Karteikarten
Human Development
Karten in diesem Stapel (64)
- 1What is developmentA broad idea linked to improving the quality for people's lives through healthcare, money, freedom, transport and through environmental means.
- 2State the social, economic, technological and political and physical factors affecting development.Economic-Average wealth or income, growth rate of an economy, unemployment rates, cost of living, levels of disposable income.
Social-Healthcare and education, housing, opportunities for leisure and recreation.
Technological-internet access, electrification, efficiency gains in farming
Political-Having freedoms, whether a country is a democracy.
Physical-Sustainability, levels of pollution, deforestation, global warming etc. - 3What are the 3 main strands of food security-Availability-sufficient amounts of food being available consistently
-Access-having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate for a nutritious diet.
-Consumption-making appropriate use of food available based on knowledge of nutrition, care, water and sanitation. - 4What is water securityHaving access to safe, sustainable and clean water
- 5What is GDP.Total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.
- 6What is GDP per capita and why is it used instead of GDP.-GDP per capita is the total GDP of a country divided by its population.
-We use GDP per capita to take into account the variation in popular size, and the quality of life for an individual person. - 7What does the human development index consist of.-Life expectancy
-Number of years in education
-GNI per capita - 8What is GNI.All services and goods produced within a country as well as overseas services.
- 9What are the 4 groups we divide countries into when describing how developed it is.Developed-very high
High to medium-emerging
Low-Developing - 10Disadvantages of HDI?-GNI measure overseas services, which isn't relevant to development within a country.
-Doesn't measure sustainability of environment, which is arguably the most important - 11What is a composite index.A measure of development using multiple factors e.g. HDI
- 12What is the corruption perceptions index.It grades a country's development by how corrupt it is and the quality of its government. Very clean being the least corrupt.
- 13Name one highly corrupted country and one clean countryNorth Korea, Somalia
Finland, Denmark - 14What does the gini coefficient measure.The extent of income inequality. A low value indicates a more equal income distribution, a high value indicates a unequal income distribution.
- 15Describe what gross dispoable house hold income is.GDHI is the amount of money a household has left over for leisure, recreation.
- 16Explain how the physical environment affects global inequalityLandlocked countries often suffer as they are unable to trade efficiently and have access to the global market. Countries can be affected by natural hazards more often.
- 17Explain how demography affects global inequalityThe highest rate of economic growth occurs in countries where birth rate has declined the most
- 18Explain how political and economic policies has affected global inequalityOpen economies e.g. the UK encourage foreign investment and have developed faster than closed economies like Russia. Good governments, lack of corruption all results in higher rates of development
- 19Explain how history has affected global inequalityColonialism European powers such as UK and France expanded their territories around the world and imposed unequal trading relationships, which exploited colonies for their raw materials, allowing the rich to become richer.
- 20Describe how social investment has affected global inequalityCountries that prioritise in investing in education and healthcare have developed at a faster rate. Education improves female literacy which also means less younger women have babies at a young age, due to increased awareness, resulting in decreased birth rates.
- 21Explain which areas in the UK are most developed and least developedRemote areas with challenging physical geography e.g. highlands of Scotland result in lower wages, unemployment and seasonal jobs.
Areas that were important for heavy industries declined due to de-industrialisation, with more goods being produced more cheaply in countries like China and India. This caused unemployment, decrease in incomes in areas, with most modern areas choosing to locate themselves in the South East or in London. - 22Explain the impact of umeven development on access to housingPeople with low income will have limited access to housing, with many living in slums in Mexico.
- 23Explain the impact of uneven development on access to healthA lack of healthcare die due to a lack of vaccines, clean water, sanitation, 70 percent of HIV deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa.
- 24Explain the impact of uneven development on access to educationA lack of education reduces sustainable development of the planet. Many children cannot read or write, resulting in large families being raised to help with farming. This results in less disposable household income
- 25Explain the impact of uneven development on access to employmentOpportunities in employment are limited for developing, with many people working in the informal sector and low paid jobs, leading to a lack of job security and causes exploitation.
- 26Explain the impact of uneven development on access to technologyDeveloping countries with poor education means the country does not have enough people to operate technology efficiently.
