Karteikarten
A&P Test 1 Semester 2 VOCAB
Karten in diesem Stapel (188)
- 1ArteryBlood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation
- 2CapillaryThe smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells
- 3VeinBlood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation
- 4ErythrocyteRed blood cells
- 5ThrombocytesPlatelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation
- 6PlateletCell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting
- 7LeukocytePWhite blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses
- 8PlasmaThe nonliving fluid component within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated
- 9HematocritThe percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
- 10PolycythemiaAn abnormally high number of erythrocytes
- 11Polycythemia VeraCancer of bone marrow where too many red blood cells are produced
- 12AlbuminThe most abundant plasma protein
- 13Osmotic PressureThe force drawing water down its concentration gradient; A measure of the tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution
- 14Interstitial SpaceRelated to or situated in the small, narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ
- 15EdemaAbnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid due to low levels of albumin making water stay in interstitial spaces; causes swelling (primarily in the feet)
- 16PlasmapheresisA method of removing blood plasma from the body by withdrawing blood, separating it into plasma and cells, and transfusing the cells back into the bloodstream. It is performed especially to remove antibodies in treating autoimmune conditions
- 17Alpha and Beta GlobulinsProduced by the liver or immune system; Glycoprotein; Carrier proteins
- 18Antibody (Gamma/ immunoglobulin)Any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, that function as antibodies
- 19FibrinogenA soluble blood protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
- 20SpectrinProteins that help erythrocytes hold their shape
- 21BilirubinYellow pigment of bile
- 22UrobilinChemical that gives urine its yellow color; Bilirubin is broken down into this
- 23JaundiceA medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by the obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells
- 24HyperbilirubinemiaExcess bilirubin that occurs because the baby's liver isn't mature enough to breakdown and remove the bilirubin from the bloodstream
- 25PhototherapyUses light (not UV light) to increase the breakdown of bilirubin
- 26ErythropoiesisProcess of producing erythrocytes from stem cells in the red bone marrow
- 27HemoglobinOxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes; Can carry 4 Oxygen molecules
- 28DeoxyhemoglobinHemoglobin found in the veins which does not have oxygen molecules; dark red blood
- 29OxyhemoglobinHemoglobin found in the arteries which are carrying oxygen molecules; bright red blood
- 30Sickle Cell AnemiaUnder low oxygen conditions, hemoglobin chains link together, forming stiff rods that deform the erythrocyte; Blood transfusion is the standard treatment
- 31DiapedisisThe first major process of leukocytes where leukocytes pass through the capillary wall into interstitial space
- 32ChemotaxisThe second major process of leukocytes where leukocytes move toward a chemical stimulus (i.e. bacteria, toxin)
- 33PhagocytosisThe third major process of leukocytes where the leukocyte engulfs exotic or extraneous material, and use an intracellular enzyme to digest them
- 34PhagocytesA type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles; "eater cell"; eat until they die
- 35GranulocyteHave granules in their cytoplasm and lobed nuclei; phagocytes; there are three types, named by their appearance when stained
- 36NeutrophilNeutral stained cytoplasm; Function is to attack bacteria; Granules are very fine (hard to see); Granules contain defensins
- 37EosinophilGranules stain auburn; Granules contain digestive enzymes, but these enzymes do not digest bacteria; Most important function is to attack parasitic worms
- 38BasophilGranules stain blue (purplish black); Respond to allergens (like pollen or pet dander); Granules contain histamine
- 39DefensinsAntimicrobial proteins; poke holes in the pathogen membrane
- 40AllergensInnocuous substances that the body thinks are dangerous
- 41HistaminesInflammatory chemical that causes the blood vessels to get bigger; A chemical messenger which causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
- 42VasodilatorRelaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, producing dilation
- 43Mast CellAlso release histamine, but are found in connective tissue instead of blood
- 44MonocyteAgranulocytes; Single kidney shaped nucleus; Largest of the leukocytes; Activate lymphocytes; convert into macrophages when they leave the bloodstream
- 45AgranulocytesNo granules in the cytoplasm
- 46Differentiateto convert; Monocytes convert into macrophages
- 47MacrophageBig Eater; Protective cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response
- 48LymphocyteAgranulocytes; large, spherical nucleus; only a few in the blood, most are found in the lymphoid tissues; Arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body; Two types are T and B cells
- 49B CellAlso called B lymphocytes; oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells
- 50T CellsLymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity; include helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory cells; Also called T lymphocytes
- 51Plasma CellMembers of a B cell clone; effector B cells specialized to produce and release antibodies
- 52AntigenA substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products. This is the site that the antibody binds to
- 53ImmunityWhen the body makes an antibody that matches the invader; Ability of the body to resist many agents (both living and nonliving) that can cause disease; resistance to disease.
