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Karteikarten

Module 8

Chantelle Knight CompTIA A+ Learning Technology Specialist Englisch 17 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (17)

  1. 1EXPLAIN THE SPECIFICATIONS FOR A TYPE OF COMMUNICATION WITH 802.11a?802 ASPECT NAMED BECAUSE A CONSORTIUM WAS GATHERED IN FEBRUARY 1980(hence 802) THAT WAS TASKED WITH DEFINING SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OF NETWORKING(12 at that time):
    802.1, .2, .3, .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, .10, .11, 12a
    EACH BEING A DIFFERENT METHOD OF NETWORKING. 802.11a WAS TO DEFINE WIRELESS(transmitting network data wirelessly). ORIGINAL IMPLEMENTATION OF Wi-Fi(802.11) only had a speed of 2 Mbps. OTHER VARIANTS THAT WERE REFINED THEN CAME IN THE FORM OF a, b, g, n. RIGHT NOW THERE ARE STILL 7 DIFFERENT VARIETIES, EACH ONE HAS DIFFERENT SPECIFICATIONS.
    802. 11a and b both came out around the same time. A(also referred to as Wi-Fi 2 as a predecessor to 11) was a standard that provides bandwidth up to 54 Mbps, Operates at radio frequencies between 5.725 GHz and 5.850 GHz. This higher frequency makes it difficult to penetrate walls and other obstructions(lower frequencies travel farther and more easily through obstructions). Commonly found on business networks who need the speed and have more open space
  2. 2802.11a PROPS & CONS?PROS:
    OFFERS FAST MAXIMUM SPEED, REGULATED FREQUENCIES(meant nothing else was using that frequency, which helps prevent signal interference from other devices)
    CONS:
    HIGHER COST THAN 802.11B(which is typically used in home setups), SHORTER SIGNAL(as easily obstructed)
  3. 3DEFINE 802.11b + PROPS & CONS?A STANDARD THAT SUPPORTS BANDWIDTH UP TO 11 Mbps(Comparable to Ethernet but nowhere near as fast as A which is essentially 5 times faster), USES UNREGULATED(other devices can use the same frequency) RADIO SIGNALING FREQUENCY (2.4 GHz, travel farther and faster than A with lower frequency), SUSCEPTIBLE TO INTERFERENCE(as unregulated) FROM MICROWAVE OVERS, CORDLESS PHONES, OTHER APPLIANCES ON THE SAME FREQUENCY. PREFERRED IN-HOME ENVIRONMENT DUE TO SPEED AND DISTANCE IT TRAVELS.
    PROS:
    LOWER COST COMPARED TO 802.11a
    GOOD SIGNAL RANGE WHICH WAS
    NOT AS EASILY OBSTRUCTED
    CONS:
    SLOWER MAXIMUM SPEED
    UNREGULATED FREQUENCY(susceptible to interfere with home appliances)
  4. 4DEFINE 802.11g + PROPS & CONS?EMERGED IN 2002, COMBINING THE BEST OF BOTH 802.11a & 802.11b, SUPPORTING BANDWIDTH UP TO 54 Mbps(a used) BUT ACHIEVES GREATER RANGE USING 2.4 GHz FREQUENCY(b used), BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH 802.11b(easier upgrade if you something that only supported the specifications of b as it could still be used, just at the lower speed - as its the frequency that matters with compatibility when it comes to Wi-Fi.