- 27Explain the impact of uneven development on access to food and water securityPoor contains lack the ability to import food, innovate in agriculture. It could also cause many serious conflicts between countries that share a drainage basin and causes death rates to increase due to water-bourne diseases.
- 28Explain how FDI reduces uneven developmentIncreasing trade attracts FDI, which will bring in more jobs, increase in employment, increase income and bring in more money into an area.
- 29Explain how fair trade reduces uneven developmentAllows small-scale producers to deal directly with retailers, who pay more money for the products traded. Farmers in developing countries are able to get a better standard of living and higher level of disposable income.
- 30What is official and voluntary aidWhen governments like the UK provide money that charity organisations bid for to develop aid projects in different parts of the world
- 31What is the difference between bilateral aid and multilateral aid (both examples of official government aid)Bilateral aid-one government giving resources to another.
Multilateral-Aid from international organisations e.g. United Nations - 32What is short term or emergency aid.-Food or medical help to give short term relief after a country has suffered natural disasters.
- 33Explain the problems with aid.-May not reach the people who need it the most, with corrupted countries using the AID for their own needs or political gains.
-Projects often benefit the rich in the country, don't benefit smaller farmers. Increases development gap.
-Receiving countries can be exploited and end up in debt as they struggle to repay - 34What is debt reliefUsed to cancel debts or reduce them for countries struggling to repay.
- 35What are remittancesWhen international migrants send money back to their families in their country of origin.
- 36Give one example of a top down and bottom up project.Top Down- 3 gorges dam in China
Bottom up-Micro hydro projects - 37Explain India's location and context in the world.-India is the 7th largest country int he world,
-It shares borders with Pakistan, China, Bangladesh.
-India has a huge population, close behind China's and is growing at a faster rate.
-India is a member of the UN, world trade organisation.
-It has been motivated by rapid development of other emerging countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. - 38Explain the environmental contrast and context in India.-Its climate varies from tropical in the south to temperate in the north.
-India experiences monsoon which blows from the north-east in cooler months and revers in the warmer months. It is important for water supply and farming.
-India experiences droughts, but also experiences flooding. - 39Explain India's social and religious composition.India's society is divided into castes which is predetermined at birth by their parent's status.
The bottom are 'untouchables' who do menial jobs like street sweeping.
The caste system is controversial to India's democracy.
80 percent of India's population are Hindus whilst 13 percent are Muslim. - 40Explain India's internal boundaries-India is divided into 29 states and seven union territories. The country's population is heavily populated in the broad, fertile northern plains.
- 41Define the term diaspora.Any group that has been dispensed outside the original homeland by forced or voluntary migration. 20 million people make up the diaspora and send remittances.
- 42What is regional disparityVariations in socio-economic development within India, which has widened the gap between more advanced regions and those in slow progress.
- 43Explain the causes of regional disparities.Coastal location-Countries near coasts benefit from trading routes and connectivity to the rest of the world.
Birth Control-The south and west have lower rates of natural increase when compared to the north and east.
Green revolution-The increase in food exports and green revolution in the south and west was greater than north and west. Some areas are affected by drought and crop failure due to the failure of the monsoon, resulting in low food exports. - 44Explain how the multiplier effect has led to development of core such as Mumbai-TNCS set up factories, which provides jobs and income for local workers.
-The workers have more disposable income and spend more locally on good and businesses.
-Local businesses have more access to trade.
-Government then taxes these areas which the government than reinvest in infrastructure in that area - 45Explain how Mumbai has become so successful-Multiplier effects caused by FDI and TNCS.
-Successful manufacturing industries e.g. textile, ICT
-Bollywood
-Transactional corporations.
-Investment in infrastructure along the Delhi Mumbai industrial corridor to create urban growth. - 46Explain why Bihar has been left behind as a periphery.-The state's economy was underdeveloped in the colonial period
-Received poor governance since interdependence.
-Poor development of infrastructure.
-Low literacy rates due to a lack of investment and health, resulting in most of the population working in agriculture.
-A lack of FDI and TNCS locating themselves there, resulting in lac of jobs and migration. - 47Explain the change in India's economic sectors.-A large reduction in the agriculture sector.