- 54HematopoiesisProduction of blood cells from a common precursor (stem cell); occurs in the red bone marrow
- 55Myeloid LeukemiaAbnormal leukocytes are myeloblast descendants (granulocytes)
- 56Lymphatic LeukemiaOverproduction of abnormal, nonfunctioning leukocytes which are lymphoid descendants (lymphocytes).
- 57AcuteQuickly advancing
- 58ChronicSlowly advancing
- 59MegakaryoblastFragments of giant cells
- 60HemostasisBlood halting; Important in preventing "bleeding out" from cuts
- 61Clotting FactorsSeries of protein activations that lead to fibrin formation
- 62Vitamin KAn important vitamin that is vital to blood clotting; It is sometimes injected into babies at birth to help prevent life-threatening bleeding
- 63HemophiliaIncludes several bleeding disorders; Genetic; Loss of one of the clotting factors, so clotting does not occur; Treatment can include transfusion of plasma or of the appropriate clotting factor
- 64ThrombocytopeniaPlatelet deficiency; Can cause increased bleeding and bruising
- 65ThrombosisFormation of a blood clot inside of a blood vessel
- 66ThrombusA blood clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
- 67Anti-coagulantsInhibit vitamin K production
- 68Clot RetractionOccurs after hemostasis; Further stabilizes the clot; Contractile proteins in platelets contract and pull the ruptured edges of the blood vessel together, and reduces clot size
- 69PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor)produced by the platelets, stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall.
- 70FibrinolysisRemoval of clot after healing has occurred (begins ~2 days after clot is formed)
- 71Plasminogenprotein incorporated into a blood clot; inactive precursor for the enzyme plasmin, present in the blood
- 72tPATissue plasminogen activator; an enzyme that helps dissolve clots
- 73PlasminAn enzyme that digests fibrin and breaks down a clot
- 74FibrinFibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting
- 75AgglutinationClumping of foreign cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes
- 76Karl LandsteinerFound that when blood from different people is mixed, it can lead to blood clumping; Identified 3 blood types based on clumping
- 77Type A BloodHas A antigen present on its blood cells; has an antibody to B type blood cells; Can't receive B or AB Blood
- 78Type B BloodHas B antigen present on its blood cells; has an antibody to A type blood cells; Can't take A or AB Blood
- 79Type AB BloodHas both A and B antigens present on its cells; Has no antibodies and is the universal recipient
- 80Type O BloodHas no antigen present on its cells; Has both A and B antibodies present and is the universal donor; Can only receive Type O Blood
- 81AgglutinogenRBC antibodies that have the ability to cause clumping in cells
- 82AgglutininThe antibody present on a red blood cell
- 83Transfusion ReactionA reaction to wrong type of donor blood cells that causes the clumping of the recipient's red blood cells; This is due to the antibody present in the recipient blood cells
- 84Rh FactorRh positive blood has the antigen D present on its cells; Rh negative blood can only receive negative blood, because if it is exposed to Rh positive blood cells, it will create antibodies to the cells
- 85Rh IncompatibilityIf an Rh negative woman is impregnated by an Rh positive man and the baby inherits the Rh positive antigen, a small amount of the fetal blood will enter the mother's circulation at birth. The woman can develop antibodies to the Rh antigen and when she becomes pregnant with her second Rh positive fetus, her cells will attack the fetus's blood cells. The treatment for this is an injection of RhoGAM right after the birth of the first child to prevent the mom from creating antibodies.
