Karteikarten
Globalisation 5
Karten in diesem Stapel (38)
- 1Intervening ObstaclesBarriers to a migrant such as a political border of physical feature (deserts, mountains and rivers)
- 2Natural IncreaseThe difference between a society's crude birth rate and crude death rate. A migrant population, such as that found in developing world megacities, usually has a high rate of natural increase due to the presence of a large proportion of fertile young adults and relatively few older people reaching the end of their lives.
- 3Centripetal MigrationMovement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas.
- 4Brownfield SiteAbandoned or derelict land previously used by commercial or industrial companies (usually urban land)
- 5The increasing scale and pace of Economic Migration in an Interconnected World What happened in 2013? What happened in 2008?In 2013, 750 million internal migrants were residing in cities across the world (around 1/3 were Chinese rural-urban migrants).
Global Urbanisation passed the threshold of 50% in 2008, meaning that the majority of people now live in urban areas. Additionally, nearly 250 million internal migrants live in countries they were born outside. - 6The increasing scale and pace of Economic Migration in an Interconnected World What kind of migrants are the majority? In 2014 there was the largest displacement of forced migrants since when? and why?Economic
WW2
Around 14 million new refugees were driven from their homes by natural disasters and conflict in countries such as Syria, bringing global total to 60 million displaced people. - 7Rural-Urban Migration and Megacity Growth Urban Pull FactorsThe main factor almost everywhere is employment. FDI by TNCs in urban parts of poorer countries provide a range of work opportunities with the companies and their supply chains. We can distinguish between formal sector employment (e.g. working as a salaried employee of Starbucks in Sao Paulo) and the informal sector (people savaging material for recycling at landfill sites in Lagos). Urban areas offer the hope of promotion and advancement into professional roles that are non-existent in rural areas. Additionally, schooling and healthcare may be better in urban areas, making cities a good place for young migrants with aspirations for their children.
- 8Rural-Urban Migration and Megacity Growth Rural Push FactorsThe main factor is usually poverty, aggravated by the population growth (not enough jobs for those who need them) and land reforms (unable to prove they own their land, subsistence farmers must often relocate to make room for TNCs and cash crops). Agricultural modernisation reduces the need for rural labour further (including the introduction of farm machinery by global agribusinesses such as Cargill). Resource scarcity in rural areas with population growth, such as the Darfur region of Sudan, may trigger conflict and migration (however people are classed as refugees and not economic migrants)
- 9Rural-Urban Migration and Megacity Growth 'Shrinking World' TechnologyRural dwellers are gaining knowledge of the outside world and its opportunities. The 'shrinking world' technologies we associate with globalisation all play important roles fostering rural-urban migration. Satellites, television and radio 'switch on' people in remote and impoverished rural areas. As poor individuals in Africa and Asia begin to use inexpensive mobile devices, knowledge is being shared. Successful migrants communicate useful information and advice to new potential migrants. Also, transport improvements, such as South America's famous Trans-Amazon Highway, have removed intervening obstacles.
- 10What is a megacity?A megacity is home to 10 million people or more. In 1970 there were just three, by 2020 there will be 30. They grow through a combination of rural-urban migration and natural increase.
- 11What is happening to megacities in developing and emerging countries? Example?Megacities in developing and emerging countries have grown especially rapidly. Sao Paulo gains half a million new residents a year from migration. New growth takes places at the fringes of the city where informal (shanty) housing is built by the incomers
- 12What has centripetal migration pushed people to? Overtime what happens? Clue: Informal Housing in RioCentripetal migrations brings people to municipal dumps (Lagos), floodplains (Sao Paulo), cemeteries (Cairo) and steep/dangerous hill slopes (Rio de Janeiro). Overtime, informal housing areas may consolidate as expensive and desirable districts. Rio's now electrified shanty town Rocinha boasts a McDonald's hair salons and health clinics.
- 13International Migration continues to bring population growth, albeit far more slowly, to mega cities in the developed world. For example... Residual Internal Migration...International Migration continues to bring population growth, albeit far more slowly, to mega cities in the developed world (for example, Poles moving to Greater London, or Mexicans to Los Angeles). There is residual internal migration too, for example, from rural heartlands of the USA to New York. However, environmental rules, such as the UK's greenbelt policy, prevent further suburban growth. High-rise development of brownfield sites, therefore, becomes the only way to meet new housing.
