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- 1There are 4 main types of computer system:Multi-functional Devices
Personal Computers
Mobile Devices
Servers - 2Input DevicesMouse, Keyboard, Graphics tablets, Scanner, Microphone etc.
- 3Output DevicesPrinter, Monitor, Headphones/speakers etc.
- 4Storage DevicesHDD, SSD, Flash Memory (Memory Stick), Memory Cards.
- 5Input/OutputTouch screens, MFP)
- 6Factors Affecting Performance (Hardware)Having a built in webcam sometimes means that the quality of the camera my be reduced.
- 7Factors Affecting Choice of HardwareUser Experience – ease of use, performance, availability, accessibility.
User Needs
Compatibility
Cost
Efficiency
Productivity
Security - 8Types of Operating Systems
Single-user single task
Single-user multi-tasking
Real-time Operating System
Multi-user - 9The Role of the System KernelIt manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets up or resets the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at all times, and it organizes the data for long-term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks, tapes, flash memory, etc..
- 10Data ProcessingA data processing is a combination of machines, people, and processes that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs.
- 11Role of hardware in collecting dataHardware is used to collect the physical data, data can be collected from:
Scanners
Cameras (Video and still)
Keyboards
Microphones - 12Role of software in collecting dataSoftware is used to compile the collected data. This would be a mixed process with analysing, organising and displaying as the collected data is organized into a program. Then analysed to have the best data in there and displayed in the type of software desired
- 13Computer Architecture ModelsStored program models:
-Von Neumann Architecture
-Harvard Architecture
Cluster Computing
Uniform memory access (UMA)
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) - 14Computer Architecture Models – Von NeumannVon Neumann architecture is the basis of all modern computer systems.
- 15Computer Architecture Models – HarvardNow the Harvard architecture is very similar, but is most commonly found in mobile phones and tablets.
- 16Computer Architecture Models – Cluster ComputingCluster Computing is quite a simple concept.In Cluster computing, you take many single computer systems and link them all together in a “Cluster” format. Allowing them to be seen as one system but shares the load between all the systems.This lets companies and educational provides build supercomputers at a fraction of the cost of a conventional super computer
- 17Computer Architecture Models – Uniform memory accessKey Elements to UMA:
Can be called Symmetric Multiprocessor Machines
Has Identical Processors
Equal access and access times to memory
Sometimes called CC-UMA (Cache Coherent UMA) This means if one processor updates a location in shard memory, all the other processors know about the update. - 18Computer Architecture Models – Non-Uniform memory accessKey Elements to NUMA:
Normally made by physically linking two or more SMP’s
One SMP can directly access memory of another SMP
Not all processors have equal access time to all memories
Memory access across the link is slower
If cache coherency is maintained it is called CC-NUMA - 19Use and Application of EmulationEmulation can be in the form of hardware or software. Examples of this can include:
Video Game Console Emulation
In-Circuit emulator (Emulate processor in embedded system, debugging)
Hardware Emulation (Special built hardware that can emulate yet-to-be-built systems. This is much faster that pure software emulation) - 20The Concepts of Microarchitecture-Instruction cyclesAll CPU’s Single or Multi-chip microprocessors run programs in the following steps:Read an instruction and decode it,Find any associated data that is needed to process the instructions,Process the instruction,Write the results out
This is repeated constantly till the system is turned off - 21The main types of registersGeneral Purpose Register
Special Registers:
Accumulator
Instruction Register
Memory address register (MAR)
Memory data register (MDR)
Program counter - 22Role of interruptsInterrupts is were the processor needs to stop what it is doing to do something else.
The Interrupt asks for the current job to be stopped and temporarily replaced by another one.
Interrupts can kick in very quickly, so each one is given a priority based on its importance, determined by the OS. - 23Number Systems – Units of Digital dataData in computer systems are stored in bit’s. As the about of bits increase the terminology for file sizes changes.
- 24Number Systems – BinaryBinary is the number system that all data on all computer systems is stored in.