- 86Erythroblastosis FetalisThe same thing as Rh Incompatibility
- 87RhoGAMAn immune globulin that is injected into an Rh Negative mother after child birth to create her from creating antibodies to an Rh Positive antigen
- 88SeptumSeparates the heart into the left and right halves
- 89PericardiumDouble walled sac that encloses the heart. Has three layers:
1) Fibrous pericardium-protects the heart, anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
2) Parietal layer of serous pericardium
3) Visceral layer of serous pericardium - 90Myocardiummuscular tissue of the heart
- 91EndocardiumInner endothelial lining of the heart
- 92Trabeculae"Little beams"; if the heart walls were flat, suctioning would occur during pumping
- 93AtriumThe areas of the heart where blood enters
- 94VentricleThe areas of the heart where blood exits
- 95Sulcus-Interventricular sulcus: marks the separation of the left and right ventricles
-Coronary sulcus: marks the separation of the atria and ventricles; encircles the heart like a crown (corona) - 96Pulmonary CircuitThe right side of the heart which takes blood to the lungs
- 97Systemic CircuitLeft side of the heart which takes blood to the rest of the body
- 98Right atrium (Right Auricle)Where deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
- 99Right VentricleWhere deoxygenated blood goes after going through the right atrium. Later pushes through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs where the blood is oxygenated
- 100Left AtriumWhere oxygenated blood enters the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary vein.
- 101Left VentricleWhere oxygenated blood flows after going through the left atrium. Blood then leaves the heart through the aorta to be distributed to the rest of the body
- 102Superior Vena CavaLarge vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart (the top one)
- 103Inferior Vena CavaLarge vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart (the bottom one)
- 104Coronary SinusEmpties blood directly into the right atrium
- 105Pulmonary ArteryCarries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated
- 106Pulmonary VeinsCarry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
- 107AortaArtery where oxygenated blood is forced out of the left ventricle to travel toward the tissues of the body
- 108Atrioventricular Valves (AV)Tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. They separate the atria and the ventricles.
- 109Semilunar Valves (SL)Pulmonary valve and aortic valve which are shaped like three crescent moons (semilunar)
- 110Aortic ValveValve between the left ventricle and the aorta
- 111Tricuspid ValveThe valve between the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but contains three membranous flaps
- 112Pulmonary ValveBetween the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
- 113Bicuspid (Mitral) ValveThe valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps
- 114Chordae Tendineae"tendinous chords"; "heart strings"-anchor AV valves to the ventricle wall
- 115AuscultationListening to the heart sounds, typically with a stethoscope
- 116S1LUB; Tricuspid and bicuspid valves closing, loudest at the apex of the heart
- 117S2DUB; Pulmonary and aortic valves closing, loudest at top of the heart (base)
- 118DiastolePeriod of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing
- 119SystolePeriod of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting
- 120InfarctDead tissue resulting from a loss of blood supply
- 121Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack; Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area.
- 122Coronary ArteryFor most people, brings oxygenated blood to the right/left atrium and ventricle by the right/left artery. For 15% of people the left artery brings blood to both ventricles (while the right still brings blood to the right atrium). 4% of people only have one of these arteries which brings blood to the entire heart
- 123Coronary VeinEmpties blood from the walls into the coronary sinus of the heart
- 124StriatedWhen muscle fibers are arranged in a latticework, with the fibers dividing, recombining, and then spreading again (like skeletal muscle!)
- 125SarcomereThe reason that cardiac muscle fibers are striated. Composed of myosin and actin. (The smallest contractile unit of muscle)
- 126EndomysiumThin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell. (Loose connective tissue matrix between cells)
- 127Fibrous Cardiac SkeletonEndomysium connects to this dense connective tissue, which acts as the origin and insertion sites, giving the cardiac cells something to pull against
- 128Intercalated DiscsSpecialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
- 129Gap junctionsAllow communication between two cells; they transmit the current (ions) across the entire heart
- 130DesmosomesAct like interlocking velcro and hold two cells together; They prevent cells from separating during contraction
- 131Functional SyncytiumA single coordinated unit; It's actually two syncytium, the atria and the ventricles. This allows the atria to contract slightly before the ventricles.
