Karteikarten
Health Issues
Karten in diesem Stapel (35)
- 1What is health defined by? How does it vary?. physical, mental and social-being, and absence of disease
. varies in different parts of world - 2Give example of health indicator. healthy life expectancy- number of years newborn child can expect to live in full health without major disease
. highest in wealthiest countries e.g. USA, UK
. lowest in poorest countries e.g. sub-Saharan Africa - 3What does morbidity mean? What do its indicators include?. means illness
. prevalence- total number of cases in population at particular time
. incidence- number of new cases in population during particular time period - 4How do global patterns of morbidity differ depending on type of disease.... infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS)- often more common poorer countries
. non- communicable disease (cancer, heart disease)- often more common in wealthier countries - 5Morbidity pattern of infectious diseases- poorer countries concentrated. malnutrition (poor food availability and periodic famines)- reduces body's to fight disease
. lack clean water- increased spread
. overcrowded conditions urban areas-spread
. poor access to health care- no drugs to treat/prevent
. limited health education- don't know how to avoid
. disease vectors- more common in poor countries, e.g. mosquitos= malaria in tropical regions of Africa - 6Morbidity patten of communicable diseases-usually wealthier countries e.g. breast cancer. higher prop older people (due to LE)- more likely to suffer diseases associated with old age e.g. cancer and heart disease
. unhealthy lifestyle- risk increases if over weight or obese, eat unhealthily and don't exercise enough. More common in wealthier countries - 7What does mortality mean? What are mortality rates?. death, caused by a high morbidity
. how many people die in population over period of time, used to compare global patterns of death - 8Why is risk of dying from a disease higher in poorer countries?. malnutrition- reduces body's ability to fight disease
. poor access to health care- can't access drugs needed to treat disease - 9How does the world work together to fight disease?. organisations like WHO (World Health Organisation) work most governments and countries to help eradicate and prevent disease
. e.g. run programme of vaccinations (paid for by wealthy countries) to eradicate polio (infectious disease mainly found in poorer countries) - 10Why is it difficult to improve health in poorer countries?. lack of money to provide effective health care
. difficulties getting health care to remote populations - 11Why in poorer countries is treating disease the main focus?. national income low, so spending on health care tends to be low
. most money spent on treating patients so little money left to preventative care and health education
. however preventing disease is more effective
. some poor countries rely heavily on foreign aid to improve health care services short term but long term solutions needed - 12How to improve health in remote populations. due to lack of medical services health care is issue
. solutions include train locals in basic health care and employ to provide basic health care for local communities e.g. first aid, treating common diseases, medicines, vaccinations, pregnancy support, midwifery and health education - 13Advantages of training locals to provide basic health care. relatively inexpensive way of improving health care in rural areas
. provides jobs
. increases self-reliance in communities
. local basic health care workers unlikely to leave unlike professionals tend to migrate - 14Disadvantages of training locals to provide basic health care. can't replace doctors
. so long term-solutions must improve access to proper medical facilities and fully trained staff - 15Why is it difficult to improve health in wealthier countries?. already ageing population- high LE and low BR
. therefore more suffer from age-related illnesses e.g. cancer- big strain on health services
. lifestyle choices e.g. eating healthily, exercise, don't smoke and reduce alcohol improve
. key barrier is ignoring advice on lifestyle changes that'd reduce chance developing diseases - 16Hod do wealthier countries spend money for health carepreventing diseases
. providing vaccinations e.g. mumps
. health awareness campaigns to promote good lifestyle choices e.g. eating healthily
. providing support services to help improve health e.g. to help people stop smoking
. early diagnosis e.g cancer screenings - 17Case Study- preventing cervical cancer in England What was the problem?. nearly 300 woman diagnosed with cervical cancer annually in England
. lead to death if untreated
. 99% all cervical cancers caused by a virus called HPV - 18Solutions to dealing with cervical cancer. some forms cervical cancer preventable by stopping infection with HPV, offered as a vaccine to all girls aged 12-13 England
