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Flashcards

learning

nicola Goodship Inglês 56 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (56)

  1. 1learninga process by which experience produces a relatively enduring and adaptive charge in an organisms capacity for behaviour
  2. 2behaviourismassumes law of learning in all organisms
    explained by observed events
  3. 3species adaptionenvironmental conditions faced by each species help shape that species' biology
  4. 4natural selectiongenetically based characteristics that enhance a species ability to adapt to its environment, and thus survive & reproduce...more likely to be passed down to the next generation
  5. 5personal adaptionhow an organisms behaviour changes in response to environmental stimuli encountered during its lifetime
  6. 6habituation & sensitisationdecrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus- conserve energy and attend to only important stimuli
    an increase to strength of a response to a repeated stimulus-learn from stimuli and respond to threatening stimuli
    Groves & Thompson- habituation & sensitisation occur at the same time & compete to determine behaviour
  7. 7classical conditioninga proccess in which an organism learns to associate 2 stimuli e.g. food & sickness/ music & nostalgia
  8. 8pavlovbefore conditioning
    food UCS-->salvation UR
    sound NS-->no salivation
    conditioning
    sound CS & food UCS--> salivation UR
    after conditioning
    sound CS-->salivation CR
  9. 9acquisitionperiod during which response is learnt
  10. 10forward-short delay pairingCS appears first & still present when US appears
    learning quickest in this situation
  11. 11forward trace pairingCS appears, disappears and then UCS presented 2-3 seconds later
  12. 12simultaneous pairingCS & UCS presented at same time
  13. 13backward pairingCS presented after UCS
  14. 14extinctionprocess in which the CS is presented repeatedly in absence of UCS, causing CR to weaken and disappear (extinction trial)
  15. 15spontaneous recoveryre-appearance of previously extinguished CR after a rest period & without new learning trials.
  16. 16stimulus generalisationstimuli similar to initial CS elicit cr
  17. 17dicriminationCR occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not others
  18. 18high order conditioningoccurs when a neutral stimulus becomes CS after being paired with an already established CS.
    Produced CR will be weaker and extinguishes more rapidly
  19. 19watson & Raynerlittle albert
  20. 20exposure therapiespatient exposed to CS that arouses anxiety response without presence of UCS, allowing extinction to accur (illicit fear)
  21. 21systematic desensitisationtype of therapy in which patients learn muscle relaxation techniques & are gradually exposed to fear-provoking stimuli
  22. 22aversion therapyattempts to condition aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour
  23. 23operant conditioningresponses are emitted (voluntary) dependent on consequences. law of effect
  24. 24thorndikepuzzle box- used instrumental learning & favoured outcome strengthened response it produced
  25. 25skinner & operant conditioningtype of learning behaviour influenced by consequences it follows
  26. 26reinforcement & reinforcerresponse strengthened by outcome that follows it
    the outcome that increases the frequency of the response
  27. 27punishment & punisherresponse weakened by outcome that follows it
    consequence that weakens frequency of response
  28. 28three part contingencyif A present, B emitted, C occurs
    Antecedents of behaviour
    Behaviour
    Consequences
  29. 29discriminative stimulussignal that a particular response will produce certain consequences eg. teacher & chalk
  30. 30positive reinforcementresponse strengthened by subsequent presentation of a stimulus.
    primary-natural eg. food/ water
    secondary-associated with primary eg. money/ token
  31. 31negative reinforcementresponse strengthened by removal of an aversive stimulus
  32. 32operant extinctionweakening/ disappearance of response because no longer reinforced.
    resistance to extinction- degree of which no longer reinforced responses persist
  33. 33aversive/ positive punishmentresponse weakened by the presentation of a stimulus eg. verbal reprimands
  34. 34negative punishmentsresponse weakened by removal of stimulus e.g.. tv if misbehaving
  35. 35shapingreinforcing successive approximations toward desired response eg. praise children for small steps toward main goal
  36. 36chainingdevelop sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with opportunity to perform next response
  37. 37operant generalisationnew operant response occurs to new stimulus/ situation that is similar to original (eg. iron)
  38. 38operant discriminisationoperant responses occur to one actecedent stimulus but not to another
  39. 39schedules of reinforcementratio- only certain % of responses reinforced
    interval-time elapse
    fixed-fixed num of responses
    continuous-rapid learning & easy to perceive. partial- slow & partial to extinction
  40. 40escapeorganism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
  41. 41avoidanceorganisms learns response to avoid stimulus
  42. 42shuttle box experiments2 rooms, 1 floor receives shock
  43. 432 factor theoryclassical & operant conditioning used in avoidance of stimuli
  44. 44preparednessanimals become biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others. more related to species survival eg. taste aversion/ readily fear some things containing negative connotations
  45. 45organisms cognitive representation of the world (S-O-R)stimulus, response & cognition
  46. 46insightsudden perception of useful relationship that helps you solve problems eg. cognitive map in Tolman's rats gave mental representation of spatial layout
  47. 47latent learninglearning that occurs but not demonstrated until later when there is incentive to perform
  48. 48hull 1943 direct reflex connection between CS & CRpavlov- neural bond
    cog psychs-CS-UCS link & expectancy learning
  49. 49blockingkamin
    obstruction of conditioning of CR because response has already be conditioned to a different stimulus
  50. 50rscorla-wager theorystrength of conditioning determined by how surprising UCS is
  51. 51attention theoriesstrength of conditionings determined by how much attention is paid to the CS during a learning episode
  52. 52observational learningbandura SLT
    attention, rettention, reproduction, motivation.
    have a self efficiency belief to produce behaviours
    1965 bobo doll experiment
  53. 53the adaptive brainlearn through connections
  54. 54ramón y cajallearning occurs through changes in strength of connection between nerve cells
  55. 55hebb: the hebb rulechanges in connection strength may be caused by concurrent activity across synapses/ connections in the brain
  56. 56neural network modellearn info through changes in connections between mathematically stimulated neurones

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FlashCards sobre learning, criado por nicola Goodship em 07-05-2015.
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nicola Goodship
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