- 132PacemakerGenerate the impulse (tell the heart to contract); Also is a device which electrically stimulates the heart muscle if the SA or AV nodes aren't working.
- 133IntrinsicThe conduction system inside the body, stimulated by the heart's pacemaker
- 134Sinus RhythmThe rhythm of the heart (contractions of the ventricles)
- 135Heart RateDetermined by the sinus rhythm; The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute; It is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles.
- 136ElectrocardiogramDetects the electrical currents the heart generates and transmits throughout the body; 12 leads, each looking at the heart from a separate angle
- 137ArrhythmiaHeart's rhythm is abnormal. They can be caused by heart attack, drug overdose, genetic disease, or old age.
- 138Rapid Ventricular Filling80% of ventricle filling occurs, as blood flows passively into the atria through open AV valves into the ventricles.
- 139End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)Maximum volume of blood the ventricles can hold
- 140Isovolumetric Contraction PhaseAll valves are closed for a split second during ventricular systole.
- 141End-Systolic Volume (ESV)Blood left in the ventricles after ventricular systole.
- 142Isovolumetric Relaxation PhaseAll valves are closed for a split second during early diastole
- 143Vagus NerveDecreases the heart beat
- 144Cardiac OutputThe amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute
- 145Cardiac ReserveThe difference between a person's Cardiac Output and their maximal Cardiac Output. Non-athletes: usually 4-5 times resting (~20-25 L/min)
Athletes: can be 7 times resting (~35 L/min) - 146Stroke VolumeThe difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)
- 147NorepinephrineIncreases the number of action potentials; binds to Beta-adrenergic receptor on cells of the SA node
- 148Beta-adrenergic ReceptorNorepinephrine binds to this and causes the threshold to be reached more quickly, and an increase in calcium entry
- 149AcetylcholineReleased by the vagus nerve and hyperpolarizes the membranes of the cells in the SA and AV nodes. This slows down the number of signals the nodes send, which slows the heart rate.
- 150Vagal ToneThe vagus nerve is continuously sending signals, so the heart beat is slower than the rate of the SA node on its own (75 vs 100).
- 151Epinephrine (adrenaline)-Secreted during times of high stress
-Acts like norepinephrine and increases heart rate - 152Thyroxine-Secreted from the thyroid gland
-Increases the rate at which the body uses energy (and thus increases body heat)
-Increases heart rate - 153Tachycardia"Heart Hurry"
-Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
-Causes include fever, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease - 154BradycardiaHeart rate slow (<60 bpm)
-Occurs in athletes as heart gets bigger (hypertrophies), stroke volume increases, allowing a lower resting heart rate while still having a high cardiac output
-When it occurs in non-athletes, for example because of problems with the SA node, it can cause inadequate blood circulation to the tissues - 155Congestive Heart FailureMyocardium weakens, so heart doesn't pump blood efficiently, and tissues don't get the blood that they need
- 156Coronary AtherosclerosisBlockage in the coronary arteries so heart doesn't get the blood (nutrients/oxygen) it needs, causing it to pump ineffectively (Can lead to myocardial infarction)
- 157Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Ventricles stretch and thin, and the myocardium deteriorates
-Causes unknown, may be genetics, or drug abuse or toxin exposure - 158PIf the left side of the heart fails; The right side sends blood to the lungs, but the left side can't send oxygenated blood to the tissues.
- 159Pulmonary EdemaEdema caused by blood getting "stuck" in the lungs - if it's left untreated it can cause suffocation
- 160Peripheral CongestionIf the right side of the heart fails and blood backs up into the systemic system, causing edema of the extremities.
- 161AngioplastySurgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery.
