Karteikarten
learning
Karten in diesem Stapel (56)
- 1learninga process by which experience produces a relatively enduring and adaptive charge in an organisms capacity for behaviour
- 2behaviourismassumes law of learning in all organisms
explained by observed events - 3species adaptionenvironmental conditions faced by each species help shape that species' biology
- 4natural selectiongenetically based characteristics that enhance a species ability to adapt to its environment, and thus survive & reproduce...more likely to be passed down to the next generation
- 5personal adaptionhow an organisms behaviour changes in response to environmental stimuli encountered during its lifetime
- 6habituation & sensitisationdecrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus- conserve energy and attend to only important stimuli
an increase to strength of a response to a repeated stimulus-learn from stimuli and respond to threatening stimuli
Groves & Thompson- habituation & sensitisation occur at the same time & compete to determine behaviour - 7classical conditioninga proccess in which an organism learns to associate 2 stimuli e.g. food & sickness/ music & nostalgia
- 8pavlovbefore conditioning
food UCS-->salvation UR
sound NS-->no salivation
conditioning
sound CS & food UCS--> salivation UR
after conditioning
sound CS-->salivation CR - 9acquisitionperiod during which response is learnt
- 10forward-short delay pairingCS appears first & still present when US appears
learning quickest in this situation - 11forward trace pairingCS appears, disappears and then UCS presented 2-3 seconds later
- 12simultaneous pairingCS & UCS presented at same time
- 13backward pairingCS presented after UCS
- 14extinctionprocess in which the CS is presented repeatedly in absence of UCS, causing CR to weaken and disappear (extinction trial)
- 15spontaneous recoveryre-appearance of previously extinguished CR after a rest period & without new learning trials.
- 16stimulus generalisationstimuli similar to initial CS elicit cr
- 17dicriminationCR occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not others
- 18high order conditioningoccurs when a neutral stimulus becomes CS after being paired with an already established CS.
Produced CR will be weaker and extinguishes more rapidly - 19watson & Raynerlittle albert
- 20exposure therapiespatient exposed to CS that arouses anxiety response without presence of UCS, allowing extinction to accur (illicit fear)
- 21systematic desensitisationtype of therapy in which patients learn muscle relaxation techniques & are gradually exposed to fear-provoking stimuli
- 22aversion therapyattempts to condition aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour
- 23operant conditioningresponses are emitted (voluntary) dependent on consequences. law of effect
- 24thorndikepuzzle box- used instrumental learning & favoured outcome strengthened response it produced
- 25skinner & operant conditioningtype of learning behaviour influenced by consequences it follows
- 26reinforcement & reinforcerresponse strengthened by outcome that follows it
the outcome that increases the frequency of the response - 27punishment & punisherresponse weakened by outcome that follows it
consequence that weakens frequency of response - 28three part contingencyif A present, B emitted, C occurs
Antecedents of behaviour
Behaviour
Consequences - 29discriminative stimulussignal that a particular response will produce certain consequences eg. teacher & chalk
- 30positive reinforcementresponse strengthened by subsequent presentation of a stimulus.
primary-natural eg. food/ water
secondary-associated with primary eg. money/ token - 31negative reinforcementresponse strengthened by removal of an aversive stimulus
- 32operant extinctionweakening/ disappearance of response because no longer reinforced.
resistance to extinction- degree of which no longer reinforced responses persist - 33aversive/ positive punishmentresponse weakened by the presentation of a stimulus eg. verbal reprimands
- 34negative punishmentsresponse weakened by removal of stimulus e.g.. tv if misbehaving
- 35shapingreinforcing successive approximations toward desired response eg. praise children for small steps toward main goal
- 36chainingdevelop sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with opportunity to perform next response
- 37operant generalisationnew operant response occurs to new stimulus/ situation that is similar to original (eg. iron)
- 38operant discriminisationoperant responses occur to one actecedent stimulus but not to another
- 39schedules of reinforcementratio- only certain % of responses reinforced
interval-time elapse
fixed-fixed num of responses
continuous-rapid learning & easy to perceive. partial- slow & partial to extinction - 40escapeorganism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
- 41avoidanceorganisms learns response to avoid stimulus
- 42shuttle box experiments2 rooms, 1 floor receives shock
- 432 factor theoryclassical & operant conditioning used in avoidance of stimuli
- 44preparednessanimals become biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others. more related to species survival eg. taste aversion/ readily fear some things containing negative connotations
- 45organisms cognitive representation of the world (S-O-R)stimulus, response & cognition
- 46insightsudden perception of useful relationship that helps you solve problems eg. cognitive map in Tolman's rats gave mental representation of spatial layout
- 47latent learninglearning that occurs but not demonstrated until later when there is incentive to perform
- 48hull 1943 direct reflex connection between CS & CRpavlov- neural bond
cog psychs-CS-UCS link & expectancy learning - 49blockingkamin
obstruction of conditioning of CR because response has already be conditioned to a different stimulus - 50rscorla-wager theorystrength of conditioning determined by how surprising UCS is
- 51attention theoriesstrength of conditionings determined by how much attention is paid to the CS during a learning episode
- 52observational learningbandura SLT
attention, rettention, reproduction, motivation.
have a self efficiency belief to produce behaviours
1965 bobo doll experiment - 53the adaptive brainlearn through connections
- 54ramón y cajallearning occurs through changes in strength of connection between nerve cells
- 55hebb: the hebb rulechanges in connection strength may be caused by concurrent activity across synapses/ connections in the brain
- 56neural network modellearn info through changes in connections between mathematically stimulated neurones
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am learning, erstellt von nicola Goodship am 07/05/2015.
- Erstellt von
- nicola Goodship
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung