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The Restless World

Jade Potter-Goddard Geography GCSE Englisch 55 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (55)

  1. 1Starting from the inner core, name the individual parts of the structure of the world. (4)- Inner core.
    - Outer core.
    - Mantle
    - Crust
  2. 2What happens in the mantle and what does this cause?Convection currents which causes the tectonic plates to move.
  3. 3What are boundaries/plate margins?Places where tectonic plates meet.
  4. 4Describe the oceanic plates. (4)- Newer (Less than 200 million years old.)
    - More dense.
    - They can sink and go under the continental plates.
    - They can be destroyed and renewed.
  5. 5Describe the continental plates. (4)- Older (Most over 1500 million years old.)
    - Less dense.
    - Can't sink.
    - Can't be destroyed or renewed.
  6. 6What are the 3 types of plate margins?- Destructive
    - Constructive.
    - Conservative
  7. 7What happens at destructive plate margins?2 plates move towards each other and push against each other
    - A continental plate and an oceanic plate = subductive zone. This causes an oceanic plate to sink and be destroyed, forming ocean trenches and volcanoes.
    - Two continental plates cause fold mountains to be created. Eg) The Himalayas.
  8. 8Describe what happens at destructive plate margins?Two plates move away from each other eg) mid-Atlantic ridge. This causes magma to rise and come up at the crack/fissure forming new crust.
  9. 9Describe what happens at a conservative plate margin.When two plates are moving past each other. They can be in any direction or at any speed. The pressure of them releasing after becoming stuck causes an earthquake. Eg) San Andreas fault line, USA.
  10. 10Define fold mountains.Large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together.
  11. 11Define ocean trenches.Deep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate.
  12. 12Describe composite volcanoes. (4)- Eruptions infrequent but often violent.
    - Steep slopes and narrow base.
    - Made up of a variety of material such as lava and ash.
    - They often have secondary cones.
  13. 13Describe shield volcanoes. (4)- Gentle slopes and wide base.
    - Low, mounded peak.
    - Eruptions frequent but not usually violent.
    - Has runny lava with little ash.
  14. 14Give a names example of a volcanic eruption.EK15, Iceland
    (Eyjafjallajokull)
  15. 15When did the eruption take place?First in March 2010 and then in April.
  16. 16Where did this happen? (3)- Constructive plate margin in the Atlantic Ocean.
    - Europe.
    - South of Iceland.
  17. 17What were the local short term effects? (3)- Flooding due to melting ice and snow.
    - Evacuations.
    - Ash made rivers and seas dirty.
  18. 18What were the international short term effects? (4)- Stranded travellers.
    - Winds blown across Europe (east) causing over 100,000 flights being cancelled.
    - Airlines lost a lot of money.
    - No fresh produce, medical supplies or organ donors could be transported.
  19. 19What were the local long term effects? (2)- Ash and lava made soil very fertile and good for agriculture.
    - New land created in the sea due to ash.
  20. 20What was the international long term effect?The stranded tourists caused the countries millions of pounds per day.
  21. 21What were the international responses? (2)- Airports closed.
    - Specially equipped jets were sent to check the amounts of ash.
  22. 22What were the local responses? (2)- Evacuations.
    - Shelters set up for homeless people.
  23. 23Why are people choosing to live in hazardous areas? (4)- You can obtain Geothermal Energy from underground steam resources which are heated by the magma. Steam turns the turbines which produces renewable energy.
    - The areas are mineral-rich soils which are ideal for farming. These produce healthy crops and rich harvests.
    - Volcanoes attract tourists which creates many jobs.
    - Lava contains minerals such as gold, silver, diamond and copper that can be mined once the lava in cool.
  24. 24How can we predict eruptions? (5)- We can detect vibrations caused by magma rising by using a seismograph.
    - GPS instruments such as satellite remote sensing can detect ground deformations caused by magma rising.
    - We can monitor any changes of the gases being released by the volcano.
    - Hydrology measures the amount of water being released by volcanos. Any changes in volume or density is a sign of imminent eruption.
    - Infrared detectors detect the radiation given off by the increased pressure.
  25. 25Where do volcanos occur?Any type of plate boundary.
  26. 26What is the focus?The point where the earthquake happens.
  27. 27What does a shallow focus point cause?A more violent earthquake.
  28. 28What happens to the seismic waves the further they move?The less they make the ground shake.
  29. 29Define the epicentre?The point at the earth's surface directly above the focus.