- 14Examples of Mega city Growth Mumbai, India2015- Mumbai, Urban Area, 22 million people (more than doubled in size since 1970).
People flock there for the impoverished states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Urban Employment covers a range of economic sectors and skill levels. Big Global Brands such as Hilton and Starbucks are present in Mumbai. In retail areas like Causeway, large numbers of local people work selling goods to countries rising middle class.
Wealthy in Mumbai e.g. Bollywood Stars -senior management (Large TNC's) Spending drives us house prices in affluent areas (Altamount Road)
Dharavi - Slum Housing - 15Examples of Mega city Growth Karachi, Pakistan2015 - Population 24 million, making 2nd most populous mega city in the world (after Tokyo).
Pakistan's centre of finance/industry/trade.
People flock to city for work, from rural areas (Singh/Punjab Provinces).
Once in Karachi, migrants find work in a range of industrial sectors including shipping/banking/retail/manufacturing.
Population increase due to internal migrations although some South Asian migrants play role in growth too.
Famous uni city, skilled graduates, hub for media/software companies.
TV companies GeoTV and CNBC Pakistan are based there. - 16Social and Environmental Challenges of Mega city Growth OvercrowdingCompetition for resources drives up prices and can lead to a lower quality of life.
- 17Social and Environmental Challenges of Mega city Growth Poor HousingBecause migration from the countryside is fast and on a huge scale, the city authorities cannot plan for it. Moreover new migrants cannot afford high rents for decent housing, and are forced to live in poor conditions.
- 18Social and Environmental Challenges of Mega city Growth Traffic CongestionRapid growth means that cities grow faster than the rate at which the authorities can build new routes. Also, informal building creates a densely populated city where it is hard to build new transport infrastructure.
- 19Social and Environmental Challenges of Mega city Growth Air PollutionRapid growth increases the concentration of solid fuel stoves, industrial fumes and waste, and emissions from personal and commercial vehicles.
- 20Environmental SustainabilityWater pollution from the untreated sewage pollution from industry and exhausts creates challenges for city planners
The severity of these problems depends on their economic and physical contents, Mediterranean cities such as Athens and Rome still suffer from smog, due to anti-cyclonic weather conditions, in contrast cities like India monsoon belt experience high intensity of rainfall and flooding due to their failures. - 21Social SustainabilityProvision of adequate urban housing, healthcare and education is a major challenge for planners in developing countries.
Mass Migration into Lagos (Nigeria) - cities have doubled in size since 2000.
Many North American and Europe capital cities - challenge is to regulate the housing market to make it affordable housing available for LI groups.
Social sustainability is hard to achieve anywhere unless urban employment needs are met. - 22Challenges mega cities face KarachiAnnual Growth rate of 5%.
1/2 of Karachi's population live in slums.
Tax base of city is low.
Alienation of young people, leading to ethnic violence and crime.
Poor homes, industrial waste material in dry riverbeds, settlements on landfill sites.
No legal electricity/water connections/no education/health centres. - 23What is global hub?A global hub is a highly globally-connected city; or the home region of a large, globally connected community. Global hubs are found in countries at varying levels of development and are sometimes called 'World Cities'. Examples include New York, Mumbai, London, Beijing, Tokyo and Sao Paulo.
- 24What are Elite Internal Migrants?Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals.
Their wealth derives from their profession or inherited assets.
Some live as 'global citizens' and have multiple homes in different countries.
They encounter few obstacles when moving between countries. Most governments welcome highly skilled and wealthy migrants. - 25What are Low-Wages Internal Migrants?These people are drawn towards global hubs in large numbers. London, LA, Dubai and Riyadh are all home to large numbers of legal and illegal immigrants working for low pay in kitchens, construction sites or as domestic cleaners.
- 26What are Internal (Rural-Urban) Migrants?The main driver of city growth in global hubs in developing and emerging economies but plays a lesser role in Europe and North America.
- 27EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Indian Workers moving to the UAEOver 2 million Indian migrants live in the United Arab Emirates, making up 30 per cent of the total population. Many live in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. An estimated US$15 billion is returned to India annually as remittances. Most migrants work in transport, construction and manufacturing industries. Around one-fifth are professionals working in service industries.