    PROS:
    FAST MAXIMUM SPEED, GOOD SIGNAL RANGE, NOT EASILY OBSTRUCTED
    CONS:
    COSTS MORE THAN 802.11b, UNREGULATED FREQUENCY(still susceptible to interference with appliances)
  5. 5DEFINE 802.11n + PROPS & CONS?SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS 'WIRELESS N', UTILIZES MULTIPLE WIRELESS SIGNALS, AND ANTENNAS(to improve overall bandwidth - depending on when you got the device, n specification does allow up to 300Mbps, significantly faster than a, b & g). OFFERS A BETTER RANGE DUE TO THE INCREASED SIGNAL INTENSITY THAT WAS ACHIEVED BY USING MULTIPLE SIGNALS OVER MULTIPLE ANTENNAS. ALSO BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH 802.11b OR g(used 2.4 GHz transmission frequency)
    PROS:
    FASTEST MAXIMUM SPEED, BEST SIGNAL RANGE, RESILIENT TO SIGNAL INTERFERENCE(outside sources such as microwaves & cordless phones) could be overpowered by this stronger signal)
    CONS:
    COSTS MORE THAN 802.11g, MAY INTERFERE WITH NEARBY 802.11b/g-based networks(Due to the use of multiple signals as its stronger)
  6. 6DEFINE 802.11ac + PROPS & CONS?LATEST GENERATION OF Wi-Fi SIGNALING & CURRENT STANDARD, UTILIZES DUAL BAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY MEANING IT SUPPORTS SIMULTANEOUS CONNECTIONS(over both 2,4 GHz & 5 GHz - if you have devices that use one or the other, they can all be supported). BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OF THEM DUE TO THIS - 802.11b/g/n ON 2.4 GHz & 802.11a ON 5 GHz, also has modes to enable/disable some
    PROS:
    IMPROVED BANDWIDTH(speeds rated up to 1000 or 1,300 Mbps), MORE FLEXIBILITY(with simultaneous connection supports), BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY(to everything)
    CONS:
    INCREASED COST, PRONE TO SAME INTERFERENCE WHEN USING 2.4 GHz FREQUENCY
  7. 72.4 GHz VS 5 GHz DISTANCE FREQUENCIES?2.4 GHz VS 5 GHz
    AN END DEVICE RUNNING AT 2.4 GHz MUST CONNECT TO A TRANSMITTER(A Wi-Fi ROUTER OR AN ACCESS POINT) ALSO RUNNING AT 2.4 GHz. THIS IS THE SAME FOR 5 GHz).
    DISTANCE & SPEED: ACTUAL VALUE(can expect in the real world) & THEORETICAL VALUE(means they did achieve that when testing under perfect conditions)
    DISTANCE:
    - 802.11a, 5 GHz actual distance = 195ft / theoretical = 390ft
    - 802.11b, 2.4 GHz actual distance = 230ft / theoretical = 460ft
    - 802.11g, 2.4 GHz actual distance = 62ft / theoretical = 125ft (sacrificed distance for speed)
    N had multiple signals over multiple antennas
    - 802.11n, 2.4 GHz actual distance = 410ft / theoretical = 820ft
    - 802.11n, 5 GHz actual distance = 230ft / theoretical = 460ft
    - 802.11ac, 5 GHz actual distance = up to 410ft(required amplifyer) / theoretical = up to 820ft (amplified)
  8. 82.4 GHz VS 5 GHz SPEED FREQUENCIES? PROS & CONS OF THE FREQUENCY?SPEED:
    - 802.11a, 5 GHz actual = 3 - 32Mbps / theoretical = 6 - 54Mbps
    - 802.11b, 2.4 GHz actual = 2 - 3Mbps / theoretical = 11Mbps
    - 802.11g, 2.4 GHz actual = 10 - 29Mbps / theoretical = 54Mbps
    N had multiple signals over multiple antennas
    - 802.11n, 2.4 GHz actual = 150Mbps / theoretical = 300Mbps
    - 802.11n, 5 GHz actual = 450Mbps / theoretical = 900Mbps
    - 802.11ac, 5 GHz actual = 210Mbps - 1G/ theoretical = 533Mbps -1.7G.
    2.4 GHz PROS:
    LARGER COVERAGE AREA THAN 5 GHz, BETTER AT PENETRATING SOLID OBJECTS(walls & floors)
    CONS:
    OVERALL LOWER DATA RATE, SUSCEPTIBLE TO INTERFERENCE(more devices use the 2.4 GHz frequency)
    5 GHz PROS:
    HIGHER DATA RATE, LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO INTERFERENCE(few devices use 5 GHz frequency)
    CONS:
    SMALLER COVERAGE AREA, LESS SUCCESSFUL AT PENETRATING SOLID OBJECTS(walls & floors)
  9. 9DEFINE CHANNELS?Wi-Fi FREQUENCY 2.4 GHz = 2400 MHz - A LOT HIGHER THAN STANDARD RADIO STATION FREQUENCY USE. DUE TO THIS THERES A VARIANCE IN THE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES USED(we just say 2.4 GHz but the actual range of this is from 2401 MHZ up to 2495 MHz).
    THIS RANGE IS DIVIDED UP INTO 14 DIFFERENT CHANNELS(for use by Wi-Fi 802.11) WHICH OVERLAP WITH EACH OTHER SO DIFFERENT DEVICES CAN USE DIFFERENT CHANNELS BUT STILL COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. THIS IS DEPENDENT ON WHERE YOU ARE AS NOT ALL CHANNELS ARE ALLOWED IN OTHER COUNTRIES AS EACH ONE REGULATES RADIO TRANSMISSIONS THEMSELVES. IN NORTH AMERICA, MOST IMPLEMENTATIONS SET BY DEFAULT TO USE CHANNELS 1(centers at 2412 MHz), 6(2437 MHz), OR 11(2462 MHz) - far enough apart to not interact, less interference, good channels for.