  30. 30Define Seismic waves?Waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earth's crust.
  31. 31Give a named example of a Natural Hazard in an LEDC.The Haiti Earthquake, in the Caribbean.
  32. 32What were the short term/ immediate effects? (6)- Telephone and communications down.
    - Lots of deaths and injuries.
    - Numerous aftershocks.
    - Violent seismic waves causing significant damage in Port-Au-Prince.
    - People left without shelter.
    - Access to food and water were limited.
  33. 33What were the long term effects? (5)- Crime increased due to escaped convicts from damaged prisons.
    - People lost their home and businesses.
    - Unemployment up to 80%.
    - Nearly 4000 damaged schools.
    - Diseases like Cholera spread quickly due to poor sanitation.
  34. 34What type of plate boundary did this happen on?- Conservative (Caribbean and North American Plates.)
  35. 35What were the responses to this? (6)- Charities educated people on how to react, safety precautions and to be calm.
    - People are being trained to build quake resistant homes.
    - Building rent free houses for those that can't rebuild.
    - Funding local rice meals which saves time and money.
    - Micro Credit Scheme : Giving people small loans to build houses and start businesses.
    - Crop Experiments: Seeing what conditions produce the largest crop yield for farmers.
  36. 36What factors caused the earthquake to kill so many? (2)- Shallow earthquake.
    - Epicentre close to Port-Au-Prince.
  37. 37What is a supervolcano?An extremely large volcano.
  38. 38What are the likely effects of a supervolcano? (7)- Thousands of km of land.
    - Estimated to kill 87,000 people.
    - ! in 3 affected would die.
    - Ash would affect transport, electricity, water and farming.
    - Ash cloud would spread 1,000 km within a week.
    - Global climates would change and weather patterns would be disrupted.
    - Crops would fail.
  39. 39Define Caldera?The depression of the supervolcano marking the collapsed magma chamber.
  40. 40Define GeothermalWater that is heated beneath the ground which comes to the surface in a variety of ways.
  41. 41Define GeyserA geothermal feature in which water erupts into air under pressure.
  42. 42Define HotspotA section of the earth's crust pumes of magma rise, weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries.
  43. 43What are the characteristics of a supervolcano? (2)- They emit a volume of at least 1,000 km of material.
    - They have calderas rather than cones which are often marked with a rim of higher land around the edges.
  44. 44How are calderas formed? (3)1) Magma rises, can't escape so forms a large bulge on surface.
    2) Cracks appear, gas and ash erupt from magma chamber.
    3) Magma chamber collapses and forms compression.
  45. 45Name and Locate and Supervolcano.Yellowstone, North America above Lake Yellowstone in Yellowstone National Park.
  46. 46Why do experts think this supervolcano is likely to erupt? (2)- The caldera is bulging up.
    - There's evidence to prove that the magma beneath is moving.
  47. 47Give a named example of an Earthquake and Tsunami in an MEDC.Tohoku Earthquake In Japan 2011.
  48. 48How was this earthquake caused?The pacific plate went under the Okhotsk plate went under each other creating a subductive zone.
  49. 49Describe the focus of the earthquake?It was very shallow which caused strong seismic waves.
  50. 50How did the Japanese coastal area amplify the earthquake and tsunami? (2)- Land is soft and flat which amplified shock waves.
    - Deep coastal bays amplified the tsunami waves.
  51. 51What effects did the earthquake have? (3)- 4.4 million households in the NE were left without electricity.
    - 1100 sections of track were destroyed and 4 trains were derailed.
    - 127,000 buildings were destroyed and one million were damaged.
  52. 52What is a Tsunami? (4)- Often triggered by an earthquake.
    - Large wave in the sea.
    - Triggered by large displacement in water.
    - Destructive plate margin.
  53. 53What were the secondary effects? (5)- Tsunami up to 38m high destroyed 1800 houses.
    - 56 bridges and 23 railways were washed away which made escape and access harder.
    - All energy was down, power supplies knocked out and back up generators were flooded.
    - Large slots of ice broke away for an ice shelf in the Antartica.
    - Factories in Japan had to be shut down.
  54. 54What were the short term responses? (4)- People ran to high ground.
    - AT & C supplied free wireless and telephone networks.
    - 140,000 people evacuated from a 20 mile radius.
    - State of emergency declared.
  55. 55What were the long term responses? (4)- All 55 nuclear reactors shut down. (Caused blackouts.)
    - TNC's relocated their productions.
    - Food exports limited due to radiation fears.
    - Reconstruction of coastal areas will need to happen.

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  • Erstellt von maya velasquez · 5 Feb 2016
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