- 162StentsA tubular support placed temporarily inside a blood vessel, canal, or duct to aid healing or relieve an obstruction
- 163Bypass SurgeryA surgical procedure to restore normal blood supply to the heart by creating new routes for the blood to travel into the heart when one or both of the coronary arteries have become clogged or obstructed.
- 164ArterioleA small branch of an artery leading into the capillaries
- 165VenuleA very small vein, where the capillaries converge leading into the veins
- 166Tunica IntimaContains the simple squamous endothelium that lines the artery lumen
- 167Tunica Media-Circular smooth muscle (elastic fibers only in arteries)
-Important for blood pressure regulation because it has the ability for vasoconstriction and vasodilation (vasomotor nerve fibers) - 168Tunica Externa-Collagen fibers-protect and anchor the arteries
- 169Elastic Artery-Large (1.0-2.5cm), thick-walled arteries close to the heart (includes aorta and pulmonary artery)
-Contain a high amount of elastic fibers
-Allows artery to stretch when the ventricle ejects blood - 170Muscular Artery-Deliver blood to specific body organs
-Internal diameter ranges from that of a little finger to that of pencil lead (0.1-10mm)
-Have a thick tunica media (muscle layer)
-Active in the process of vasoconstriction and vasodilation - 171Pre-Capillary SphincterA band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries
- 172Arterial Pulse-When the left ventricle contracts, it causes a pulse wave of blood through the arteries, which expands the arteries
-After this expansion, the arteries will contract to push the blood into the capillaries
-These pulse waves can be palpated at specific body sites on the body ("pulse points") - 173PericytesSmooth muscle-like cells that stabilize the capillary wall and help control what can enter and exit the capillary
- 174Continuous Capillary-Most common; found in skin and muscles
-Is the least permeable type of capillary because the endothelial cells that line the capillary are joined by tight junctions
-some areas are missing the tight junctions-the intercellular clefts
-important for passage of fluids and small solutes - 175Intercellular CleftNOT present in the continuous capillaries of the brain-thus forming the blood-brain barrier
- 176Pinocytotic Vesicle(pino = "to drink") shuttle the fluids across the capillary wall
- 177FenestratedHas pores
- 178Fenestrated Capillary-Are more permeable than continuous capillaries because of the presence of fenestrations (pores)
-Found at sites of active absorption/filtration
-intestines (nutrients)
-endocrine glands (hormones)
-kidneys (removal of waste) - 179Sinusoid Capillary-Most permeable of the capillaries ("leaky")
-Have lots of fenestrations and few tight junctions (large intercellular clefts)
-Found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen
-Large gaps allow blood cells and bacteria to pass through
-Macrophages and other phagocytes sit just outside the capillaries and remove any foreign invaders - 180Systolic Blood PressureMaximum pressure in the veins-occurs when the ventricles are contracted
- 181Diastolic Blood PressureMinimum pressure in the arteries-occurs when ventricles are relaxed
- 182Peripheral ResistanceThe amount of friction the blood encounters as it passes through the vessels (most resistance is found away from the heart-periphery)
- 183BaroreceptorStretch receptors located in the carotid sinuses (dilations in the carotid arteries), in the aorta, and the large arteries of the neck and chest. They respond to increased blood pressure (60-100 mmHg)
-Respond more to a change in blood pressure than a constant increase - 184ChemoreceptorIn the carotid artery and aorta; respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels, oxygen levels, and pH levels. They respond to low blood pressure (40-80 mmHg)
- 185Epinephrine/NorepinephrineIncrease cardiac output and promote vasoconstriction
- 186Angiotensin IIIn response to low blood pressure, the kidney releases renin, which is converted into this. This stimulates vasoconstriction.
- 187Hypertension-Chronically elevated blood pressure (over 140/90)
-Heart must work harder to pump against the increased resistance
-90% of people, there is no one specific underlying cause, but lots of risk factors: heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes, stress, smoking - 188Nitric OxideDilates the blood vessel
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- Nursing Karteikarten am A&P Test 1 Semester 2 VOCAB, erstellt von Becca Schmeidler am 25/01/2017.
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- Becca Schmeidler
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