. cervical screenings offered to all women over 25 in England. Unusual cells can be detected early, allowing treatment and preventing cancer
. DR from CC have dropped by nearly 70% since screening began - 19How can diseases affect health and econ development and lifestsyle. increased poor health in population in some cases caused permanent disability or death
. slow econ development due to increased DR (fewer taxes to gov) decreasing productivity (days lost from work) and increasing health care costs
. increased poverty (days lost from work and health care costs), impaired learning (missing school) and downward spiral as poorest families trapped in poverty - 20What is malaria? Where is it mostly commonly found? How can it be prevented?. infectious disease caused by parasites which are transmitted by the anopheles female mosquito
. tropical regions e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa
. prevented using bed nets and insecticides
. cured by anti-malarial drugs, but without treatment quickly become life threatening - 21How many cases in 2006?. 250 million global cases
. 86% occurred in poorest countries in Africa - 22Reasons for Malaria being rife in Sub-Sharan Africa.... climate- mosquitoes that carry malaria only survive in warmer countries like Africa
. limited health education- aren't informed how to avoid malaria e.g. bed nets
. poor health care- people with malaria less likely to be treated, means more infected people so more sources of parasite to mosquitos to pick up and transmit - 23Where were most deaths in 2006 due to Malaria situated?. 91% global deaths from malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 24What is HIV?. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
. destroys the immune system
. eventually cases AIDS
. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
. which causes death - 25How is HIV transmitted?. sexual contact
. sharing needles
. blood transfusions
. contaminated medical equipment - 26Is there a cure for AIDS?. no cure but can slow development of HIV to AIDS by using antiviral drugs
. HIV can be prevented by practising safe sex, screening blood transfusions and using sterile medical equipment - 27Where do most HIV/AIDS concentrated?. 66% (and 90%) are in sub-Saharan Africa
. and over 70% global deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa - 28Reasons why HIV/AIDS mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa?. society- people more reluctant to get tested
. gender inequality- in some African countries men are socially dominant, women less likely to insist condom use= more vulnerable
. limited health and sex educ- aren't aware what HIV is and aren't informed how to avoid
. limited health care- people infected less likely to be diagnosed, so more likely pass on disease - 29Why is HIV/AIDS distributed in sub-Saharan Africa?. high number cases
. poor health care- antiviral drugs aren't available or affordable
. poor health, nutrition and hygiene- increased risk of other infections that can be fatal because HIV destroys immune system - 30What is coronary heart disease?. (CHD) where the heart doesn't get enough blood, can lead to heart attack
. no cure but can be controlled with treatment e.g. aspirin, surgery such as heart bypass operation
. early diagnosis and access to health care increases life expectancy
. risk can be reduced by lifestyle changes like eating healthily, exercising and not smoking - 31Where is CHD more common? Why?. non communicable disease so more common wealthier countries e.g. UK, USA
. ageing populations- risk of developing CHD increases as get older
. lifestyle factors- unhealthy lifestyle and being obese/overweight increases risk developing CHD - 32Why is CHD increasing in poorer countries?. e.g. India, as their wealth increases
. increasing LE- more people suffer from CHD due to ageing populations
. social, econ and cultural changes- people are adopting Western diets and lifestyle e.g. smoking - 33How many global deaths in 1997 did CHD cause? Where do most deaths happen due to CHD? Why is CHD DR falling in MEDCs?. 14% all global deaths
. 80% death due to CBD in LEDCs as poor health care (treatments aren't affordable) and limited health education (people aren't aware of effects of lifestyle life changes)
. improvements in diagnosing people at risk, developing treatments, awareness campaigns to prevent - 34What are TNCs?. transnational companies are companies that operate in more than one country
. some very large, huge budgets and powerful political influence - 35How TNCs affect global health with how they treat their employees?. the pay of wages, their safety standards and health care provisions
. e.g. Namdeb diamond
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- A Levels Geography (Sections ) Karteikarten am Health Issues, erstellt von Alice Kimpton am 14/03/2016.
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