    IF ENCOUNTERING DIFFICULTIES YOU CAN TRY OTHER CHANNELS FOR BETTER CONNECTION.
  10. 102.4 GHz WIRELESS LAN CHANNEL AVAILABILITY?CHANNEL 1-12 INCREMENT BY 5 MHz. 13 TO 14 INCREMENTS BY 12.
    - CHANNEL(C) = 1, LOWER FREQUENCY MHz(LFM) = 2401, CENTRE FREQUENCY MHz(CFM) = 2412, UPPER FREQUENCY MHz(UFM) = 2423
    - C = 2, LFM = 2406, CFM =2417, UFM =
    2428
    - C = 3, LFM = 2411, CFM =2422, UFM = 2433
    - C = 4, LFM = 1416, CFM =2427, UFM = 2438
    - C = 5, LFM = 2421, CFM =2432, UFM = 2443
    - C = 6, LFM = 2426, CFM =2437, UFM = 2448
    - C = 7, LFM = 2431, CFM =2442, UFM = 2453
    - C = 8, LFM = 2436, CFM =2447, UFM = 2458
    - C = 9, LFM = 2441, CFM =2452, UFM = 2463
    - C = 10, LFM = 2446, CFM =2457, UFM = 2468
    - C = 11, LFM = 2451, CFM =2462, UFM = 2473
    - C = 12, LFM = 2456, CFM =2467, UFM = 2478
    - C = 13, LFM = 2461, CFM =2472, UFM = 2483
    - C = 14, LFM = 2473, CFM =2484, UFM = 2495
  11. 11CHANNEL OVERLAPIDEA IS THAT CHANNELS OVERLAP A LITTLE SO DIFFERENT DEVICES THAT CONNECT ON DIFFERENT CHANNELS CAN COMMUNICATE STILL ON THE SAME CHANNEL IN GENERAL.
    CHANNEL 14 GOES BEYOND THE RANGE THAT IS CONSIDERED THE REGULAR 2.4 GHz ISM BAND.
    ISM = INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND MEDICAL(represents the disciplines that all have devices transmitting within this band). ULTIMATELY A LOT OF DEVICES ALLOCATED TO OPERATE WITHING THIS BAND, HENCE WHY 2.4 GHz BAND IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO INTERFERENCE
  12. 125 GHz WIRELESS LAN CHANNEL AVAILABILITY?THE CHANNELS BEGIN AT 36 AND INCREMENT BY 4 UP TO CHANNEL 56. FROM THIS POINT ON ITS RANDOM, NEXT CHANNELS AT 100, 120, 124, 132, 140, 157, 161 & 165. FREQUENCIES OF THOSE DONT OVERLAP WITH EACH OTHER, HENCE WHY 5 GHz CHANNELS ARE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO INTERFERENCE(have dedicated frequencies for each channel).
    THESE CHANNELS ARE REGULATED DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE BY DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS. IN EUROPE ITS ETSI(European Telecommunications Standards Institute), NORTH AMERICA = FCC(Federal Communications Commission) & JAPAN HAS ONE TOO.
    CHANNELS 36, 40, 44 & 48 ARE USED AS STANDARD IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR Wi-Fi, HAVING INDOOR USE & NOT BEING PARTICULARLY FAR IN DISTANCE. AS-IS 157, 161 & 165 WHICH IN EUROPE THEY CALL INDOORS AS ITS BASICALLY A CHECK MARK FOR NORTH AMERICA & JAPAN, INDICATING THAT WHERE YOU WILL FIND THE CHANNEL SETTING FOR 5 GHz WIRELESS.
    OTHER VALUES LISTED AS DFS(Dynamic Frequency Selection - where devices can select the frequency through negotiation), TPC(Transmit Power Control- dealing with turning things on/off) & SRD(Short Range Device - too low power for Wi-Fi)
  13. 13TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BLUETOOTH & PROS AND CONS?OPERATES IN THE 2.4 GHz FREQUENCY BAND(spreading its channels across 79 different independent frequencies, meaning each channel is only 1 MHz wide(Wi-Fi channels cover maybe 20 MHz). Plus Bluetooth implements what's called a frequency hopping spectrum, going from channel to channel randomly & rapidly, lessening interference. Bluetooth signals are often much weaker than Wi-Fi so no strength to interfere).