- 28EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Filipino workers moving to Saudi ArabiaAround 1.5 million migrants from the Philippines have arrived in Saudi Arabia since 1973 when rising oil prices first began to bring enormous wealth to the country. Some work in construction and transport industries, others as doctors and nurses in Riyadh. Around US$7 billion is returned to the Philippines annually as remittances. These are reports of ill-treatment of some migrants, however.
- 29EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Case Study: Russian oligarchs in 'Londongrad' Elite International Migration1990'S - Solviet Union, dissolved, became the Commonwealth of Independent States. During the process of dissolution, business people acquired many Soviet-era industries, many of these businesses proceeded to make their new owners incredibly rich, in particular those selling commodities to China and other countries growing as a result of the global shift. The Greek term 'oligarch' is often used to describe them, partly due to their great wealth but also because of the political power they have, linked to their wealth.
- 30EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Case Study: Russian oligarchs in 'Londongrad' Elite International MigrationA significant number of Russain oligarchs have bought homes in the wealthiest boroughs of London, or according to some journalists, 'Londongrad'. Some, like Len Blavatnik, are expatriates having taken permanent residence in London. All own property in both countries, and some have acquired controlling interests in major European companies. For example, Roman Abramovich bought Chelsea Football Club in 2003.
- 31EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Case Study: Russian oligarchs in 'Londongrad' Elite International MigrationThis migration allows the Russian elite access to global financial markets and in return the UK benefits from their investment: The combined total of bonds and loans raised by Russian businesses in London between 2004 and 2013 was over £250 billion; UK banks charge fees of up to 3% of the amount borrowed.
- 32GLOBAL HUBS CONCEPT -Settlement or Region that has a global influence - Name 3 How is it different to mega city? What helps link world's global flows together? Physical/human resources determine location?1)Trade - Shanghai, Business - London, Education - Cambridge.
2)Its recognised by influence not population size.
3) Flows of money, goods, workers help to make a network.
4) Coastline, Oil, Raw materials, Language, Labour - 33The cost and Benefits of Migration... In order to assess the costs and benefits of migration, a range of information must be structure and analysed. For example...There are impacts for both the source (sending) and host (receiving) places to consider.
These are further subdivided into economic, social, political and environmental effects (may be interconnected).
Another important outcome to consider is the way that migration leads two places to become interdependent on one another (deepening overtime). - 34Costs of Migration for the HOST countrySocial tensions arise if citizens of the host country believe migration has led to a lack of jobs of affordable housing (a view adopted by the UKIP party and some UK newspapers).
Local Shortages of primary school places due to natural increase among a youthful migrant community (e.g. London Boroughs that have become Eastern European migration 'hotspots'
Political parties change their policies to address public concerns (e.g. pledges to reduce migration). - 35Benefits of Migration for the HOST countryFills particular skills shortages (e.g. Indian doctors arriving in the UK in the 1950s).
Economic migrants willingly do labouring work that locals may be reluctant to (e.g. Polish work on farms around Peterborough).
New Markets can develop for ethnic food (e.g. Korean food markets in LA) bringing visible changes to the built environment.
Working migrants spend their wages on rent, benefiting landlords and pay tax on legal earnings.
Some migrants are ambitious entrepreneurs who establish new businesses employing others (in 2013, 14% of UK business start-ups were migrant owned). - 36Costs of Migration for the SOURCE regionThe economic loss of generation of human resources, schooled at government expense, including key workers such as doctors, teachers and computer programmers.
Reduced economic growth as consumption.
The closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline and dereliction to urban built environments (many nightclubs closed in Warsaw, Poland, 2004) - 37Benefits of Migration for the SOURCE regionLess public spending on housing and health (in 2004, prior to joining the EU, unemployment in Poland was 20%; it has since halved).
Migrants of their children may return, bringing new skills (young British Asians have relocated to India to start health clubs and restaurant chains).
Migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings, (2014 remittances made 25% of Nepal national earnings. - 38Example of Economic InterdependanceSome sectors of the UK economy are dependant on Eastern European Labour. Eastern European relies on migrants remittances from the UK ...building projects cancelled.
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- A-Level Geography Karteikarten am Globalisation 5, erstellt von Ethan Molloy am 01/02/2017.
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