This is a combination of 0’s and 1’s in and order that represents instructions, letters, numbers, images etc. - 25Number Systems – Binary Coded DecimalIt is only used to code in Decimal numbers into computer system and takes each digit as a single number. This means that each digit of a number is represented in 4 bit binary.
- 26Text RepresentationWe know that computers can only process binary numbers.
This works well for computers but is no good if you want to right an essay in 0’s and 1’s. Also you would not be able to proof read or spell check.
A system needed to be designed to represent each character, number and symbol for any chosen language. - 27Image Representation-Bitmap/Raster Image DataBitmap images are used widely on digital cameras, smartphone and online. Common file types are JPEG, GIF and PNG.
Bitmap images are organised as a grid of coloured squares called pixels. However when you zoom in or enlarge a bitmap image, the pixels are stretched and made into larger blocks. As a result bitmap images appear as poor quality when enlarged too much - 28Data StructuresStack
Queue
Array
List - 29Stack (Abstract Data Type (ADT))A stack is most commonly used in most programming languages. The reason it is called a stack as it works very much the same as a pile of plates or books.
- 30QueueHowever, unlike a Stack, a queue is open at both ends:
One end is always used to insert data (Enqueue)
The other end is used to remove data (Dequeue) - 31ArrayAn Array is a container which can hold a fixed number of items and these items should be of the same type. As a result, most data structures make use of arrays to implement their algorithms.
There are some important terms you need to remember:
Element – Each item stored in an array is called an element.
Index – Each location of an element in an array has a numerical index, which is used to identify the element. - 32ListAlso know as a Linked List, is a sequence of data structures, which are connected together via links.
Linked Lists is a sequence of links which contain items, which means each link contains a connection to another Link. This is the second most used data structure after array. - 33One dimensional (1-D) arrays or Linear arrays:In it each element is represented by a single subscript. The elements are stored in
consecutive memory locations. E.g. A [1], A [2], ….., A [N]. - 34Two dimensional (2-D) arrays or Matrix arrays:In it each element is represented by two subscripts. Thus a two dimensional m x n array A has m rows and n columns and contains m*n elements. It is also called matrix array because in it the elements form a matrix. E.g. A [2] [3] has 2 rows and 3 columns and 2*3 = 6 elements.
- 35Three dimensional arrays:In it each element is represented by three subscripts. Thus a three dimensional m x n x l array A contains m*n*l elements. E.g. A [2] [3] [2] has 2*3*2 = 12 elements.
- 36Row-Major and Column-Major orderThe difference is simply that in row-major order, consecutive elements of the rows of the array are contiguous in memory; in column-major order, consecutive elements of the columns are contiguous.
- 37Row-MajorRow Major will search through information as:
[0][0],[0][1],...,[0][n],[1][0],...,[1][n],..[m][n] - 38Column-MajorColumn Major will search through info information as:
[0][0],[1][0],...,[m][0],[0][1],...,[m][1],...,[m][n]
Column major will always access memory "out of order" and WILL be slower - 39Types of communication channel Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Point-to-Point
Multi-drop - 40Simplex Data is Unidirectional – Only goes one way.
Like a one way street.
TV Remote
Keyboard
Mouse - 41Half-duplex Data is Omnidirectional - Can travel in both
directions.
Only one way at a time.
Like a narrow bridge.
Walkie Talkies - 42Full-duplex Data is Omnidirectional
Can travel both ways at the same time.
Like a motorway.
Telephones. - 43Point-to-Point This is used to directly connect 2 computer systems
either locally (LAN) or across large geographic
areas (WAN)
This can either work at half or full-duplex
depending on the configuration.
Normally can be considered a form of VPN (Virtual
Private Network) - 44Mulit-dropThis communication type allows one control system
or host application, to communicate to multiple
different devices/”drop”.
These work similar to a client/server network where
you have a controlling system over the network. - 45Methods of connecting and transmitting Ethernet Cables (RJ-45)
Fibre-optic
Wireless technologies (4G, Bluetooth, radio frequency,
satellite, infrared)
Coaxial Cables
USB
SATA/IDE - 46—
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- BTEC Computing (fundementals of computing) Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von baileigh fuller am 17/12/2018.
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- baileigh fuller
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