    COMMON IN CELL PHONES, WIRELESS PC/AUDIO EQUIPMENT(headsets, speakers, keyboards). DEVICES NEED TO PAIR TOGETHER TO RECOGNIZE AND THEN COMMUNICATE.
    BLUETOOTH DEVICES CAN SEND AND RECEIVE DATA WIRELESSLY(without relying on Wi-Fi). LATEST VERSION(version 5) HAS A RANGE OF UP TO 400 METERS
    PROS:
    LOW POWER CONSUMPTION, RELATIVELY SECURE(no encryption but can set the device to not be discoverable and for only trusted devices), VERSATILITY(wireless communication between multiple devices), DEVELOPER-FRIENDLY PLATFORM
    CONS:
    CONNECTION ISSUES(devices can be inconsistent during the pairing process, possibly from interference(e.g. obstructions/other transmissions))
  14. 14CHARACTERISTICS OF NFC & PROS AND CONS?NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION(NFC) - A form of contactless communication, commonly used in devices such as smartphones & tablets. Users simply wave the device over the NFC compatible device to send information(e.g. phone payment). The range is limited to within inches, given extra security.
    NFC PROS:
    Convenient, Seamless application, Supported by major vendors, Devices do not need to be paired
    NFC CONS:
    Costly(maybe too expensive for companies to adopt), Security(technology is not free from risk, mobile phone hacking is common and may be able to obtain personal info)
  15. 15CHARACTERISTICS OF RFID & PROS AND CONS?RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION(RFID) - Uses an embedded chip & antenna to transmit and receive data via radio waves. Technology is used to track vehicles, airline passenger baggage & Pets(can be tagged with chips so they can be identified if lost and found)
    RFID PROS:
    Operates under a global standard(improved efficiency and security as maintained and updated regularly). Scanning(can scan multiple items at once, no line of sight limitations). Speed(can scan in milliseconds)
    RFID CONS:
    Scanning Issues(may have difficulty with certain materials such as metal and with multiple items capability, sometime it can result in tag collision(too many tags picked up to distinguish one from the other correctly)). Security(privacy concerns as still a wireless transmission method, so other devices may be able to read/change data while in transit. Side-channel attack worry, where you pick up data in transit and it could give the intruder access to passwords/info that should be secured)
  16. 16DEFINE ZIGBEE ABD Z-WAVE?BOTH ARE WIRELESS PROTOCOLS.
    ZIGBEE: This is a common communication protocol found in smart home devices(& various other Internet of Things(IoT) devices. Is an open standard ideal for low-data rate and power applications, so typically we aren't concerned with tremendous speed and distance as generally devices are just communicating with each other(may not need Wi-Fi) and share info so you can control them all within a central application, but there is a device to device communication as well.
    Based on IEEE(the original consortium that began project 802), so its IEEE 802.15. Operates on 2.4 GHz band, 900 MHz, & 868 MHz frequencies. The protocol enables implementations from different manufacturers to work together so you can use sensors and monitors to work with any number of other devices, but also allows(as an open protocol) for vendors to add their own extensions).
    Z-WAVE: Another wireless communication protocol that uses a mesh networking topology(device-to-device communication without wi-fi). Found in smart homes(lighting controls, security systems, thermostats, window lock)
  17. 17STANDARD CELLULAR SERVICES?THEY ARE 3G, 4G, 5G & LTE. G stands for generation and the number indicates a version or an increment to the next generation.
    3G - Introduced faster data-transmission speeds compared to 1G(did not support data at all) & 2G(introduced text messaging(small amount of data)). Enabled internet access and video calling for mobile phones(low quality), Estimated maximum speed of 2 Mbps.
    4G - added improvements for transferring data. Supported mobile web access that also includes gaming services, HD mobile TV, and video conferencing. 4G is the current standard that most current cell phones support.
    LONG TERM EVOLUTION(LTE) - Enhancement to 4G(improved protocols, stronger signals), replaced previous 4G networks. Better benefits such as higher bandwidth, faster connection speeds, and better technology(for apps such as VoIP/multimedia streaming)
    5G - Latest iteration of cellular technology(better technologies, materials & protocols). Offers improved speed and responsiveness(data transfer rates as high as 20 Gbps with a latency of less than 1ms).

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Beschreibung
Learning Technology Specialist CompTIA A+ (Core 1) Karteikarten am Module 8, erstellt von Chantelle Knight am 29/08/2021.
Erstellt von
Chantelle Knight · Aug 2021
Aktualisiert
30 Aug 2021
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