-A small increase in the manufacturing sector.
-A large increase in tertiary services sector.
-A rise in the quaternary sector e.g. medical research - 48Explain the impact of outsourcing in India.-Outsourcing is obtaining key products from alternative cheaper locations abroad.
-India is a global leader in outsourcing, resulting in services and ICT all locating themselves in India due to it being much cheaper. - 49Explain the impact of India removing their trade barriers.-Allowed India to become more integrated with the global economy as its volume of exports and imports rose sharply. This has had a huge effect on India's economic reformation.
- 50Explain the changes to AID in India.India used to be the biggest receivers of foreign aid, but that has declined rapidly as the country has developed. The UK stopped supplying aid to India. India now sends aid to other countries e.g. the Maldives
- 51Explain the positives of FDICreates many jobs, increasing employment rate.
Additional wealth leads to the multiplier effect.
Some TNCs and FDI have set up schemes to provide new facilities for local communities.
Leads to improved infrastructure, transport links.
Government gets more tax which is spend on development projects. e.g. the industrial corridor in Mumbai - 52Explain negatives of FDI.Corporation leaders take advantages of relax environmental laws, leading to increased pollution.
Conditions for workers can often be harsh.
TNCs use many of the country's resources. - 53Explain how public investment has lead to India's economic growth.-Investment in education, health, transport and housing is vital for a well educated for workforce which contributes to India's ICT sector.
- 54Explain the changes to India's demographic change.Fertility rates have declined rapidly, mortality and maternal mortality has declined, life expectancy has improved. This results in India's demographic dividend where:
-proportion of children under 15 declined due to decrease in birth rates as more women pursue a career first.
-Economically active population.
-Proportion of population over 65 increased due to increased life expectancy. - 55Explain the change in urbanisation and the growing middle class-Most jobs are found in urban areas leading to rural-urban migration.
-So the middle class if mostly found in urban areas with better paid jobs.
-This increases regional disparity - 56Explain the changes to educationImprovements in education due to economic development lead to higher literacy rates in India. This attracts more FDI.
- 57Explain the changes in social inequality (excluding regional inequality)India has inequalities including gender, age, social position, religion.
-Woman still have low status.
-Older people feel left out of the benefits from improvement of education and health. They still mainly live in rural areas.
-Discrimination in poorer parts of the country. - 58Explain how India's geopolitics has affected its developmentIn 1947, India gained dependence but split into Pakistan and India. Pakistan was the Muslim state, whilst India was the Hindu state, with many fleeing as they feared the possibility of being part of a minority population.
-Currently, India and Pakistan have fought wars over the territory of Kashmir along with many border disputes. India and Pakistan are both nuclear powers. - 59Explain the issues of concern between China and India.-Potential water resources conflict.
-Chinese want more influence eon the Indian ocean, but the Indian Ocean is a main factor of India for oil trade and shipping, transport, communication and access to the global market. The 2 nations are both competing for influence. - 60Explain the effects of rapid development on air pollution in India-An increase in air pollution reduces life epectancy for many people who live in cities. This affects labour productivity due to illness and damages agriculture-causing a lack of food security.
- 61Explain the effects of rapid development on deforestation and agriculture in India-Increased deforestation due to commercial logging, conversion of land to agriculture, mining and urban expansion. This increases flooding, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and increases climate change which can lead to droughts and affect India's monsoon patterns, which can cause desertification in regions.
- 62Explain the effects of rapid development on climate change and greenhouse gases in India.-More greenhouses gases released to provide electricity for the large population.
-India is heavily reliant on coal.
-Deforestation means less forest cover that acts as a carbon sink.
-Affects monsoons, which affects the farming sector putting millions of jobs at risk. - 63Explain a top-down project run by the Indian government to improve quality of life.Smart Cities mission will run between 100 cities.
-Aims to provide an adequate water supply, electricity supply, improved sanitation, affordable housing for the poor, health and education, efficient public transport. - 64—
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- IGCSE Geography Karteikarten am Human Development, erstellt von Ryan Wu am 08/01/2022.
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