national' scale (usually), usually shown in population pyramids
  22. 22what age group is known as the 'young dependent' population?0-14
  23. 23what age group is known as the 'economically active'15-64
  24. 24what age group is known as the 'elderly dependent'?65+
  25. 25what is the dependency ratio?- proportion of population that has to be supported by working population
    - close to 1 = high dependency
  26. 26what are problems associated with a youthful population- increasing demands for improving maternal & child healthcare & education
    - providing food, water, energy
    - govs to keep up with demand for schooling
  27. 27what potential benefits are there of a youthful population?- young ppl of today are country's human resources of tomorrow
    - can foster growth & development if there are favourable potential economic & political conditions
  28. 28what is the demographic dividend?- benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents
    - boost from economic productivity results in workforce relative to number of dependents

Informationen

Beschreibung
GCSE Geography (population and environment) Karteikarten am population change, erstellt von serena norman thomas am 02/04/2018.
Aufrufe
0
Bewertung

Mehr zu Population Change and Growth

Feedback

Worum geht es?

Wie gefällt dir das neue Design?

Dein Eindruck